Origins And Past Of Modern Humans, The: Towards Reconciliation

Download Origins And Past Of Modern Humans, The: Towards Reconciliation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814545856
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Origins And Past Of Modern Humans, The: Towards Reconciliation by : Keiichi Omoto

Download or read book Origins And Past Of Modern Humans, The: Towards Reconciliation written by Keiichi Omoto and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1998-03-26 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, because the differences in methodological approaches are so great, the focus is switched to the major issues in the hope of achieving a 'reconciliation', if not a perfect agreement, among the scholars of different disciplines. The keyword for the meeting was 'balance' — a balanced view over the results from different disciplines.

The Origins of Modern Humans

Download The Origins of Modern Humans PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118659902
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Origins of Modern Humans by : Fred H. Smith

Download or read book The Origins of Modern Humans written by Fred H. Smith and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-07-09 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This update to the award-winning The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence covers the most accepted common theories concerning the emergence of modern Homo sapiens adding fresh insight from top young scholars on the key new discoveries of the past 25 years. The Origins of Modern Humans: Biology Reconsidered allows field leaders to discuss and assess the assemblage of hominid fossil material in each region of the world during the Pleistocene epoch. It features new fossil and molecular evidence, such as the evolutionary inferences drawn from assessments of modern humans and large segments of the Neandertal genome. It also addresses the impact of digital imagery and the more sophisticated morphometrics that have entered the analytical fray since 1984. Beginning with a thoughtful introduction by the authors on modern human origins, the book offers such insightful chapter contributions as: Africa: The Cradle of Modern People Crossroads of the Old World: Late Hominin Evolution in Western Asia A River Runs through It: Modern Human Origins in East Asia Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Australians Modern Human Origins in Central Europe The Makers of the Early Upper Paleolithic in Western Eurasia Neandertal Craniofacial Growth and Development and Its Relevance for Modern Human Origins Energetics and the Origin of Modern Humans Understanding Human Cranial Variation in Light of Modern Human Origins The Relevance of Archaic Genomes to Modern Human Origins The Process of Modern Human Origins: The Evolutionary and Demographic Changes Giving Rise to Modern Humans The Paleobiology of Modern Human Emergence Elegant and thought provoking, The Origins of Modern Humans: Biology Reconsidered is an ideal read for students, grad students, and professionals in human evolution and paleoanthropology.

Origin And Past Of Modern Humans As Viewed From Dna, The: Proceedings Of The Workshop On The Origin And Past Of Homo Sapiens Sapiens As Viewed From Dna - Theoretical Approach

Download Origin And Past Of Modern Humans As Viewed From Dna, The: Proceedings Of The Workshop On The Origin And Past Of Homo Sapiens Sapiens As Viewed From Dna - Theoretical Approach PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814550345
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Origin And Past Of Modern Humans As Viewed From Dna, The: Proceedings Of The Workshop On The Origin And Past Of Homo Sapiens Sapiens As Viewed From Dna - Theoretical Approach by : Sydney Brenner

Download or read book Origin And Past Of Modern Humans As Viewed From Dna, The: Proceedings Of The Workshop On The Origin And Past Of Homo Sapiens Sapiens As Viewed From Dna - Theoretical Approach written by Sydney Brenner and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1995-05-09 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the origins, micro-evolution, diversification and adaptation of modern humans. It is based upon discrepancies between fossil evidence and molecular findings and between different investigators within each. This has given rise to much controversy that is not yet solved. The papers are presented in four methodological categories: theoretical, molecular, morphological and linguistic.

Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate

Download Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3211492941
Total Pages : 535 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (114 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate by : Maria Teschler-Nicola

Download or read book Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate written by Maria Teschler-Nicola and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-07-28 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Upper Paleolithic fossils of the Mladec caves, South Moravia, excavated at the end of the 19th century, hold a key position in the current discussion on modern human emergence within Europe and the fate of the Neanderthals. Although undoubtedly early modern humans - recently radio carbon dated to 31.000 years BP - their morphological variability and the presence of archaic features are indicative to some degree of regional Neanderthal ancestry. The beautifully illustrated monograph addresses - for the first time - the complete assemblage of the finds, including the human cranial, post cranial, teeth and jaw fragments of several individuals (most of them stored at the Natural History Museum Vienna) as well as the faunal remains and the archaeological objects. Leading scientists present their results, obtained with innovative techniques such as DNA analysis, 3D-morphometry and isotope analysis, which are of great importance for further discussions on both human evolution and archaeological issues.

