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Optimum Cyclic Solvent Injection Csi And Waterflooding Gasflooding In The Post Cold Heavy Oil Production With Sand Chops Reservoirs
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Book Synopsis Optimum Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) and Waterflooding/Gasflooding in the Post Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (Chops) Reservoirs by : Hongze Ma
Download or read book Optimum Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) and Waterflooding/Gasflooding in the Post Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (Chops) Reservoirs written by Hongze Ma and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thesis, the technical synergy of combining cyclic solvent injection (CSI) and waterflooding (WF) or gasflooding (GF) in a two-well configuration for the post-cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS) reservoirs was explored. In the experiments, the original heavy oil samples were collected from the Colony and McLaren formations in Alberta, Canada. The PVT data and viscosities of CH4/CO2/C3H8-saturated Colony/McLaren heavy oil were measured at different equilibrium pressures and Tres = 21 °C. A total of 17 sandpacked laboratory tests were conducted to examine the technical and economical merits of the combined CSI and WF/GF. Both the CSI + WF and CSI + GF recovered more heavy oil than the CSI or WF alone due to the extended foamy-oil flow. The combined CSI and WF outperformed the combined CSI and GF in terms of the heavy oil recovery factor (RF), heavy oil production rate, and cumulative gas-oil ratio (GOR) because gas channeling was hindered by the subsequently injected water. In addition, C3H8 was found to be a more dissolving and extracting solvent than CO2 due to its more favourable PVT properties and larger heavy oil viscosity reduction. The intermediate pressure drawdown rate or CO2 injection rate resulted in a higher heavy oil RF during the CSI or GF. Theoretically, an analytical material balance model (MBM) was formulated to predict the cumulative heavy oil and gas productions and the average reservoir pressure during the primary production and subsequent CSI. The non-equilibrium phase behaviour and the foamy-oil properties were taken into account in this analytical MBM. Several unknown parameters were tuned and determined by best matching the theoretically predicted data and the experimentally measured data, such as the nucleation coefficient of dissolved CH4 in the heavy oil and the decay coefficient of dispersed CH4 bubbles from the heavy oil. The predicted cumulative heavy oil productions and average reservoir pressures during the primary production and subsequent CSI agreed well with the measured data. However, there were large discrepancies between the predicted and measured cumulative gas productions in the CSI because of its gas channeling, which is a major technical issue encountered in the CSI. In addition, it was found that dissolved CH4 in the heavy oil became the dispersed CH4 bubbles more quickly when the nucleation coefficient was larger at a higher pressure drawdown rate or in a less viscous heavy oil. The foamy heavy oil with the dispersed CH4 bubbles was more stable when the decay coefficient was smaller at an increased pressure drawdown rate or in a more viscous heavy oil. Numerical simulations were undertaken to optimize the CSI, CSI + WF, and CSI + GF after the primary production in a representative and synthetic field-scale heavy oil reservoir by choosing the net present value (NPV) as an objective function. The steepest ascent (SA) method and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) were utilized to find the optimum well controls and maximize the NPV. Both the SA method and PSO efficiently determined nearly optimum NPVs for the CSI, CSI + WF, and CSI + GF in the heavy oil reservoirs with/without the wormholes. It was found in this study that the NPV of the CSI + GF was the highest in the post-CHOPS reservoir. The oil producer should be operated at the minimum allowable bottom hole pressure (BHP) during the entire reservoir life. The gas injector should be used to inject at the maximum allowable injection rate during the early cycles but shut in during the late cycles to control the gas channeling.
