Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Oxidative Coupling Of Methane To Higher Hydrocarbons And Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Over Tatania Based Catalysts
Download Oxidative Coupling Of Methane To Higher Hydrocarbons And Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Over Tatania Based Catalysts full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Oxidative Coupling Of Methane To Higher Hydrocarbons And Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Over Tatania Based Catalysts ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Oxidative Coupling of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Over Tatania-based Catalysts by : Gerald Stephen Lane
Download or read book Oxidative Coupling of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Over Tatania-based Catalysts written by Gerald Stephen Lane and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Oxidative Coupling of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons Andcarbon Monoxide Oxidation Over Titania-based Catalysts by : Gerald Stephen Lane
Download or read book Oxidative Coupling of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons Andcarbon Monoxide Oxidation Over Titania-based Catalysts written by Gerald Stephen Lane and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Methane Conversion by Oxidative Processes by : Wolf
Download or read book Methane Conversion by Oxidative Processes written by Wolf and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reasonable case could be made that the scientific interest in catalytic oxidation was the basis for the recognition of the phenomenon of catalysis. Davy, in his attempt in 1817 to understand the science associated with the safety lamp he had invented a few years earlier, undertook a series of studies that led him to make the observation that a jet of gas, primarily methane, would cause a platinum wire to continue to glow even though the flame was extinguished and there was no visible flame. Dobereiner reported in 1823 the results of a similar investigation and observed that spongy platina would cause the ignition of a stream of hydrogen in air. Based on this observation Dobereiner invented the first lighter. His lighter employed hydrogen (generated from zinc and sulfuric acid) which passed over finely divided platinum and which ignited the gas. Thousands of these lighters were used over a number of years. Dobereiner refused to file a patent for his lighter, commenting that "I love science more than money." Davy thought the action of platinum was the result of heat while Dobereiner believed the ~ffect ~as a manifestation of electricity. Faraday became interested in the subject and published a paper on it in 1834; he concluded that the cause for this reaction was similar to other reactions.
Book Synopsis The Oxidative Coupling of Methane by Metal Oxides and Phosphates by : Robert Lawrence Tatterson
Download or read book The Oxidative Coupling of Methane by Metal Oxides and Phosphates written by Robert Lawrence Tatterson and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Monoxide and Methane Over Metal and Metal Oxide Catalysts by : Wenchi Liu
Download or read book Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Monoxide and Methane Over Metal and Metal Oxide Catalysts written by Wenchi Liu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalysis is of vital importance in a wide range of areas including energy processing and chemical production. Catalytic conversion of C1 sources such as carbon monoxide and methane to make hydrocarbon fuels and oxygenated products has far reaching implications especially in the context of the gradual depletion of crude oil resource and the potential surge in the natural gas production in the coming decades. The control over reaction activity and selectivity for the conversion CO and CH4 in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) have received tremendous attention and have been proved challenging. This dissertation focuses on the catalytic conversion of CO (Fischer–Tropsch synthesis) using supported cobalt based bimetallic nanoparticle model catalysts and the oxidative coupling of methane with noble metal promoted metal oxide catalysts. Using colloidal synthesis, a series of cobalt based bimetallic nanoparticles Co–M (M = Mn, Ru, Rh, and Re) with well-defined sizes, shapes, and compositions were obtained. Detailed synthesis procedures were presented and key synthetic parameters were discussed. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were subjected to extensive in-situ X-ray spectroscopy studies using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) under catalytic relevant conditions. Composition wise, the results indicate the surface concentration of Co on the as-synthesized Co–M bimetallic particles is slightly less than the bulk atomic Co %. While oxidation treatment led to a slight increase of the surface Co, major effect was seen after the reduction treatment where surface segregation of the second metal resulted in a drastic decrease of the surface Co content. The effect is more pronounced at elevated reduction temperatures. Under reaction conditions, the surface compositions remained similar to those after the reduction treatment at high temperatures. Among the bimetallics tested, the Co–Mn system is relatively less susceptible to surface reconstructions induced by oxidation and