African Genesis

Download African Genesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107379628
Total Pages : 599 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis African Genesis by : Sally C. Reynolds

Download or read book African Genesis written by Sally C. Reynolds and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-29 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of the first species of African hominin, Australopithecus africanus, from Taung, South Africa in 1924, launched the study of fossil man in Africa. New discoveries continue to confirm the importance of this region to our understanding of human evolution. Outlining major developments since Raymond Dart's description of the Taung skull and, in particular, the impact of the pioneering work of Phillip V. Tobias, this book will be a valuable companion for students and researchers of human origins. It presents a summary of the current state of palaeoanthropology, reviewing the ideas that are central to the field, and provides a perspective on how future developments will shape our knowledge about hominin emergence in Africa. A wide range of key themes are covered, from the earliest fossils from Chad and Kenya, to the origins of bipedalism and the debate about how and where modern humans evolved and dispersed across Africa.

Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic

Download Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139560808
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic by : Ryan J. Rabett

Download or read book Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic written by Ryan J. Rabett and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-08-27 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the first human colonization of Asia and particularly the tropical environments of Southeast Asia during the Upper Pleistocene. In studying the unique character of the Asian archaeological record, it reassesses long-accepted propositions about the development of human 'modernity.' Ryan J. Rabett reveals an evolutionary relationship between colonization, the challenges encountered during this process – especially in relation to climatic and environmental change – and the forms of behaviour that emerged. This book argues that human modernity is not something achieved in the remote past in one part of the world, but rather is a diverse, flexible, responsive and ongoing process of adaptation.

Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia

Download Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9402408746
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (24 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia by : Katerina Harvati

Download or read book Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia written by Katerina Harvati and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-18 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume systematically reviews the evidence for early human presence in one of the most relevant geographic regions of Europe - the Balkans and Anatolia, an area that has been crucial in shaping the course of human evolution in Europe, but whose paleoanthropological record is poorly known. The primary aim of this book is to showcase new paleoanthropological (human paleontological and paleolithic) research conducted in the region. The volume is organized into three sections. The first one deals with the human fossil record from Greece, the Central Balkans, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. The second section presents the paleolithic record of the same countries. In the third part, the authors provide a synthesis of current paleoenvironmental evidence for the Balkans. Chapters summarize and systematize the available human fossil evidence, examine their context, and place them within the framework of our understanding of human evolution in Europe and beyond, as well as present new analyses of existing human fossils. This book will be of interest to professionals, upper undergraduate and graduate students in paleoanthropology, human paleontology and paleolithic archaeology and in a variety of related fields, including human variation and adaptation, paleontology and biogeography. It will also be appropriate as a reference book for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on human evolution and European paleoanthropology.

The Early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe

Download The Early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520930096
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe by : P. Jeffrey Brantingham

Download or read book The Early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe written by P. Jeffrey Brantingham and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2004-06-02 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together prominent archaeologists working in areas outside Western Europe to discuss the most recent evidence for the origins of the early Upper Paleolithic and its relationship to the origin of modern humans. With a wealth of primary data from archaeological sites and regions that have never before been published and discussions of materials from difficult-to-find sources, the collection urges readers to reconsider the process of modern human behavioral origins. Archaeological evidence continues to play a critical role in debates over the origins of anatomically modern humans. The appearance of novel Upper Paleolithic technologies, new patterns of land use, expanded social networks, and the emergence of complex forms of symbolic communication point to a behavioral revolution beginning sometime around 45,000 years ago. Until recently, most of the available evidence for this revolution derived from Western European archaeological contexts that suggested an abrupt replacement of Mousterian Middle Paleolithic with Aurignacian Upper Paleolithic adaptations. In the absence of fossil association, the behavioral transition was thought to reflect the biological replacement of archaic hominid populations by intrusive modern humans. The contributors present new archaeological evidence that tells a very different story: The Middle-Upper Paleolithic transitions in areas as diverse as the Levant, Eastern-Central Europe, and Central and Eastern Asia are characterized both by substantial behavioral continuity over the period 45,000-25,000 years ago and by a mosaic-like pattern of shifting adaptations. Together these essays will enliven and enrich the discussion of the shift from archaic to modern behavioral adaptations. Contributors: O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, R. L. Bettinger, P. J. Brantingham, N. R. Coinman, A. P. Derevianko, R. G. Elston, J. R. Fox, X. Gao, J. M. Geneste, T. Goebel, E. Güleç, K. W. Kerry, L. Koulakovskaia, J. K. Kozlowski, S. L. Kuhn, Y. V. Kuzmin, D. B. Madsen, A. E. Marks, L. Meignen, T. Meshveliani, K. Monigal, P. E. Nehoroshev, J. W. Olsen, M. Otte, M. C. Stiner,J. Svoboda, A. Sytnik, D. Tseveendorj, L. B. Vishnyatsky