Book Synopsis Cyclic Hot Solvent Injection Method to Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery Based on Experimental Study by : Kewei Zhang
Download or read book Cyclic Hot Solvent Injection Method to Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery Based on Experimental Study written by Kewei Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the solvent-based heavy oil recovery methods, the cyclic solvent injection (CSI) method has been acknowledged as an effective method with high oil production rate. Oil recovery in pure solvent CSI study is as high as over 70%. However, injection pressure in the pure solvent CSI is limited by the low dew point pressure of hydrocarbon at laboratory ambient temperature condition. In the mixture gas CSI method, although the solvent dew point pressure can be raised at the ambient temperature condition, recovery factor of this method is much lower than that of pure solvent CSI method. Therefore, it is necessary to explore an alternative CSI method which takes advantage of both pure gas-based and mixture gas-based CSI methods. As raising the pure solvent injection temperature can increase the solvent dew point pressure, the idea of hot solvent CSI is experimentally tested in this study. This new type of CSI method is named the cyclic hot solvent injection method (CHSI). In the CHSI laboratory study, hot solvent can reach high initial reservoir pressure. The experimental system consists of a sand-pack model unit, injection unit, production unit and data acquisition unit. Three major topics have been studied concerning CHSI: the comparison between CHSI and the replaceable method of CHSI (the mixture gas CSI method), the comparison between CHSI and the "N-Solv" (hot vapor solvent extraction) method, and temperature sensitivity analysis in CHSI. Experimental results show that, for the first topic, oil recovery of CHSI method is much higher than it is in mixture gas CSI method; for the second topic, oil production performance of CHSI is compared with that II in N-Solv; for the third topic, three solvent injection temperature levels are compared with each other in order to study solvent temperature effect on the oil production performance. Experimental results show that the CHSI method is an effective heavy oil extraction method, because this method is superior to mixture gas CSI method and N-Solv method regarding oil recovery. Oil recovery of CHSI is hardly influenced by solvent injection temperature. However, solvent injection temperature positively affects oil production rate during early CSI production period.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Gas-Oil Flow in Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) for Heavy Oil Recovery by : Sam Yeol Hong
Download or read book Characterization of Gas-Oil Flow in Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) for Heavy Oil Recovery written by Sam Yeol Hong and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) has emerged as an effective post-CHOPS recovery method. It has shown a great potential with the aid of the solvent injection under the huff-n-puff operation. The use of solvent that maintains a strong nature of gas results in the solvent chamber which under the huff-n-puff operation locates at an inner region towards the well. The CSI process is therefore governed by the gas-oil flow as the solvent chamber is dominated by the free gas-oil flow and the heavy oil zone by the dispersed gas-oil flow referred to as the foamy oil flow. The gas-oil flow in CSI eventually appears as the combined flow of free gas and foamy oil across the solvent chamber. The gas-oil flow in heavy oil systems has been widely investigated based on heavy oil solution gas drive. However, the combined flow of free gas and foamy oil in CSI considerably differs from that in heavy oil solution gas drive and therefore needs to be investigated separately. The differences mainly arise as in CSI the free gas originates from the solvent chamber whereas in heavy oil solution gas drive it evolves from solution gas. Consequently, the combined flow of free gas and foamy oil in CSI yields the characteristics that strongly depend on the pressure depletion rate and the growing solvent chamber. This study is aimed at characterizing the gas-oil flow in CSI for heavy oil recovery at different pressure depletion rates under the effect of the growing solvent chamber. To fulfill the objective, the gas-liquid relative permeability curves are inferred with the use of numerical simulations by history-matching seven lab-scale CSI tests performed at varying pressure depletion rates. The foamy oil behavior is taken into account by applying the modified-fractional flow model. This study therefore not only demonstrates the distinct properties of the gas-oil relative permeability curves in CSI process but also the applicability of the modified-fractional flow model. The sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the phenomena responsible for the distinct behavior of the gas-oil flow in CSI.
