Optical Anisotropy of Biological Polycrystalline Networks

Download Optical Anisotropy of Biological Polycrystalline Networks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819910870
Total Pages : 103 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Optical Anisotropy of Biological Polycrystalline Networks by : Lilia Trifonyuk

Download or read book Optical Anisotropy of Biological Polycrystalline Networks written by Lilia Trifonyuk and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-29 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the analysis of new azimuth-independent methods of Stokes polarimetry and Mueller-matrix reconstruction of distributions of optical anisotropy parameters using spatial-frequency filtering of manifestations of phase (linear and circular birefringence) and amplitude (linear and circular dichroism) anisotropy for diagnosing changes in the orientational-phase structure of fibrillar networks of histological sections of biological tissues and polycrystalline films of biological fluids.

Mueller-Matrix Tomography of Biological Tissues and Fluids

Download Mueller-Matrix Tomography of Biological Tissues and Fluids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819982286
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mueller-Matrix Tomography of Biological Tissues and Fluids by : Zhengbing Hu

Download or read book Mueller-Matrix Tomography of Biological Tissues and Fluids written by Zhengbing Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-03 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents experimental investigations and digital image processing, highlighting the interaction of polarized radiation with phase-inhomogeneous and optically anisotropic biological layers. The promising and efficient use of vector-parametric description of the formation of polarization-inhomogeneous object fields is noted. Applications of a set of Mueller-matrix polarimetry methods are highlighted. The book includes- structural and logical scheme of multi-parameter (singular, interference and layer-by-layer Stokes-polarimetric), polarization-correlation study of the structure of distributions of the number of singularities, maps of local contrast of interference distributions and layer-by-layer maps of microscopic polarization azimuth and ellipticity; determination of relationships between changes in the magnitude of statistical parameters characterizing polarization-correlation distributions and pathology of prostate tumors.

Multi-parameter Mueller Matrix Microscopy for the Expert Assessment of Acute Myocardium Ischemia

Download Multi-parameter Mueller Matrix Microscopy for the Expert Assessment of Acute Myocardium Ischemia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811614504
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multi-parameter Mueller Matrix Microscopy for the Expert Assessment of Acute Myocardium Ischemia by : Victor Bachinsky

Download or read book Multi-parameter Mueller Matrix Microscopy for the Expert Assessment of Acute Myocardium Ischemia written by Victor Bachinsky and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an essential overview of the basic principles of imaging modalities, accompanied by examples of their applications in modern clinical and associated pre-clinical studies. The monograph is based on the original results of investigation of the efficiency use of laser light and Mueller-matrix polarimetry approach for assessment of myocardial tissues towards confirmation the cause of death. A morphological analysis of necrotic changes in the myocardial tissue of patients that died due to heart attack, coronary heart disease and acute coronary insufficiency was carried out and the data and histological sections of the myocardium inspected utilizing Mueller-matrix mapping of tissue samples with polarized light. A unified optical model of polycrystalline structure of the myocardium is proposed, and the principles and regulations of Mueller-matrix description of its polarization manifestations are explored and developed. The book also provides a statistical and scale-selective wavelet analysis of polarization and Mueller-matrix maps. Finally, the key forensic medical criteria for the differential diagnosis of the cause of death due to necrotic and pathological changes in the morphological structure of the myocardium have been established

Digital Information Methods of Polarization, Mueller-Matrix and Fluorescent Microscopy

Download Digital Information Methods of Polarization, Mueller-Matrix and Fluorescent Microscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819947359
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Digital Information Methods of Polarization, Mueller-Matrix and Fluorescent Microscopy by : V. L. Vasyuk

Download or read book Digital Information Methods of Polarization, Mueller-Matrix and Fluorescent Microscopy written by V. L. Vasyuk and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-17 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the effectiveness of differential diagnosis in the degree of severity of joint pathology from a clinical, biophysical, and informational point of view. It includes the following information blocks: • Two-dimensional digital polarization microscopy of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid and determination of the coordinate distributions of the orientation and phase parameters of the microscopic image from a set of parameters of the Stokes vector. • Mueller-matrix mapping of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid and determination of a set of coordinate distributions (Mueller-matrix images (MMI)) of azimuthal-invariant elements that characterize manifestations of optical activity and linear birefringence. • Development of algorithms for polarization reproduction of distributions of linear and circular birefringence of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid. • Identification of digital statistical, correlation and wavelet criteria of polarization and Mueller-matrix differential diagnosis of the degree of severity of joint pathology. • Determination of maps of laser-induced fluorescence of synovial fluid polycrystalline films. • Identification of statistical and correlational criteria for fluorescent differential diagnosis of the degree of severity of joint pathology. • Operational characteristics of the power of the methods of azimuth-invariant polarization, Mueller-matrix and laser autofluorescence microscopy of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid.