The Human Lineage

Download The Human Lineage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118211456
Total Pages : 1167 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Human Lineage by : Matt Cartmill

Download or read book The Human Lineage written by Matt Cartmill and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 1167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This textbook, aimed at advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in paleoanthropology courses, tackles a rather difficult task—that of presenting the substantial body of paleontological, genetic, geological and archaeological evidence regarding human evolution, and the associated scientific history, in a logical and readable way without sacrificing either clarity or detail... the sheer quality of the writing and explanatory synthesis in this book will undoubtedly make it a valuable resource for students for many years." —PaleoAnthropology, 2010 This book focuses on the last ten million years of human history, from the hominoid radiations to the emergence and diversification of modern humanity. It draws upon the fossil record to shed light on the key scientific issues, principles, methods, and history in paleoanthropology. The book proceeds through the fossil record of human evolution by historical stages representing the acquisition of major human features that explain the success and distinctive properties of modern Homo sapiens. Key features: Provides thorough coverage of the fossil record and sites, with data on key variables such as cranial capacity and body size estimates Offers a balanced, critical assessment of the interpretative models explaining pattern in the fossil record Each chapter incorporates a "Blind Alley" box focusing on once prevalent ideas now rejected such as the arboreal theory, seed-eating, single-species hypothesis, and Piltdown man Promotes critical thinking by students while allowing instructors flexibility in structuring their teaching Densely illustrated with informative, well-labelled anatomical drawings and photographs Includes an annotated bibliography for advanced inquiry Written by established leaders in the field, providing depth of expertise on evolutionary theory and anatomy through to functional morphology, this textbook is essential reading for all advanced undergraduate students and beginning graduate students in biological anthropology.

Contributions to the Study of the Dorset Palaeo-Eskimos

Download Contributions to the Study of the Dorset Palaeo-Eskimos PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Ottawa Press
ISBN 13 : 1772821608
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (728 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Contributions to the Study of the Dorset Palaeo-Eskimos by : Patricia D. Sutherland

Download or read book Contributions to the Study of the Dorset Palaeo-Eskimos written by Patricia D. Sutherland and published by University of Ottawa Press. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of papers offers insights into the Dorset Palaeo-Eskimo occupation of Arctic Canada, Newfoundland and Greenland. Topics include biological relationships in the Dorset population; succession and discontinuity in Palaeo-Eskimo occupations; Dorset technology in soapstone, metal, and skeletal materials; and social aspects of the late Dorset stone “longhouses”.

First Farmers

Download First Farmers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0631205659
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis First Farmers by : Peter Bellwood

Download or read book First Farmers written by Peter Bellwood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-11-30 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Farmers: the Origins of Agricultural Societies offers readers an understanding of the origins and histories of early agricultural populations in all parts of the world. Uses data from archaeology, comparative linguistics, and biological anthropology to cover developments over the past 12,000 years Examines the reasons for the multiple primary origins of agriculture Focuses on agricultural origins in and dispersals out of the Middle East, central Africa, China, New Guinea, Mesoamerica and the northern Andes Covers the origins and dispersals of major language families such as Indo-European, Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo and Uto-Aztecan

Neanderthals Revisited

Download Neanderthals Revisited PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402051212
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Neanderthals Revisited by : Katerina Harvati

Download or read book Neanderthals Revisited written by Katerina Harvati and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-03-14 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the cutting-edge research of leading scientists, re-examining the major debates in Neanderthal research with the use of innovative methods and exciting new theoretical approaches. Coverage includes the re-evaluation of Neanderthal anatomy, inferred adaptations and habitual activities, developmental patterns, phylogenetic relationships, and the Neanderthal extinction; new methods include computer tomography, 3D geometric morphometrics, ancient DNA and bioenergetics. The book offers fresh insight into both Neanderthals and modern humans.

Debating Humankind's Place in Nature, 1860-2000

Download Debating Humankind's Place in Nature, 1860-2000 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317348893
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Debating Humankind's Place in Nature, 1860-2000 by : Richard G. Delisle

Download or read book Debating Humankind's Place in Nature, 1860-2000 written by Richard G. Delisle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-07-14 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text, the only one of its kind on the market, surveys the development of the field of human evolution from its inception through today. It provides students with a broad contrast enabling them to fully understand the value and role of current paleoanthropological research. Features: An historical approach - Establishes for students the nature of paleoanthropology through the historical development of the field from 1860 through 2000 and shows students that paleoanthropology is a remarkably progressive field.. A focus on the debates in the field of human evolution (especially the phylogenetic or genealogical debates)– Analyzes four distinct debates, presented separately from their inception to the present: 1) Humankind's place among the primates; 2) The place of the australopithecines relative to the human line; 3) Debates on human phylogeny proper; 4) Proposed scenarios of hominization. Presentation and analysis of the viewpoints of over 150 scholars - Gives students a valuable reference work for the future (includes over 1200 references in the bibliography) as well as a comprehensive text for today. For junior/senior courses in Human Evolution and Paleoanthropology in Anthropology departments.

