Occupational Therapy Students’ Perceptions of Individuals with Mental Illness before and after a Service-Learning Experience

Download Occupational Therapy Students’ Perceptions of Individuals with Mental Illness before and after a Service-Learning Experience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Occupational Therapy Students’ Perceptions of Individuals with Mental Illness before and after a Service-Learning Experience by : Valley O. McCurry

Download or read book Occupational Therapy Students’ Perceptions of Individuals with Mental Illness before and after a Service-Learning Experience written by Valley O. McCurry and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Service-Learning in Occupational Therapy Education

Download Service-Learning in Occupational Therapy Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 0763759589
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (637 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Service-Learning in Occupational Therapy Education by : Kathleen Flecky

Download or read book Service-Learning in Occupational Therapy Education written by Kathleen Flecky and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2010-10-22 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text describes philosophical and theoretical principles of service-learning in relationship to occupational therapy philosophical and pedagogical traditions. Effective service-learning educational strategies and experiential applications of occupational therapy in the community are highlighted through the presentation of case studies of service- learning initiatives in occupational therapy programs across the United States. Examples of how to design, implement and assess service-learning projects and partnerships are provided along with insights and lessons learned from faculty engaging in service-learning."--Pub. desc.

Occupational Therapy Evidence in Practice for Mental Health

Download Occupational Therapy Evidence in Practice for Mental Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118990544
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Occupational Therapy Evidence in Practice for Mental Health by : Cathy Long

Download or read book Occupational Therapy Evidence in Practice for Mental Health written by Cathy Long and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-21 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Occupational Therapy Evidence in Practice for Mental Health is an accessible and informative guide to the application of theory and the evidence-base to contemporary clinical practice. Fully updated throughout, chapters cover a range of mental health issues, approaches and settings, including service user and carer involvement, group work, services for older people, interventions, forensic mental health, and managing depression. Key Features Written by an expert author team, drawing on a wide range of evidence, service contexts, national policy and legislation. Focus on person-centred practice in mental health services. Each chapter also contains a variety of learning features, including task boxes, reflective questions and further readings, to aid understanding and demonstrate the use of evidence to inform clinical decision-making. The second edition of this easy-to-read and practical textbook is an ideal resource for occupational therapy students, clinical practitioners, and anyone looking for a concise, accessible guide to evidence-based practice and how it informs occupational therapy in mental health.

Changes in Opinions and Beliefs of Occupational and Physical Therapy Graduate Students Following an Interprofessional Service-learning Experience

Download Changes in Opinions and Beliefs of Occupational and Physical Therapy Graduate Students Following an Interprofessional Service-learning Experience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (212 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Changes in Opinions and Beliefs of Occupational and Physical Therapy Graduate Students Following an Interprofessional Service-learning Experience by : Janice D. Bourke

Download or read book Changes in Opinions and Beliefs of Occupational and Physical Therapy Graduate Students Following an Interprofessional Service-learning Experience written by Janice D. Bourke and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Service-learning as a pedagogy has gained in popularity and utilization on college campuses from the late 1980's through the 1990's. Based upon principles advanced by Dewey and other learning theorists in the early 20th century, service- learning is a form of experiential learning. Service-learning experiences are a balance of both student learning and service to the community. Accreditation standards for both physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) programs include requirements that these programs provide opportunities for students to develop cultural competence, appreciation for different styles of thinking and lifestyle choices, and the ability to accept and meet the needs of a changing society. Research into the effectiveness of service-learning is critical in the fields of PT and OT to determine if accreditation standards are being met and if graduating practitioners are equipped to meet the needs of our changing societies. The research conducted was a descriptive study utilizing existing data collected by the Service Learning Initiative Program at a large Midwestern university. Data regarding change in beliefs and opinions, as reported on a 7-point Likert Scale, of OT and PT graduate students following a service-learning experience was evaluated. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, including: percentages, means, and standard deviations. Pre-course and post-course differences were evaluated using paired t-tests. Differences in responses of male and female, OT and PT students and students with and without previous service experiences were assessed with t-tests. As data from three different quarters of this course was utilized in the study, a 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to evaluate responses by quarter, verifying that there was no untoward effect of history. Statistically significant change was observed on questions regarding student comfort in working closely with people from different racial, ethnic or cultural groups, students' belief that they have a deep understanding of people with backgrounds different from their own, and student understanding of the needs of the community in which service was provided. The difference between OT and PT students on the question of students' belief that they have a deep understanding of people with backgrounds different from their own was statistically significant, with OT students rating themselves more positively than PT students. No statistical significance was found in comparing responses of students with previous service experience and those without previous experience, although the means were higher for students with previous experience on four of five of the research questions. In comparing responses of males and females, on the question of student comfort in working with different "others," the mean for males was .30 higher than that for females. While not statistically significant, this finding is in contrast to previous research. Students engaged in this service-learning experience reported greater comfort in working with persons different from themselves, felt they had a deeper understanding of the people with backgrounds different from their own, and reported a greater understanding of the needs of the community in which service was provided.