reduction treatments. In addition, the reducibility of Co was also shown to be modified depending on the second metal present and Re was proved to be most efficient in leading to a facile reduction of Co. Catalytic performance of the bimetallic catalysts supported on mesoporous silica MCF–17 indicates a positive effect in the catalytic activity for Co–Rh and Co–Mn systems, while Co–Re and Co–Cu showed decreased activity. Less pronounced promotion effect of the second metal on the product distribution was observed with only a slight increase in the selectivity towards C5+ products. The selectivities for CH4 and C5+ of the various Co–M bimetallic catalysts generally resemble those of pure Co catalysts. Although in extremely low selectivity, alcohols were also formed with Co–Rh and Co–Cu bimetallic catalysts. The appearance of longer chain alcohol such as propanol, which was not present for pure Co catalysts, is an evidence for potential synergistic promotion. For oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), the promotion effect of noble metals (Pt, Ir, and Rh) on the performance of MnxOy-Na2WO4/MCF–17 catalysts was investigated. The introduction of noble metals had little effect on the surface area and phase composition of the original catalyst but led to a more reduced nature of the surface oxide species. Catalytic study revealed an enhanced selectivity towards both C2 and C3 hydrocarbons as compared to the undoped MnxOy-Na2WO4/MCF–17 catalyst in the order of Rh-doped > Ir-doped > Pt-doped samples together with a lower olefin to paraffin ratio. A more optimized strength of interaction between the carbon intermediates and the catalyst surface was suggested, which in combination with the improved reducibility of Mn and W species are believed to be responsible for the improved performance. In addition, monodispersed leaf-like manganese–tungsten–oxide (Mn–W–Ox) nanoparticles and hydroxylated hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) were synthesized and used as novel catalysts in OCM reaction. Preliminary results indicate that the MCF–17 supported Mn–W–Ox nanoparticle catalyst showed a CH4 conversion of 5.4% and C2 selectivity of 42% with good stability over time. On the other hand, hydroxylated h-BN exhibited good activity (~20% CH4 conversion) with moderate selectivity towards C2 hydrocarbons (20%–30%). However, the hydroxylated h-BN catalysts faced serious deactivation, which was not eliminated by lowering the reaction temperature or the oxygen concentration in the reaction gas feed.
Book Synopsis Methane Conversion by Oxidative Processes by : Eduardo E. Wolf
Download or read book Methane Conversion by Oxidative Processes written by Eduardo E. Wolf and published by Springer. This book was released on 1992 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reasonable case could be made that the scientific interest in catalytic oxidation was the basis for the recognition of the phenomenon of catalysis. Davy, in his attempt in 1817 to understand the science associated with the safety lamp he had invented a few years earlier, undertook a series of studies that led him to make the observation that a jet of gas, primarily methane, would cause a platinum wire to continue to glow even though the flame was extinguished and there was no visible flame. Dobereiner reported in 1823 the results of a similar investigation and observed that spongy platina would cause the ignition of a stream of hydrogen in air. Based on this observation Dobereiner invented the first lighter. His lighter employed hydrogen (generated from zinc and sulfuric acid) which passed over finely divided platinum and which ignited the gas. Thousands of these lighters were used over a number of years. Dobereiner refused to file a patent for his lighter, commenting that "I love science more than money." Davy thought the action of platinum was the result of heat while Dobereiner believed the ~ffect ~as a manifestation of electricity. Faraday became interested in the subject and published a paper on it in 1834; he concluded that the cause for this reaction was similar to other reactions.
Book Synopsis Mechanism-Imposed Limitations on the Yield of Higher Hydrocarbons from the Oxidative Coupling of Methane, and Alternate Approaches to Methane Conversion by :
Download or read book Mechanism-Imposed Limitations on the Yield of Higher Hydrocarbons from the Oxidative Coupling of Methane, and Alternate Approaches to Methane Conversion written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons via oxidative coupling over metal oxide catalysts is the subject of intense study as a route for natural gas upgrading. Detailed study on the reaction of methane over a mixed manganese-magnesium oxide implicates a mechanism involving generation of methyl radicals at the surface, followed by radical coupling as well as other radical reactions in the gas phase as the predominant mode of carbon-carbon bond formation. Analysis of the consequences of this mechanisms suggests that there is an inherent limit on yield, including a major adverse pressure effect, that may severely impact the potential utility of this route. Among several possible approaches to circumventing this limitation, a novel class of catalyst - transition metal-exchanged P -alumina -- has been found to be highly active for complete oxidation of methane. Results of catalytic and characterization studies will be presented.