Book Synopsis An Improved Vapour Solvent Injection Technique for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery by : Tao Jiang
Download or read book An Improved Vapour Solvent Injection Technique for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery written by Tao Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental and Mathematical Studies of Cyclic Solvent Injection To Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery by : Zhongwei Du
Download or read book Experimental and Mathematical Studies of Cyclic Solvent Injection To Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery written by Zhongwei Du and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been suggested that Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) is a highly promising technique to recover heavy oil resources at which other recovery techniques are not economically or efficiently available. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct experimental and mathematical studies on the CSI for effective heavy oil recovery purposes. Experimental and data regression studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of the wormhole on the CSI. Nine tests were completed using three sand-pack physical models with different dimensions. Experimental results suggest that the oil production can be divided into two phases: solvent chamber rising phase and solvent chamber spreading phase. The average production rate in the solvent chamber rising phase is proportional to the wormhole length, while the average production rate in the solvent chamber spreading phase does not change much with the wormhole length. In addition, a relation of the oil production rate to the drainage height is obtained by regression analysis and verified with a different experiment. It is suggested that for a rectangular model, the oil production rate in the chamber rising phase is proportional to h1.1667. Experimental study of effects of pressure decline rate on the CSI has been performed. Twelve tests with ten decline rates through linear and non-linear pressure-drawdown methods were conducted. Results of optimizing the pressure decline rate indicated that the pressure decline rate plays a primary role in the CSI by affecting solvent chamber growth, foamy oil flow performance in Phase 1, and pressure drop force in Phase 2. Different driving mechanisms in different phases lead to different optimum pressure decline rates. Comparison of two pressure-drawdown methods suggests that the main difference between the non-linear pressure-drawdown method and linear pressuredrawdown method is that the former cannot provide a continuous driving force for diluted oil as well as the latter. The effect of the intermittent driving force is much more significant in Phase 2. Therefore, production performance of tests of pressure-drawdown linearly was generally better than that of tests of pressure-drawdown non-linearly. A linear material balance equation of CSI has been proposed to obtain the recovery factor of diluted oil. It is successfully used to obtain the recovery factor of diluted oil of each cycle for a well-designed CSI test in a rectangular physical model (80×40×20 cm3). The relation of the solution-gas oil ratio and the diluted oil formation volume factor with pressure under non-equilibrium state are obtained through linear regression based the material balance equation. They are successfully verified through experimental data of a CSI test in a cylindrical model. Results indicate that the efficiency of oil dilution increases from 4.75% to 10.70% before the Cycle 10. Then it slightly varies from 10% to 16.25% till the Cycle 25. It is dramatically decreased 10.11% in the last five cycles. For first three cycles, the diluted oil recovery factor is up to 40% due to extended production time. Then it almost keeps around 32% till the Cycle 25. Three mixture solvent with the decline rate of 12.5 kPa/min ,5 kPa/min and 1 kPa/min have been conducted. Knowledge of production performance of mixture solvent CSI tests is obtained through the comparison of mixture solvent tests with different decline rate and the comparison between mixture and pure solvent tests. Pure solvent tests had larger recovery factor and average oil production per cycle than mixture solvent tests. The asphaltene precipitation and production time significantly impacted the recovery factor of diluted oil in mixture solvent tests.
Book Synopsis A Novel Automatic History Matching Method and Upscaling Study of Cyclic Solvent Injection Process for Post-Chops Heavy Oil Reservoirs by : Min Zhang
Download or read book A Novel Automatic History Matching Method and Upscaling Study of Cyclic Solvent Injection Process for Post-Chops Heavy Oil Reservoirs written by Min Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Enhanced Oil Recovery by : Marcel Latil
Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Marcel Latil and published by Editions TECHNIP. This book was released on 1980 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contents : 1. Factors common to all enhanced recovery methods. 2. Water injection. 3. Gas injection in an oil reservoir (immiscible displacement). 4. Miscible drive. 5. Gas recycling in gas-condensate reservoirs. 6. Thermal recovery methods. 7. Other methods of enhanced recovery. References. Index.