Occupational Therapy in Mental Health

Download Occupational Therapy in Mental Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : F.A. Davis
ISBN 13 : 0803659296
Total Pages : 1041 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Occupational Therapy in Mental Health by : Catana Brown

Download or read book Occupational Therapy in Mental Health written by Catana Brown and published by F.A. Davis. This book was released on 2019-02-05 with total page 1041 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revision of a well-loved text continues to embrace the confluence of person, environment, and occupation in mental health as its organizing theoretical model, emphasizing the lived experience of mental illness and recovery. Rely on this groundbreaking text to guide you through an evidence-based approach to helping clients with mental health disorders on their recovery journey by participating in meaningful occupations. Understand the recovery process for all areas of their lives—physical, emotional, spiritual, and mental—and know how to manage co-occurring conditions.

Advancing Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Practice

Download Advancing Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Practice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1405158522
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advancing Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Practice by : Elizabeth McKay

Download or read book Advancing Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Practice written by Elizabeth McKay and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-07 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancing Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Practice looks at the contribution that occupational therapists make to the lives of clients living with mental illness. It examines current practice developments and the innovative research that is shaping occupational therapy within the mental health arena, nationally and internationally. The book employs a distinctive and engaging narrative approach, bringing to life key issues in practice and research. It introduces the reader to the mental health context, opening with a historical overview and then exploration of the current developments in occupational therapy before moving on to discuss the cultural context and the need for cultural sensitivity in practice. Service users and expert clinicians offer their narratives, through which the clinical utility and cultural appropriateness of existing occupational therapy concepts, assessments and outcome measures are discussed and the associated implications for practice highlighted. Advancing Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Practice introduces and explores a variety of specialised work contexts from practicing in acute inpatient settings to crisis intervention, home treatment, forensic mental health settings and the specialist role of occupational therapy in community mental health and social services. Chapters are enriched with case stories, personal narratives and guided reflection.

Impact of Service Learning and Occupational Therapy Students' Perceptions of Professional Development

Download Impact of Service Learning and Occupational Therapy Students' Perceptions of Professional Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (424 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Impact of Service Learning and Occupational Therapy Students' Perceptions of Professional Development by : Christina Gambale

Download or read book Impact of Service Learning and Occupational Therapy Students' Perceptions of Professional Development written by Christina Gambale and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Creek's Occupational Therapy and Mental Health E-Book

Download Creek's Occupational Therapy and Mental Health E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0702077461
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creek's Occupational Therapy and Mental Health E-Book by : Wendy Bryant

Download or read book Creek's Occupational Therapy and Mental Health E-Book written by Wendy Bryant and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2022-05-28 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Promoting and maintaining mental health continues to be a key challenge in the world today. Creek's Occupational Therapy and Mental Health is essential reading for students and practitioners across a wide range of health professions, capturing contemporary practice in mental health settings. Now fully updated in its sixth edition, it retains the clarity and scholarship associated with the renowned occupational therapist Jennifer Creek while delivering new knowledge in a fresh perspective. Here readers can find everything they need on mental health for learning, practice, and continuing professional development. Complex topics are presented in an accessible and concise style without being oversimplified, aided by summaries, case studies, and questions that prompt critical reflection. The text has been carefully authored and edited by expert international educators and practitioners of occupational therapy, as well as a diverse range of other backgrounds. Service users have also co-authored chapters and commentaries. Evidence-based links between theory and practice are reinforced throughout. This popular title will be an indispensable staple that OTs will keep and refer to time and again. - Relevant to practice - outlines a variety of therapeutic interventions and discusses the implications of a wide range of contexts - New chapters on eating disorders, cognitive/learning-based approaches and being a therapist - Extended service user commentaries - Expanded scope to accommodate diverse psychosocial perspectives and culturally-sensitive practices - New questions for readers in every chapter - Key reading and reference lists to encourage and facilitate in-depth study

Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant

Download Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040142915
Total Pages : 860 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant by : Christine Manville