Book Synopsis Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane and Reduction of CO2 with H2O by : Xiang Yu
Download or read book Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane and Reduction of CO2 with H2O written by Xiang Yu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photocatalysis is one of the key technologies for clean energy and environmental applications. The number of applications based on photocatalysis has increased dramatically for the past two decades. Photocatalytic activation of C-H bonds is an emerging field. Methane is a promising source of energy with a huge reserve and is considered to be one of the alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources because it can be converted to valuable hydrocarbon feedstocks and hydrogen through appropriate reactions. However, due to its high stability, high energy is usually consumed for its conversion, which remains a problem to be solved. Methane conversion and reaction mechanism occurring on metal-heteropolyacid-titania nanocomposites were investigated in Chapters 3 and 4. Oxidation of methane has been carried out for more than a century. Since oxygen is a very reactive molecule, methane can react very rapidly with molecular oxygen and is prone to total oxidation till CO2. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain a desired product with high yield and high selectivity. We report here direct and selective photocatalytic highly-selective oxidation of methane to carbon monoxide under ambient conditions. The composite catalysts on the basis of zinc, tungstophosphoric acid and titania exhibit exceptional performance in this reaction, high carbon monoxide selectivity and quantum efficiency of 7.1% at 362 nm. The reaction is consistent with the Mars-Van Krevelen type sequence and involves formation of the surface methoxy-carbonates as intermediates and zinc oxidation-reduction cycling. In the past few decades, extensive research has focused on the direct conversion of methane to alcohols or higher hydrocarbons. The current processes of converting methane to alcohols or olefins are complex and expensive, because they require an intermediate step of reforming methane to syngas. Although the direct conversion of methane to more valuable products has significant environmental and potential commercial value, there is no commercial scale process available. We uncovered highly selective (>90%) quantitative photochemical direct conversion of methane to ethane at ambient temperature over silver-heteropolyacid-titania nanocomposites. The ethane yield from methane reaches 9 % on the optimized materials. High quantum efficiency, high selectivity and significant yield of ethane combined with excellent stability are major advantages of methane quantitative synthesis from methane using the photochemical looping approach. The rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves have raised serious concerns about the subsequent impact of CO2 on the global climate and future energy supply. The use of abundant solar energy to convert carbon dioxide into fuel, such as carbon monoxide, methane or methanol, solves both problems simultaneously and provides a convenient method of energy storage. Chapter 5 addresses a new efficient catalyst for selective CO2 to CO conversion. The zinc containing phosphotungstic acid-titania nanocomposites exhibited exceptional high activity reaching 50 μmol CO/g·h and selectivity (73%) in the CO2 photocatalytic reduction to CO in the presence of water. The in-situ IR experiments suggest that reaction involves zinc bicarbonates containing hydroxyl groups. The decomposition of these zinc bicarbonate species under irradiation leads to the selective production of carbon monoxide and oxygen. In photocatalytic reactions, the difference in catalyst morphology usually has a significant effect on the photocatalytic performance. Chapter 6 studied the effect of monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) crystals with controlled ratio of {010} and {110} facets for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by H2O. The reaction under irradiation is significantly enhanced by selective photo-deposition of Cu and Co co-catalysts over different facets providing Z-scheme charge flow.
Book Synopsis נאום סאדאת באוניברסיטת אלכסנדריה by :
Download or read book נאום סאדאת באוניברסיטת אלכסנדריה written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Catalysis for C1 Chemistry: Oxidative Coupling of Methane Using Nanofiber Catalysts and Discovery of Catalysts for Atmospheric Reduction of CO2 to Methanol by : Bahman Zohour
Download or read book Catalysis for C1 Chemistry: Oxidative Coupling of Methane Using Nanofiber Catalysts and Discovery of Catalysts for Atmospheric Reduction of CO2 to Methanol written by Bahman Zohour and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this research is to explore novel catalytic material and systems for effective conversion of C1 feed. Catalysis of C1 chemistry is of critical importance for the clean production of fuels and chemicals and future energy sustainability. Herein, two processes were studied: In the first section, a comprehensive study of oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) using novel nanofiber catalysts of mixed metal oxides was undertaken and in the second section, direct catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methanol was studied, which resulted in discovery of a superior catalytic system for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Section 1: Utilization of natural gas as an alternate chemical feedstock to petroleum has been a highly desirable but difficult goal in industrial catalysis. Accordingly, there has been a substantial interest in the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), which allows for the direct catalytic conversion of methane into economically valuable C2+ hydrocarbons. OCM is a complex reaction process involving heterogeneous catalysis intricately coupled with gas phase reactions; hence, despite decades' worth of research, it has yet to be commercialized. The lack of progress in OCM is primarily due to the following reasons: 1. The absence of a highly active and robust catalyst that can operate at lower temperatures; and 2. Our inadequate understanding of the underlying detailed chemical kinetics mechanism (DCKM) of the OCM process, which impedes the undertaking of quantitative simulations of novel reactor configurations and/or operating strategies. To address these issues, we undertook the following program of studies: 1. Further improved the synthesis of novel