Patenting Race

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Race-ing Patents/Patenting Race

Author : Jonathan D. Kahn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Race-ing Patents/Patenting Race by : Jonathan D. Kahn

Download or read book Race-ing Patents/Patenting Race written by Jonathan D. Kahn and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article applies insights from critical race theory to examine an emerging phenomenon in biotechnology research and product development. The strategic use of race as a genetic category to obtain patent protection and drug approval. A dramatic rise in the use of race in biotechnology patents indicates that researchers and affiliated commercial enterprises are coming to see social categories of race as presenting opportunities for gaining, extending, or protecting monopoly market protection for an array of biotechnological products and services. Racialized patents are also providing the basis for similarly race-based clinical trial designs, drug development, capital raising and marketing strategies that carry the implication of constructing of race as genetic out to ever widening and consequential segments of society. The introduction of race in the field of patent law as an adjunct to biotechnological inventions producing a new political geography of intellectual property in which the very metes and bounds of the territory covered by patents are becoming racially marked. As patents are racialized, racial identity itself is becoming a patentable commodity whose value is being appropriated to expand market control and extend the market life of their products. Generally speaking, however, the people capitalizing on race are not necessarily those who belong to the racially identified groups, but rather those corporations that are literally investing their patents and products with race to gain commercial advantage in the research, development, and marketing of new biotechnology products. Patenting race may thus have profound implications both for the equitable distribution of benefits derived from biotechnology and for broader social understandings and mobilizations of race.

Race in a Bottle

Author : Jonathan Kahn
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231162987
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Race in a Bottle by : Jonathan Kahn

Download or read book Race in a Bottle written by Jonathan Kahn and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approved by the FDA in 2005 as the first drug with a race-specific indication on its label, BiDil was touted as a pathbreaking therapy to treat heart failure in black patients. Kahn reveals that, at the most basic level, BiDil became racial through legal maneuvering and commercial pressure as much as through medical understandings of how the drug worked. He examines the legal and calls for a more reasoned approach to using race in biomedical research and practice.

Identity, Invention, and the Culture of Personalized Medicine Patenting

Author : Shubha Ghosh
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107011914
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Identity, Invention, and the Culture of Personalized Medicine Patenting by : Shubha Ghosh

Download or read book Identity, Invention, and the Culture of Personalized Medicine Patenting written by Shubha Ghosh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-09-10 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of developments in personalized medicine patenting and explores its normative implications to suggest policies to best regulate it.

Patenting Race

Author : Jonathan D. Kahn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Patenting Race by : Jonathan D. Kahn

Download or read book Patenting Race written by Jonathan D. Kahn and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As genetic databases continue to yield new insights and inventions, the commercial incentive to conflate race and genetics may be hard to resist. This article discusses the move to use race as a genetic category to obtain patent protection and drug approval. The article does not attempt to present a definitive characterization of the meaning of race and/or ethnicity, but is concerned more with how these terms are being invoked in biotech patents.

Patenting Race

Author : W. Nicholson Price II
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Patenting Race by : W. Nicholson Price II

Download or read book Patenting Race written by W. Nicholson Price II and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic tests which target specific ethnicities are fraught with problems, and will become commonplace unless action is taken to stop them. The first has already been patented in Europe by the U.S. company Myriad Genetics, despite vigorous opposition. Myriad's patent covers testing for a mutation in the breast cancer gene BRCA2 in Ashkenazi-Jewish women. The patenting and approval of BiDil, a heart medication for African-Americans, provides strong evidence that patenting ethnically based medicine has become more acceptable in the United States. In allowing race-based drugs, the United States is much closer to allowing ethnic genetic testing, which has deeper, more insidious, and more widespread negative effects. As such, action must be taken to avoid the patenting of ethnic genetic tests. While existing anti-discrimination law may provide one reactive means to challenge these tests, its extent is unclear, and that route is slow and uncertain. Instead, Congress should proactively enact narrow legislation specifically tailored to prohibit these tests.

The Politics of Patenting Race

Author : Jonathan D. Kahn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Patenting Race by : Jonathan D. Kahn

Download or read book The Politics of Patenting Race written by Jonathan D. Kahn and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article explores the strategic use of race as a genetic category to obtain patent protection and drug approval in biotechnology research and product development. The author explores how this inclusion could have social and scientific implications. The author takes the reader through the sections of a patent concerning such a product as BiDil.