Download or read book Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant written by Christine Manville and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-01 with total page 860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant is a comprehensive text that delineates the role of the occupational therapy assistant in the delivery of mental health services. Christine Manville and Jeremy Keough provide information and learning activities that enable the student to build knowledge of mental health practice, incorporating approaches used in the traditional medical model, as well as the community. The impact of mental illness on occupational performance across the lifespan is also examined. Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant guides the reader in how to analyze the service environment, including cultural, societal and political factors; explore the client’s participation in age-appropriate, meaningful occupations; and, under supervision of the occupational therapist, provide treatment that includes 1:1 and group interventions. Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant structures each chapter to provide an enhanced approach to student learning by incorporating concepts from Bloom’s Taxonomy. Current and emerging trends in mental health practice are discussed, as well as service provision in the traditional medical model. The appendices include a discussion of additional factors that impact the provision and efficacy of therapy services, including pharmacology and ethical and legal issues. Features: Provides an overview of the DSM-5 and the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. These classification systems provide a common language for practitioners from a variety of disciplines to communicate about the impact of mental illness on occupational performance and participation Describes the use of general educational strategies to enhance the teaching/learning process in the provision of occupational therapy services Terminology from the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, Third Edition is utilized to enhance the development of clinical reasoning and practice skills Provides information on how to communicate effectively with clients Mental health practice is viewed across the lifespan Instructor’s materials include PowerPoint presentations, student study sheets, tests questions, and application questions for each chapter Included with the text are online supplemental materials for faculty use in the classroom. Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant is an excellent side-by-side resource for the occupational therapy assistant, occupational therapist, or any practitioner working in a mental health setting.

Practice and Service Learning in Occupational Therapy

Download Practice and Service Learning in Occupational Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470032014
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practice and Service Learning in Occupational Therapy by : Theresa Lorenzo

Download or read book Practice and Service Learning in Occupational Therapy written by Theresa Lorenzo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-07-11 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While this book is based primarily on experiences of occupational therapy practice education in South Africa, it aims to have international appeal as key principles of practice and service learning are drawn from the differing scenarios covered. Based on qualitative research, some of the book’s chapters describe issues faced by students in complex practice situations and highlight educational strategies for promoting socially responsive professional development. They show how students engage with the personal and professional challenges of working in a multicultural society and how situated learning can enhance their resourcefulness in meeting the needs of individuals, groups and communities. The book is divided into three sections: The first, on the practice education agenda, establishes the academic rationale for various forms of practice learning within an occupational therapy curriculum. The second section examines the learning opportunities offered by different practice contexts and highlights mechanisms for developing the professional identity of students. The final section, on enhancing potential, reviews mechanisms that may be used for supporting students in the field, and ends with a look at the future of practice education and how it might develop in response to social and international drivers.

Early's Mental Health Concepts and Techniques in Occupational Therapy

Download Early's Mental Health Concepts and Techniques in Occupational Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975189906
Total Pages : 1261 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Early's Mental Health Concepts and Techniques in Occupational Therapy by : Cynthia Meyer

Download or read book Early's Mental Health Concepts and Techniques in Occupational Therapy written by Cynthia Meyer and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2024-03-13 with total page 1261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Packed with up-to-date, evidence-based practice information and examples of contemporary interventions, Early’s Mental Health Concepts and Techniques for Occupational Therapy Practice, 6th Edition, equips occupational therapy/occupational therapy assistant students and practitioners with an authoritative guide to working effectively with clients with mental health issues across all practice settings. This practical, bestselling text delivers a holistic approach to client care, directly addressing the clinical needs of COTAs and OTs in assessing clients’ psychosocial status and providing interventions that improve their quality of life. An ideal resource for OT students as well as those pursuing an Occupational Therapy Doctorate, the extensively updated 6th Edition expands coverage of the many assessments and interventions available in today’s clinical practice, empowering users with a sound foundation in occupational therapy processes and clearly demonstrating how to effectively intervene to meet the needs of clients with mental health issues.

Promoting Activity and Participation in Individuals with Serious Mental Illness

Download Promoting Activity and Participation in Individuals with Serious Mental Illness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000456706
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Promoting Activity and Participation in Individuals with Serious Mental Illness by : Terry Krupa

Download or read book Promoting Activity and Participation in Individuals with Serious Mental Illness written by Terry Krupa and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-30 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents "Action Over Inertia," a recovery-orientated, strengths-based approach to address the profound disruptions in daily activities and community participation often experienced by those living with serious mental illnesses. With a focus on supported "doing", the Action Over Inertia approach engages individuals in small activity and participation efforts as an opening to making longer term and sustained changes that offer meaning and well-being. The book helps service providers develop their own knowledge of activities and the health and well-being benefits an individual might receive from activities. It also asks them to consider the biases, assumptions, and constraints that might impact their ability to implement interventions related to activity and participation. A range of worksheets, resources, vignettes, and other tools are provided to support this practice. The manual was developed from the knowledge and practice of occupational science and therapy, but it will be of interest to any mental health professional, peer-provider, administrator, or policy maker interested in promoting recovery for people with serious mental illness

Service-Learning

Download Service-Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1787141845
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (871 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Service-Learning by : Shane Lavery

Download or read book Service-Learning written by Shane Lavery and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the role of Service Learning in supporting inclusive practice. Specifically, it explores the process of Service Learning and the intersection with inclusion in classroom and community.