Book Synopsis Optimum Gas Saturation for Maximum Oil Recovery from Displacement by Water by : Carlon Sanford Land
Download or read book Optimum Gas Saturation for Maximum Oil Recovery from Displacement by Water written by Carlon Sanford Land and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Role of C3H8 and CH4 in Enhancing the Foamy Oil Phenomena and Performance of CO2-Based Cyclic Solvent Injection in Heavy Oil Systems by : Arash Ahadi
Download or read book Role of C3H8 and CH4 in Enhancing the Foamy Oil Phenomena and Performance of CO2-Based Cyclic Solvent Injection in Heavy Oil Systems written by Arash Ahadi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As light oil resources are continuously depleted, heavy oil exploitation is nowadays being put on agenda to meet the ever-increasing energy demand. Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) technique holds great promise as a viable approach to produce heavy oil from thin reservoirs where thermal and gravity-dominated recovery methods fail to sufficiency (and economically) recover oil. CSI, with CO2 being used as the solvent, has become a subject of several investigations and considerable speculation in light oil systems. Nevertheless, not too many studies ventured into realm of application of CO2 in heavy oil systems. In addition, importance of C3H8 and CH4 in the injected CO2 stream has been addressed in the literature; however, the details of the optimum mixing ratio of these two hydrocarbon solvents are the main knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. In this study, series of cyclic injection tests of pure CO2, CH4-CO2, C3H8-CO2, C3H8-CH4, and C3H8-CH4-CO2 were conducted at various operating pressures and mixture compositions to different (in terms of viscosity) heavy oil samples. Sand pack models with absolute permeability of kabs = 6-10 D and porosity of ø = 27-32% were used as representatives of a typical heavy oil reservoir. It was attempted to measure the CO2/solvent apparent solubility, solvent-produced oil asphaltene content, duration of produced-oil foamy shape stability, and oil recovery in each cycle to probe into the trend of responsible mechanisms during each cycle of CSI. Results showed that there is an optimum pressure in cyclic CO2 injection process in heavy oil systems; the pressure beyond which the ultimate oil recovery factor (RF) did not notably improve (near 4.82 MPa in this study). Higher concentration of C3H8 in the CO2 stream improved the oil recovery during cyclic injection. However, ultimate RF was not noticeably increased when C3H8 concentration in the mixture exceeded a certain value (near 50 mole% in this study). Although C3H8 showed effective role on the performance of CSI, it was found that the recovery factor reduces with increased CH4 concentration in the CO2 stream. The highest recovery factor of 73.8% was obtained by injecting mixture of 50% C3H8 - 50% CO2 into 1850 mPa.s viscous oil sample under the operating pressure of Pinj = 1.72 MPa. The results of CSI tests on the heavy oil with viscosity of 6430 mPa.s were lower by almost 20% since the solvent solubility was noticeably lower. Performing C3H8-CH4 tests to 6430 mPa.s viscous oil revealed that there is an optimum fraction of C3H8 in CH4 stream (near 50 mole% in this study). Moreover, partially replacement of C3H8 with CO2 (50% C3H8 - 50% CH4 with 30% C3H8 - 40% CH4 - 30% CO2) was effective (and profitable) as the achieved ultimate RF were more or less the same. No oil production was observed after conducting the first cycle injection of optimum quantified solvents on oil with the viscosity of 22 000 mPa.s. Small values of Solvent Utilization Factor (SUF), relatively high values of Solvent Oil Ratio (SOR), and low quality of the produced oil in the last cycles suggest that higher cycle numbers of CSI in heavy oil reservoirs is depending on the economic limits and might be conducted cautiously.
Book Synopsis Injection Design for Simultaneous Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Storage in a Heavy Oil Reservoir by : Lorraine Elizabeth Sobers
Download or read book Injection Design for Simultaneous Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Storage in a Heavy Oil Reservoir written by Lorraine Elizabeth Sobers and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Significance of Fluid Injection Operations in the U. S. A Panel Discussion by : Interstate Oil Compact Commission. Secondary Recovery and Pressure Maintenance Committee
Download or read book Significance of Fluid Injection Operations in the U. S. A Panel Discussion written by Interstate Oil Compact Commission. Secondary Recovery and Pressure Maintenance Committee and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optimum Water Alternating Gas Injection Using Compositional Reservoir Simulation by : Chanin Wongdontri
Download or read book Optimum Water Alternating Gas Injection Using Compositional Reservoir Simulation written by Chanin Wongdontri and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water alternating gas (WAG) injection is an enhanced oil recovery method that combines effect of water and gas flooding. This study is conducted to find the most suitable water-gas ratio and cycle size that yield optimal recovery. Black oil and compositinal reservoir simulations for a synthetic homogeneous reservoir are used for this purpose. The effects of horizontal permeability, vertical to horizontal permeability ratio, and distance between production and injection wells were also investigated. In this study, three phase Larsen and Skauge relative permeability hysteresis model was compared with the standard two-phase Killough hysteresis model. The results of the study show that WAG process, when appropiately implemented can yield higher recovery factor than waterflood. The impact of injected gas on increasing recovery efficiency was more evident in the compositional model than that in the black oil model. The results from the compositional model indicate that the smaller the cycle size, the higher the recovery factor will be and the water-gas ratio of 0.25 provides the highest recovery. Horizontal permeability, vertical to horizontal permeability ratio, and distance between producer and injector do not have an effect on optimal values of water-gas ratio and cycle size although they affect the absolute values of the recovery factor. The impact of using different relative permeability hysteresis was also found.