Laser Polarimetry of Biological Tissues

Download Laser Polarimetry of Biological Tissues PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819917344
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Polarimetry of Biological Tissues by : Zhengbin Hu

Download or read book Laser Polarimetry of Biological Tissues written by Zhengbin Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-16 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the results of numerical computer-aided smart methods as part of a comprehensive statistical, correlated, and fractal analysis of laser polarimetry. It includes a comprehensive approach to differentiation of lifelong or postmortem origin of injuries and determination of their antiquity based on the analysis of statistical and spatiotemporal frequency evolution of photometric, polarization, and phase parameters of laser images of histological sections of the skin of biomannequins. It discusses the relationship between the coordinate distributions of the intensity of laser images from skin tissues of biomannequins and the nature of its damage. It presents the analysis of relationships between changes in the mean and variance of coordinate distributions of azimuths and ellipticity of polarization images of histological skin sections and the time intervals after injury. Complex differentiation of lifelong and postmortem skin injuries of biomannequins and establishment of their time intervals throughout the entire monitoring interval of changes in the mean and variance of coordinate distributions of phase shifts between orthogonal components of the amplitude of laser images of a series of corresponding histological sections are also presented in this book.

Polarization Correlometry of Scattering Biological Tissues and Fluids

Download Polarization Correlometry of Scattering Biological Tissues and Fluids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811526281
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Polarization Correlometry of Scattering Biological Tissues and Fluids by : V. T. Bachinskyi

Download or read book Polarization Correlometry of Scattering Biological Tissues and Fluids written by V. T. Bachinskyi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-08 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a new diagnostic approach that utilizes complex statistical, correlation, fractal, and singular analysis of spatial distribution of the Stokes vector of scattered polarized light in different diffraction zones. The technique is able to identify changes in the distribution of optical axes and the birefringent indices of multi-layered fibrillar networks of biological tissues. The book also presents various scenarios for the formation of polarization singularities in laser speckle images of phase-inhomogeneous, multi-layered biological tissues in terms of the characteristic values of Mueller-matrix images. Moreover, in the context of potential diagnostic applications, it discusses the states of polarization singularities and their changes associated with the pathological abnormalities of the extracellular matrix of human tissues, its spatial peculiarities and structural orientation.

Correlation and Autofluorescence Microscopy in Forensics Medicine: Time of Death Detection Using Polycrystalline Cerebrospinal Fluid Films

Download Correlation and Autofluorescence Microscopy in Forensics Medicine: Time of Death Detection Using Polycrystalline Cerebrospinal Fluid Films PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811601976
Total Pages : 73 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Correlation and Autofluorescence Microscopy in Forensics Medicine: Time of Death Detection Using Polycrystalline Cerebrospinal Fluid Films by : M. S. Harazdyuk

Download or read book Correlation and Autofluorescence Microscopy in Forensics Medicine: Time of Death Detection Using Polycrystalline Cerebrospinal Fluid Films written by M. S. Harazdyuk and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the first systematic synthesis of various research approaches in forensic medical diagnosis of the morphological and polycrystalline structure of human biological tissues and biological fluids. One of the global challenges in such diagnosis is the assessment of actual time of death. The relevance and objectivity of such studies are given by the innovative use of complex multifunctional methods using lasers and Mueller-matrix polarimetry, which is presented in this book. As a result, within the framework of the statistical, correlation and fractal approaches, diagnostic relationships were established between the time parameters of the transformation of the topographic structure of polarization-inhomogeneous microscopic images of biological preparations and necrotic changes in the morphological structure of biological tissues of the deceased. On this foundation, new forensic medicine criteria have been developed for objective determination of time of death.

Phase Mapping of Human Biological Tissues

Download Phase Mapping of Human Biological Tissues PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819932696
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Phase Mapping of Human Biological Tissues by : Zhengbin Hu

Download or read book Phase Mapping of Human Biological Tissues written by Zhengbin Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-20 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents numerical computer-aided smart-methods as part of a comprehensive statistical, correlation and fractal analysis of laser polarimetry data. It highlights relationships between polarization (azimuth distributions, polarization ellipticities, Stokes vector parameters, Mueller matrix elements) parameters of laser images of biological tissues of a human corpse in different spectral ranges and temporal dynamics of their postmortem morphological changes. The book discusses the effectiveness of correlation analysis of two-dimensional distributions of polarization inhomogeneous images of histological sections of the main types of biological tissues in determining the time of death. It also discusses the development of basic principles of phase measurements (phasometry) of microscopic images of biological tissues to determine the age of death and the time of hematoma formation. Also presented in the book are possibilities of complex laser spectral photopolarimetry images of histological sections of biological tissues of human corpse in different spectral regions, with the simultaneous development and substantiation of a set of statistical and correlational criteria for objective determination of the time of death.