Cumulated Index Medicus

Download Cumulated Index Medicus PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1336 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cumulated Index Medicus by :

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 1336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant

Download Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781617112508
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (125 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant by : Christine A. Manville

Download or read book Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant written by Christine A. Manville and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant is a comprehensive text that delineates the role of the occupational therapy assistant in the delivery of mental health services. Christine Manville and Jeremy Keough provide information and learning activities that enable the student to build knowledge of mental health practice, incorporating approaches used in the traditional medical model, as well as the community. The impact of mental illness on occupational performance across the lifespan is also examined. Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant guides the reader in how to analyze the service environment, including cultural, societal and political factors; explore the client's participation in age-appropriate, meaningful occupations; and, under supervision of the occupational therapist, provide treatment that includes 1:1 and group interventions. Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant structures each chapter to provide an enhanced approach to student learning by incorporating concepts from Bloom's Taxonomy. Current and emerging trends in mental health practice are discussed, as well as service provision in the traditional medical model. The appendices include a discussion of additional factors that impact the provision and efficacy of therapy services, including pharmacology and ethical and legal issues. Features: Provides an overview of the DSM-5 and the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. These classification systems provide a common language for practitioners from a variety of disciplines to communicate about the impact of mental illness on occupational performance and participation Describes the use of general educational strategies to enhance the teaching/learning process in the provision of occupational therapy services Terminology from the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, Third Edition is utilized to enhance the development of clinical reasoning and practice skills Provides information on how to communicate effectively with clients Mental health practice is viewed across the lifespan Instructor's materials include PowerPoint presentations, student study sheets, tests questions, and application questions for each chapter Instructors in educational settings can visit www.efacultylounge.com for additional materials to be used in the classroom. Mental Health Practice for the Occupational Therapy Assistant is an excellent side-by-side resource for the occupational therapy assistant, occupational therapist, or any practitioner working in a mental health setting.

Occupational Therapy and Older People

Download Occupational Therapy and Older People PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118556143
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Occupational Therapy and Older People by : Anita Atwal

Download or read book Occupational Therapy and Older People written by Anita Atwal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-12 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book locates older people as major clients of occupational therapy services. It provides a comprehensive resource for students and a basic working reference for clinicians. The book encompasses current theories, debates and challenges which occupational therapists need to engage in if they are to provide pro-active and promotional approaches to ageing. Detailed coverage of bodily structures, functions and pathologies leads onto chapters dedicated to activity, occupation and participation. The ethos of the book is to inspire innovation in the practice of occupational therapy with older people, promoting successful ageing that entails control and empowerment. This new edition has been fully revised and updated. In addition brand new material has been included on occupational transitions (retirement, frailty and end of life); user perspectives; public health including advocacy, enablement and empowerment; people entering old age with disability and mental health conditions; visual impairment; assistive technology driving and ageism.

The Influence of Prior Experience with Mental Health on Occupational Therapy Students' Levels of Stigma and Selection to Practice in Mental Health

Download The Influence of Prior Experience with Mental Health on Occupational Therapy Students' Levels of Stigma and Selection to Practice in Mental Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (421 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Influence of Prior Experience with Mental Health on Occupational Therapy Students' Levels of Stigma and Selection to Practice in Mental Health by : Yehudah Selinger

Download or read book The Influence of Prior Experience with Mental Health on Occupational Therapy Students' Levels of Stigma and Selection to Practice in Mental Health written by Yehudah Selinger and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract:The profession of occupational therapy is, facing a shortage of therapists willing to work in the field of mental health. Previous studies have attempted to understand the issues that affect students' decisions not to practice in this area. Some of the contributing factors identified for not choosing to practice in mental health include (a) social stigma, (b) the abstract academic content of mental health curricula, students' ability to understand, implement and utilize abstract information at the novice level as compared to doing these things in, for example, physical disabilities, which is more concrete (c) the fieldwork environment and (d) lack of experience with people diagnosed as mentally ill. This study examines, stigma and lack of experience with persons diagnosed with mental illness. The study examines the influence of these two factors on students' decision to practice in mental health. The students participating in the study are graduate students in basic master's level OT programs in Massachusetts who are completing their academic coursework and prior to doing their Level II fieldwork. The study finds that there is a definite relationship between a student's previous experiences with the mentally ill and a desire to work as an occupational therapist in mental health. While investigating general levels of stigma, this study does not indicate a significant overall difference between those students with previous experience and those without. This seems to indicate that stigma felt towards the mentally ill is independent of previous experience or the desire to work with that population. However, when specific stigma topics were examined, definite differences in preference were seen between these two groups, the group with previous experience and the group without such experience.