A History of Patenting Life in the United States with Comparative Attention to Europe and Canada

Author : Daniel J. Kevles
Publisher : Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Commission
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Patenting Life in the United States with Comparative Attention to Europe and Canada by : Daniel J. Kevles

Download or read book A History of Patenting Life in the United States with Comparative Attention to Europe and Canada written by Daniel J. Kevles and published by Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Commission. This book was released on 2002 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recoge: 1. patents and products of nature - 2. The plant patent act - 3. The Chakrabarty case - 4. Plant and animal patents - 5. Ethics and economics - 6. Ethics and Europe - 7. Echoes in Canada - 8. Gene patenting.

Economics of Research and Innovation in Agriculture

Author : Petra Moser
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022677905X
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Economics of Research and Innovation in Agriculture by : Petra Moser

Download or read book Economics of Research and Innovation in Agriculture written by Petra Moser and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-10-08 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The challenges facing agriculture are plenty. Along with the world's growing population and diminishing amounts of water and arable land, the gradual increase in severe weather presents new challenges and imperatives for producing new, more resilient crops to feed a more crowded planet in the twenty-first century. Innovation has historically helped agriculture keep pace with earth's social, population, and ecological changes. In the last 50 years, mechanical, biological, and chemical innovations have more than doubled agricultural output while barely changing input quantities. The ample investment behind these innovations was available because of a high rate of return: a 2007 paper found that the median ROI in agriculture was 45 percent between 1965 and 2005. This landscape has changed. Today many of the world's wealthier countries have scaled back their share of GDP devoted to agricultural R&D amid evidence of diminishing returns. Universities, which have historically been a major source of agricultural innovation, increasingly depend on funding from industry rather than government to fund their research. As Upton Sinclair wrote of the effects industry influences, "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends upon his not understanding it." In this volume of the NBER Conference Report series, editor Petra Moser offers an empirical, applied-economic framework to the different elements of agricultural R&D, particularly as they relate to the shift from public to private funding. Individual chapters examine the sources of agricultural knowledge and investigate challenges for measuring the returns to the adoption of new agricultural technologies, examine knowledge spillovers from universities to agricultural innovation, and explore interactions between university engagement and scientific productivity. Additional analysis of agricultural venture capital point to it as an emerging and future source of resource in this essential domain"--

Patent Filing Strategies and Patent Management

Author : Florian Jell
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3834971189
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (349 download)

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Book Synopsis Patent Filing Strategies and Patent Management by : Florian Jell

Download or read book Patent Filing Strategies and Patent Management written by Florian Jell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-07 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Florian Jell empirically investigates the objectives that companies pursue with their patenting activities and presents empirical insights into how patent management is organized within industrial companies. The book concludes with a case study of how a company reacted to its competitor’s patenting – which led to a patent arms race.

Revealing Private Information in a Patent Race

Author : Pavel Kocourek
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788073435011
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Revealing Private Information in a Patent Race by : Pavel Kocourek

Download or read book Revealing Private Information in a Patent Race written by Pavel Kocourek and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

On the Effectiveness of Patenting Strategies in Innovation Races

Author : Jurgen Mihm
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis On the Effectiveness of Patenting Strategies in Innovation Races by : Jurgen Mihm

Download or read book On the Effectiveness of Patenting Strategies in Innovation Races written by Jurgen Mihm and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Which, if any, of a firm's inventions should it patent? Should it patent at all? Many companies engaged in an innovation race seek a patenting strategy that balances protection of their intellectual property against the knowledge spillovers resulting from disclosure requirements. Not much is known about factors that determine the patenting strategy best able to resolve this trade-off. Although scholars in various management, economics, and engineering disciplines have researched patents and patenting regimes, little work has addressed the normative issues that pertain to forming an appropriate firm-level patenting strategy. We develop an inventory of real-life patenting strategies and integrate them into a coherent framework. Our simulation model characterizes the optimal patenting choices for different environmental and firm-level contingencies while capturing the dynamics between competing firms.We identify the firm's research and development strategy as the most salient determinant of its optimal patenting strategy. Our research contributes to establishing a contingency theory of patenting strategies.