4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering

Download 4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030318664
Total Pages : 835 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering by : Ion Tiginyanu

Download or read book 4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering written by Ion Tiginyanu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 835 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, held on September 18-21, 2019, in Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. It continues the tradition of the previous conference proceedings, thus reporting on both fundamental and applied research at the interface between nanotechnologies and biomedical engineering. Topics include: developments in bio-micro/nanotechnologies and devices; biomedical signal processing; biomedical imaging; biomaterials for biomedical applications; biomimetics; bioinformatics and e-health, and advances in a number of related areas. The book offers a timely snapshot of cutting-edge, multidisciplinary research and developments in the field of biomedical and nano-engineering.

Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II

Download Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429615493
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II by : Waldemar Wójcik

Download or read book Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II written by Waldemar Wójcik and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-02-13 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many centuries, mankind has tried to learn about his health. Initially, during the pre-technological period, he could only rely on his senses. Then there were simple tools to help the senses. The breakthrough turned out to be the discovery of X-rays, which gave insight into the human body. Contemporary medical diagnostics are increasingly supported by information technology, which for example offers a very thorough analysis of the tissue image or the pathology differentiation. It also offers possibilities for very early preventive diagnosis. Under the influence of information technology, 'traditional' diagnostic techniques and new ones are changing. More and more often the same methods can be used for both medical and technical diagnostics. In addition, methodologies are developed that are inspired by the functioning of living organisms. Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II is the second volume in a series showing the latest advances in information technologies directly or indirectly applied to medical diagnostics. Unlike the previous book, this volume does not contain closed chapters, but rather extended versions of presentations made during two conferences: XLVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference ‘Application of Lasers in Medicine and Biology’ (Kharkov, Ukraine) and the International Scientific Internet conference ‘Computer graphics and image processing’ (Vinnitsa, Ukriane), both held in May 2018. Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II links technological issues to medical and biological issues, and will be valuable to academics and professionals interested in medical diagnostics and IT.

Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics

Download Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351578952
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics by : Waldemar Wójcik

Download or read book Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics written by Waldemar Wójcik and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many centuries, people have tried to learn about the state of their health. Initially, in the pre-technological period, they had to rely only on their senses. Then there were simple tools to help the human senses. The discovery of X-rays, which allowed people to look “inside” the body, turned out to be a major breakthrough. Contemporary medical diagnostics is increasingly being assisted by information technology that allows, for example, thorough image tissue analysis or pathology differentiation. They also allow very early preventive diagnostics. Influenced by information technology, “classic” diagnostic techniques change and new ones arise. Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics presents selected and extended conference papers from Polish, Ukrainian and Kazakh scientists. They address problems of the application of new methods of image processing for analysis of medical images, new methods of classification of medical data as well as new medical imaging methods. Some of the presented technologies are inspired by the functioning of living organisms. Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics is of interest not only to academics and engineers, but also to professionals involved in biomedical engineering, and seeking for solutions for issues that cannot be solved with the help of “traditional” technologies.

Optical Polarimetric Modalities for Biomedical Research

Download Optical Polarimetric Modalities for Biomedical Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031318528
Total Pages : 455 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Optical Polarimetric Modalities for Biomedical Research by : Nirmal Mazumder

Download or read book Optical Polarimetric Modalities for Biomedical Research written by Nirmal Mazumder and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-25 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on polarization microscopy, a powerful optical tool used to study anisotropic properties in biomolecules, and its enormous potential to improve diagnostic tools for various biomedical research. The interaction of polarized light with normal and abnormal regions of tissue reveals structural information associated with its pathological condition. Diagnosis using conventional microscopy can be time-consuming, as pathologists require an hour to freeze and stain tissue slices from suspected patients. In comparison, polarization microscopy more quickly distinguishes abnormal tissue and provides better microstructural information of samples, even in the absence of staining. This book provides a basic understanding of the properties of polarized light, a description of the polarization microscope, and a mathematical formalism of Mueller matrix polarimetry. The authors discuss various advanced linear and nonlinear optical techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), reflectance and transmission spectroscopy, fluorescence, multiphoton excitation, second harmonic generation, Raman microscopy, and more. They explore the exciting potential of integrating polarimetry with these techniques for possible applications in different areas of biomedical research, as well as the associated challenges. Including the most recent developments on the topic, this book serves as a modern guide to polarization microscopy and advancements in its use in biomedical research.