nanofiber catalysts by electrospinning, building on the early discovery that La2O3-CeO2 nanofibers were highly active and robust OCM catalysts; 2. Applied our novel microprobe sampling system to OCM reactors for the acquisition of spatially resolved species concentration and temperatures profiles within the catalytic zone. Our novel sampling approach led to the important discovery that H2 is produced very early in the OCM catalytic zone, an observation that was completely missed in all prior studies. The application of our novel microprobe system to a dual-bed OCM reactor also demonstrated the feasibility to significantly improve C2+ product yields to 21% (from 16% for single bed) which we plan to further improve by considering more sequential beds; 3. Outlined development and validation of new generation of DCKM for the OCM process using the high-information content of spatial concentration profiles obtained in part 2. Most importantly, to improve the current DCKM literature by considering surface reactions that result in early H2 formation. Validated DCKM represent highly valuable numerical tools that allow for the prediction of the OCM performance of different reactor configurations operating under a broad range of conditions, e.g. high pressures, porous wall reactors etc. Consequently, this new generation of comprehensive DCKM based on the sampling profiles, detailed in this report, will be of considerable use in improving the yields of useful products in the OCM process; 4. Explore novel conditions that include oxygen-feed distributed packed bed OCM reactors and coupled catalytic and non-thermal plasma OCM reactors, again to further push the yields for useful C2+ products. The details of the proposed approach for implementing such reactor configurations and development of a new generation of DCKM for the OCM process is outlined in the future work, Chapter 4, of section 1 of the report. Section 2: Direct catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to liquid fuels and basic chemicals, such as methanol, using solar-derived hydrogen at or near ambient pressure is a highly desirable goal in heterogeneous catalysis. When realized, this technology will pave the way for a sustainable society together with decentralized power generation. Here we report a novel class of holmium (Ho) containing multi-metal oxide Cu catalysts discovered through the application of high-throughput methods. In particular, ternary systems of Cu-GaOx-HoOy > Cu-CeOx-HoOy ~ Cu-LaOx-HoOy supported on -Al2O3 exhibited superior methanol production (10x) with less CO formation than previously reported catalysts at atmospheric pressure. Holmium was shown to be highly dispersed as few-atom clusters, suggesting that the formation of tri-metallic sites could be the key for the promotion of methanol synthesis by Ho.
Book Synopsis Steady-state and Transient Catalytic Oxidation and Coupling of Methane by :
Download or read book Steady-state and Transient Catalytic Oxidation and Coupling of Methane written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project addresses the conversion of methane from natural gas into ethane, ethylene and higher hydrocarbons. Our research explores the mechanistic and practical implications of carrying out the methane oxidative coupling reaction in reactor designs other than conventional packed-beds with co-fed reactants. These alternate reactor designs are needed to prevent the full oxidation of methane, which limits C2, yields in methane oxidative coupling reactions. The research strategy focuses on preventing contact between the 02 reactant required for favorable overall thermodynamics and the C{sub 2+} products of methane coupling. The behavior of various reactor designs are simulated using detailed kinetic transport models. These simulations have suggested that the best way to prevent high C02 yields is to separate the oxygen and hydrocarbon streams altogether. As a result, the project has focused on the experimental demonstration of proton transport membrane reactors for the selective conversion of methane into higher hydrocarbons.
Book Synopsis Mechanistic Studies on the Oxidative Coupling of Methane by : Chunlei Shi
Download or read book Mechanistic Studies on the Oxidative Coupling of Methane written by Chunlei Shi and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Direct Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons Via Oxidative Coupling Over Perovskite-type Oxides by : Wolfgang J. Garcia Barre
Download or read book Direct Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons Via Oxidative Coupling Over Perovskite-type Oxides written by Wolfgang J. Garcia Barre and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE USING INORGANIC MEMBRANE REACTORS. by :
Download or read book OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE USING INORGANIC MEMBRANE REACTORS. written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this research is to study the oxidative coupling of methane in catalytic inorganic membrane reactors. A specific target is to achieve conversion of methane to C2 hydrocarbons at very high selectivity and higher yields than in conventional non-porous, co-feed, fixed bed reactors by controlling the oxygen supply through the membrane. A membrane reactor has the advantage of precisely controlling the rate of delivery of oxygen to the catalyst. This facility permits balancing the rate of oxidation and reduction of the catalyst. In addition, membrane reactors minimize the concentration of gas phase oxygen thus reducing non selective gas phase reactions, which are believed to be a main route for the formation of CO(subscript x) products. Such gas phase reactions are a cause of decreased selectivity in the oxidative coupling of methane in conventional flow reactors. Membrane reactors could also produce higher product yields by providing better distribution of the reactant gases over the catalyst than the conventional plug flow reactors. Membrane reactor technology also offers the potential for modifying the membranes both to improve catalytic properties as well as to regulate the rate of the permeation/diffusion of reactants through the membrane to minimize by-product generation. Other benefits also exist with membrane reactors, such as the mitigation of thermal hot-spots for highly exothermic reactions such as the oxidative coupling of methane. The application of catalytically active inorganic membranes has potential for drastically increasing the yield of reactions which are currently limited by either thermodynamic equilibria, product inhibition, or kinetic selectivity.