Book Synopsis Optimal Solvent and Well Geometry for Production of Heavy Oil by Cyclic Solvent Injection by : Jin Xiu Qi
Download or read book Optimal Solvent and Well Geometry for Production of Heavy Oil by Cyclic Solvent Injection written by Jin Xiu Qi and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Miscible Displacement by : Fred I. Stalkup
Download or read book Miscible Displacement written by Fred I. Stalkup and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pressure Pulsing Potential During Waterflooding and CO2 Flooding of Heavy Oil Reservoirs by : Igor Atamanchuk
Download or read book Pressure Pulsing Potential During Waterflooding and CO2 Flooding of Heavy Oil Reservoirs written by Igor Atamanchuk and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Simulation of High Water-cut in Tight Oil Reservoirs During Cyclic Gas Injection by : Chi Zhang
Download or read book Simulation of High Water-cut in Tight Oil Reservoirs During Cyclic Gas Injection written by Chi Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Novel Solvent Injection and Conformance Control Technologies for Fractured Viscous Oil Reservoirs by : Kelli Margaret Rankin
Download or read book Novel Solvent Injection and Conformance Control Technologies for Fractured Viscous Oil Reservoirs written by Kelli Margaret Rankin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fractured viscous oil resources hold great potential for continued oil production growth globally. However, many of these resources are not accessible with current commercial technologies using steam injection which limits operations to high temperatures. Several steam-solvent processes have been proposed to decrease steam usage, but they still require operating temperatures too high for many projects. There is a need for a low temperature injection strategy alternative for viscous oil production. This dissertation discusses scoping experimental work for a low temperature solvent injection strategy targeting fractured systems. The strategy combines three production mechanisms -- gas-oil gravity drainage, liquid extraction, and film gravity drainage. During the initial heating period when the injected solvent is in the liquid phase, liquid extraction occurs. When the solvent is in the vapor phase, solvent-enhanced film gravity drainage occurs. A preliminary simulation of the experiments was developed to study the impact of parameter uncertainty on the model performance. Additional work on reducing uncertainty for key parameters controlling the two solvent production mechanisms will be necessary. In a natural fracture network, the solvent would not be injected uniformly throughout the reservoir. Preferential injection into the higher conductivity fracture areas would result in early breakthrough leaving unswept areas of high oil saturation. Conformance control would be necessary to divert subsequent solvent injection into the unswept zones. A variety of techniques, including polymer and silica gel treatments, have been designed to block flow through the swept zones, but all involve initiating gelation prior to injection. This dissertation also looks at a strategy that uses the salinity gradient between the injected silica nanoparticle dispersion and the in-situ formation water to trigger gelation. First, the equilibrium phase behavior of silica dispersions as a function of sodium chloride and nanoparticle concentration and temperature was determined. The dispersions exhibited three phases -- a clear, stable dispersion; gel; and a viscous, unstable dispersion. The gelation time was found to decrease exponentially as a function of silica concentration, salinity, and temperature. During core flood tests under matrix and fracture injection, the in-situ formed gels were shown to provide sufficient conductivity reduction even at low nanoparticle concentration.