Morphometrics For The Life Sciences

Download Morphometrics For The Life Sciences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9813105321
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Morphometrics For The Life Sciences by : Pete E Lestrel

Download or read book Morphometrics For The Life Sciences written by Pete E Lestrel and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2000-08-04 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of form is one of the most fundamental concepts underlying all of the sciences. Our visual system is so well developed that we are able to effortlessly classify and compare visual images. What is not so well developed has been our ability to measure this visual information. This book examines a number of recent approaches currently in use to numerically characterize the biological form. It presents a unique overview of these methods, starting with a review of measurement set in a historical framework. The book will be of interest to graduate students in addition to a wide range of researchers, including those in the specialized fields of human biology, growth and development, orthodontics, botany, biology, ecology, zoology, as well as dentistry and medicine.

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

Download New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ANU Press
ISBN 13 : 1760460958
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory by : Philip J. Piper

Download or read book New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory written by Philip J. Piper and published by ANU Press. This book was released on 2017-03-24 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ‘This volume brings together a diversity of international scholars, unified in the theme of expanding scientific knowledge about humanity’s past in the Asia-Pacific region. The contents in total encompass a deep time range, concerning the origins and dispersals of anatomically modern humans, the lifestyles of Pleistocene and early Holocene Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, the emergence of Neolithic farming communities, and the development of Iron Age societies. These core enduring issues continue to be explored throughout the vast region covered here, accordingly with a richness of results as shown by the authors. Befitting of the grand scope of this volume, the individual contributions articulate perspectives from multiple study areas and lines of evidence. Many of the chapters showcase new primary field data from archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. Equally important, other chapters provide updated regional summaries of research in archaeology, linguistics, and human biology from East Asia through to the Western Pacific.’ Mike T. Carson Associate Professor of Archaeology Micronesian Area Research Center University of Guam

Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance

Download Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191515752
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance by : Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald

Download or read book Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance written by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2006-03-02 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two languages can resemble each other in the categories, constructions, and types of meaning they use; and in the forms they employ to express these. Such resemblances may be the consequence of universal characteristics of language, of chance or coincidence, of the borrowing by one language of another's words, or of the diffusion of grammatical, phonetic, and phonological characteristics that takes place when languages come into contact. Languages sometimes show likeness because they have borrowed not from each other but from a third language. Languages that come from the same ancestor may have similar grammatical categories and meanings expressed by similar forms: such languages are said to be genetically affiliated. This book considers how and why forms and meanings of different languages at different times may resemble one another. Its editors and authors aim (a) to explain and identify the relationship between areal diffusion and the genetic development of languages, and (b) to discover the means of distinguishing what may cause one language to share the characteristics of another. The introduction outlines the issues that underlie these aims, introduces the chapters which follow, and comments on recurrent conclusions by the contributors. The problems are formidable and the pitfalls numerous: for example, several of the authors draw attention to the inadequacy of the family tree diagram as the main metaphor for language relationship. The authors range over Ancient Anatolia, Modern Anatolia, Australia, Amazonia, Oceania, Southeast and East Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The book includes an archaeologist's view on what material evidence offers to explain cultural and linguistic change, and a general discussion of which kinds of linguistic feature can and cannot be borrowed. The chapters are accessibly-written and illustrated by twenty maps. The book will interest all students of the causes and consequences of language change and evolution.

Osseous Projectile Weaponry

Download Osseous Projectile Weaponry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9402408991
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (24 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Osseous Projectile Weaponry by : Michelle C. Langley

Download or read book Osseous Projectile Weaponry written by Michelle C. Langley and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the current state of knowledge on the osseous projectile weaponry that was produced by Pleistocene cultures across the globe. Through cross-cultural and temporal comparison of manufacturing methods, design, use methods, and associated technology, chapters in this volume identify and discuss differences and similarities between these Pleistocene cultures. The central research questions addressed in this volume include: (a) how did osseous weaponry technology develop and change through time and can these changes be tied to environmental and/or social influences?; (b) how did different Pleistocene cultures design and adapt their osseous weaponry technology to their environment as well as changes in that environment?; and (c) can we identify cultural interaction between neighboring groups through the analysis of osseous weapons technology — and if so — can we use these items to track the movement of peoples and/or ideas across the landscape? Through addressing these three central research questions, this volume creates an integrated understanding of osseous technology during a vital period in Modern Human cultural development which will be useful for students and advanced researchers alike.