Download or read book Da yu de han diao yu de written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide and Methane by Nano and Regular Fe2O3 by : Soon-Chul Kwon
Download or read book The Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide and Methane by Nano and Regular Fe2O3 written by Soon-Chul Kwon and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The catalytic performances of nano and regular Fe2O3 in the oxidation of methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO) singly and in combination were compared in a laboratory study. The major oxidation product is carbon dioxide (CO2). The performance of the nanocatalyst for oxidation of CH4 and CO was studied under variable conditions of temperature, concentration and space-time. It was demonstrated that 40 mg of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NANOCAT superfine iron oxide) was much more effective than 400mg of non-nano Fe2O3-PVS (Bailey-PVS Oxides) in calatalyzing the oxidation. Furthermore, in the oxidative coupling of CH4 and CO, the efficiency of mixed gas conversion was also higher when NANOCAT was used as the catalyst than when Fe2O3-PVS was used, and almost complete oxidation of the mixed gas phases was observed. These results support the hypothesis that the small particle size (3nm), high surface area (245 m2/g), and denser surface coordination of the nanocatalyst can contribute to its better performance as a catalyst. Generally, the oxidation of CO and CH4 increased significantly with increase in temperature. In the presence of oxygen, the reaction is zero-order on CO. The oxidation efficiency was not affected by the CO concentrations at any temperature (more than 200°C). However, lower concentrations in the gas phase contributed to higher oxidation efficiency over the entire range of temperatures. The oxidation of CH4 is quite complicated, and has not been clearly delineated. An increase in the inlet gas flow rate caused a lower conversion rate. An examination of space time effect of CO oxidation reveals that the higher space time between carbon monoxide and NANOCAT has little or no effect on oxidation efficiency. In contrary to CO oxidation, the CH4 and mixed gas (CO and CH4) oxidations were accelerated by increased space time with NANOCAT.
Book Synopsis Methane Oxidation Over Dual Redox Catalysts. Final Report by :
Download or read book Methane Oxidation Over Dual Redox Catalysts. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalytic oxidation of methane to partial oxidation products, primarily formaldehyde and C2 hydrocarbons, was found to be directed by the catalyst used. In this project, it was discovered that a moderate oxidative coupling catalyst for C2 hydrocarbons, zinc oxide, is modified by addition of small amounts of Cu and Fe dopants to yield fair yields of formaldehyde. A similar effect was observed with Cu/Sn/ZnO catalysts, and the presence of a redox Lewis acid, Fe{sup III} or Sn{sup IV}, was found to be essential for the selectivity switch from C2 coupling products to formaldehyde. The principle of double doping with an oxygen activator (Cu) and the redox Lewis acid (Fe, Sn) was pursued further by synthesizing and testing the CuFe-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. The Cu{sup II}(ion exchanged) Fe{sup III}(framework)-ZSM-5 also displayed activity for formaldehyde synthesis, with space time yields exceeding 100 g/h-kg catalyst. However, the selectivity was low and earlier claims in the literature of selective oxidation of methane to methanol over CuFe-ZSM-5 were not reproduced. A new active and selective catalytic system (M=Sb, Bi, Sn)/SrO/La2O3 has been discovered for potentially commercially attractive process for the conversion of methane to C2 hydrocarbons, (ii) a new principle has been demonstrated for selectivity switching from C2 hydrocarbon products to formaldehyde in methane oxidations over Cu, Fe-doped zinc oxide and ZSM-5, and (iii) a new approach has been initiated for using ultrafine metal dispersions for low temperature activation of methane for selective conversions. Item (iii) continues being supported by AMOCO while further developments related to items (i) and (ii) are the objective of our continued effort under the METC-AMOCO proposed joint program.