A Patent System for the 21st Century

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309089107
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis A Patent System for the 21st Century by : National Research Council

Download or read book A Patent System for the 21st Century written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-10-01 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. patent system is in an accelerating race with human ingenuity and investments in innovation. In many respects the system has responded with admirable flexibility, but the strain of continual technological change and the greater importance ascribed to patents in a knowledge economy are exposing weaknesses including questionable patent quality, rising transaction costs, impediments to the dissemination of information through patents, and international inconsistencies. A panel including a mix of legal expertise, economists, technologists, and university and corporate officials recommends significant changes in the way the patent system operates. A Patent System for the 21st Century urges creation of a mechanism for post-grant challenges to newly issued patents, reinvigoration of the non-obviousness standard to quality for a patent, strengthening of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, simplified and less costly litigation, harmonization of the U.S., European, and Japanese examination process, and protection of some research from patent infringement liability.

The Battle over Patents

Author : Stephen H. Haber
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197576184
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis The Battle over Patents by : Stephen H. Haber

Download or read book The Battle over Patents written by Stephen H. Haber and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-08-06 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of how the patent system works, imperfections and all, to incentivize innovation Do patents facilitate or frustrate innovation? Lawyers, economists, and politicians who have staked out strong positions in this debate often attempt to validate their claims by invoking the historical record--but they frequently get the history wrong. The Battle over Patents gets it right. Bringing together thoroughly researched essays from prominent historians and social scientists, this volume traces the long and contentious history of patents and examines how they have worked in practice. Editors Stephen H. Haber and Naomi R. Lamoreaux show that patent systems are the result of contending interests at different points in production chains battling over economic surplus. The larger the potential surplus, the more extreme are the efforts of contending parties-now and in the past-to search out, generate, and exploit any and all sources of friction. Patent systems, as human creations, are therefore necessarily ridden with imperfections. This volume explores these shortcomings and explains why, despite all the debate, historically US-style patent systems still dominate all other methods of encouraging inventive activity.

Entry Into a Patent Race with Imperfect Information

Author : Robert Howard
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (285 download)

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Book Synopsis Entry Into a Patent Race with Imperfect Information by : Robert Howard

Download or read book Entry Into a Patent Race with Imperfect Information written by Robert Howard and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Who Owns You?

Author : David Koepsell
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1444360655
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis Who Owns You? by : David Koepsell

Download or read book Who Owns You? written by David Koepsell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-23 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who Owns You? is a comprehensive exploration of the numerous philosophical and legal problems of gene patenting. Provides the first comprehensive book-length treatment of this subject Develops arguments regarding moral realism, and provides a method of judgment that attempts to be ideologically neutral Calls for public attention and policy changes to end the practice of gene patenting

The Genealogy of a Gene

Author : Myles W. Jackson
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262327201
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis The Genealogy of a Gene by : Myles W. Jackson

Download or read book The Genealogy of a Gene written by Myles W. Jackson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2015-03-06 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of the CCR5 gene as a lens through which to view such issues as intellectual property, Big Pharma, personalized medicine, and race and genomics. In The Genealogy of a Gene, Myles Jackson uses the story of the CCR5 gene to investigate the interrelationships among science, technology, and society. Mapping the varied “genealogy” of CCR5—intellectual property, natural selection, Big and Small Pharma, human diversity studies, personalized medicine, ancestry studies, and race and genomics—Jackson links a myriad of diverse topics. The history of CCR5 from the 1990s to the present offers a vivid illustration of how intellectual property law has changed the conduct and content of scientific knowledge, and the social, political, and ethical implications of such a transformation. The CCR5 gene began as a small sequence of DNA, became a patented product of a corporation, and then, when it was found to be an AIDS virus co-receptor with a key role in the immune system, it became part of the biomedical research world—and a potential moneymaker for the pharmaceutical industry. When it was further discovered that a mutation of the gene found in certain populations conferred near-immunity to the AIDS virus, questions about race and genetics arose. Jackson describes these developments in the context of larger issues, including the rise of “biocapitalism,” the patentability of products of nature, the difference between U.S. and European patenting approaches, and the relevance of race and ethnicity to medical research.

Patent Races, Product Standards, and International Competition

Author : Richard Jensen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Patent Races, Product Standards, and International Competition by : Richard Jensen

Download or read book Patent Races, Product Standards, and International Competition written by Richard Jensen and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine anticipatory product standards intended to improve the strategic position of firms in an international patent race where firms do R & D to develop products that are close substitutes. The effects of a standard are shown to depend on the way the standard is specified, which firm develops which product, and on the order in which products are discovered. Simple standards are, in general, time inconsistent because of consumer losses that occur when products ruled out by the standard are discovered before the product set as the standard. A state contingent standard is shown to be time consistent when compulsory licensing by the foreign firm is introduced.