Advanced Photonics Methods for Biomedical Applications

Download Advanced Photonics Methods for Biomedical Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000880052
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Photonics Methods for Biomedical Applications by : Edik Rafailov

Download or read book Advanced Photonics Methods for Biomedical Applications written by Edik Rafailov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-07-31 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced photonics methods for biomedical applications give researchers in universities and industries, and clinicians an overview of the novel tools for cancer diagnostics and treatment. This book provides researchers and professionals in the area of biomedical photonics with a toolbox of novel methodologies for biomedical applications, including health diagnostics, cancer detection, and treatment. It covers the theory, modeling, and design of each method, alongside their applications, fabrication, characterization, and measurements in clinical practice. A wide scope of concepts concerning innovative science and technologies of medicine will be covered, providing the readers with the latest research, developments, and technologies. It will also be a valuable resource for students and early-career researchers, alongside those involved in the design of the novel photonics-based techniques for health diagnostics and cancer detection and treatment. Key features • Discusses novel methods of cancer diagnostics and cancer treatment. • Details non and minimally invasive photonics techniques. • Explores the applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence to these novel techniques.

Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine

Download Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461408903
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine by : David D. Nolte

Download or read book Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine written by David D. Nolte and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-04 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the fundamental physics of optical interferometry as applied to biophysical, biological and medical research. Interference is at the core of many types of optical detection and is a powerful probe of cellular and tissue structure in interfererence microscopy and in optical coherence tomography. It is also the root cause of speckle and other imaging artefacts that limit range and resolution. For biosensor applications, the inherent sensitivity of interferometry enables ultrasensitive detection of molecules in biological samples for medical diagnostics. In this book, emphasis is placed on the physics of light scattering, beginning with the molecular origins of refraction as light propagates through matter, and then treating the stochastic nature of random fields that ultimately dominate optical imaging in cells and tissue. The physics of partial coherence plays a central role in the text, with a focus on coherence detection techniques that allow information to be selectively detected out of incoherent and heterogeneous backgrounds. Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine is divided into four sections. The first covers fundamental principles, and the next three move up successive scales, beginning with molecular interferometry (biosensors), moving to cellular interferometry (microscopy), and ending with tissue interferometry (biomedical). An outstanding feature of the book is the clear presentation of the physics, with easy derivations of the appropriate equations, while emphasizing "rules of thumb" that can be applied by experimental researchers to give semi-quantitative predictions.

The Physics of Proteins

Download The Physics of Proteins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441910441
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Physics of Proteins by : Hans Frauenfelder

Download or read book The Physics of Proteins written by Hans Frauenfelder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-05-30 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an introduction to the structure and function of biomolecules --- especially proteins --- and the physical tools used to investigate them The discussion concentrates on physical tools and properties, emphasizing techniques that are contributing to new developments and avoiding those that are already well established and whose results have already been exploited fully New tools appear regularly - synchrotron radiation, proton radiology, holography, optical tweezers, and muon radiography, for example, have all been used to open new areas of understanding

Tissue Optics

Download Tissue Optics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781628415162
Total Pages : 988 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (151 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tissue Optics by : Valery Tuchin

Download or read book Tissue Optics written by Valery Tuchin and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 988 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This third edition of the biomedical optics classic Tissue Optics covers the continued intensive growth in tissue optics—in particular, the field of tissue diagnostics and imaging—that has occurred since 2007. As in the first two editions, Part I describes fundamentals and basic research, and Part II presents instrumentation and medical applications. However, for the reader’s convenience, this third edition has been reorganized into 14 chapters instead of 9. The chapters covering optical coherence tomography, digital holography and interferometry, controlling optical properties of tissues, nonlinear spectroscopy, and imaging have all been substantially updated. The book is intended for researchers, teachers, and graduate and undergraduate students specializing in the physics of living systems, biomedical optics and biophotonics, laser biophysics, and applications of lasers in biomedicine. It can also be used as a textbook for courses in medical physics, medical engineering, and medical biology.

Polarized Light in Biomedical Imaging and Sensing

Download Polarized Light in Biomedical Imaging and Sensing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031047419
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Polarized Light in Biomedical Imaging and Sensing by : Jessica C. Ramella-Roman

Download or read book Polarized Light in Biomedical Imaging and Sensing written by Jessica C. Ramella-Roman and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-14 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on biomedical applications of polarized light, covering instrumentation and modeling specific to the field. This will be the first book, written by leading researchers in the field, to tackle this important topic. Readers will learn the fundamentals of polarized light transport and how to develop instrumentation for clinical and preclinical studies. They will also become familiar with the latest advancement in data analysis and image processing for a variety of medical applications. The book is dedicated specifically to the biomedical community, including scientists, engineers, and physicians working on the development of instrumentation for clinical and preclinical use. Emphasizes biomedical imaging and sensing; Describes new computational approaches with examples; Provides detailed descriptions of novel instrumentation.