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Observation Of T Channel Electroweak Top Quark Production
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Book Synopsis Observation of $t$-channel Electroweak Top Quark Production by :
Download or read book Observation of $t$-channel Electroweak Top Quark Production written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The top quark is the heaviest known fundamental particle, with a mass of 172.0+0.9-1.3GeV. This is nearly twice the mass of the second heaviest known particle, the Z boson, and roughly the mass of a gold atom. Because of its unusually large mass, studying the top quark may provide insight into the Higgs mechanism and other beyond the standard model physics. Only two accelerators in the world are powerful enough to produce top quarks. The Tevatron, which first accelerated protons in 1983, has produced almost 400,000 top quarks, roughly half at each of its two detectors: DO and CDF. The LHC is a much newer accelerator which currently has accumulated about 0.5% as much data as the Tevatron. However, when running at full luminosity, the LHC is capable of producing a top quark about once every second and will quickly surpass the Tevatron as the leading producer of top quarks. This analysis uses data from the DØ detector at the Tevatron, which are described in chapter 3. Top quarks are produced most often in pairs of top and anti-top quarks through an interaction of the strong force. This production mode was first observed in 1995 at the Tevatron. However, top quarks can also be produced though an electroweak interaction, which produces just one top quark. This production mode was first observed at the Tevatron in 2008. Single top quark production can occur in different channels. In this analysis, a measurement of the cross section of the t-channel production mode is performed. This measurement uses 5.4 fb-1 of data and uses the technique of boosted decision trees in order to separate signal from background events. The t-channel cross section is measured to be: ?(p$ar{p}$ → tqb + X) = 3.03+0.78-0.66 pb (0.0.1). Additional cross section measurements were also performed for the s-channel as well as the s + t-channel. The measurement of each one of these three cross sections was repeated three times using different techniques, and all three methods were combined into a 'super-method' which achieves the best performance. The details of these additional measurements are shown in appendix A.
Book Synopsis Uncovering the Single Top by : Jorge Armando Benitez
Download or read book Uncovering the Single Top written by Jorge Armando Benitez and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Observation of T-channel Electroweak Top Quark Production by : Nathan Triplett
Download or read book Observation of T-channel Electroweak Top Quark Production written by Nathan Triplett and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Discovery of Single Top Quark Production by : Dag Gillberg
Download or read book Discovery of Single Top Quark Production written by Dag Gillberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-22 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The top quark is by far the heaviest known fundamental particle with a mass nearing that of a gold atom. Because of this strikingly high mass, the top quark has several unique properties and might play an important role in electroweak symmetry breaking—the mechanism that gives all elementary particles mass. Creating top quarks requires access to very high energy collisions, and at present only the Tevatron collider at Fermilab is capable of reaching these energies. Until now, top quarks have only been observed produced in pairs via the strong interaction. At hadron colliders, it should also be possible to produce single top quarks via the electroweak interaction. Studies of single top quark production provide opportunities to measure the top quark spin, how top quarks mix with other quarks, and to look for new physics beyond the standard model. Because of these interesting properties, scientists have been looking for single top quarks for more than 15 years. This thesis presents the first discovery of single top quark production. It documents one of the flagship measurements of the D0 experiment, a collaboration of more than 600 physicists from around the world. It describes first observation of a physical process known as “single top quark production”, which had been sought for more than 10 years before its eventual discovery in 2009. Further, his thesis describes, in detail, the innovative approach Dr. Gillberg took to this analysis. Through the use of Boosted Decision Trees, a machine-learning technique, he observed the tiny single top signal within an otherwise overwhelming background. This Doctoral Thesis has been accepted by Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
Book Synopsis Observation of Electroweak Single Top-Quark Production with the CDF II Experiment by :
Download or read book Observation of Electroweak Single Top-Quark Production with the CDF II Experiment written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The standard model of elementary particle physics (SM) predicts, besides the top-quark pair production via the strong interaction, also the electroweak production of single top-quarks [19]. Up to now, the Fermilab Tevatron proton-antiproton-collider is the only place to produce and study top quarks emerging from hadron-hadron-collisions. Top quarks were directly observed in 1995 during the Tevatron Run I at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 1.8 TeV simultaneously by the CDF and D0 Collaborations via the strong production of top-quark pairs. Run II of the Tevatron data taking period started 2001 at √s = 1.96 TeV after a five year upgrade of the Tevatron accelerator complex and of both experiments. One main component of its physics program is the determination of the properties of the top quark including its electroweak production. Even though Run II is still ongoing, the study of the top quark is already a successful endeavor, confirmed by dozens of publications from both Tevatron experiments. A comprehensive review of top-quark physics can be found in reference. The reasons for searching for single top-quark production are compelling. As the electroweak top-quark production proceeds via a Wtb vertex, it provides the unique opportunity of the direct measurement of the CKM matrix element.
Book Synopsis Observation of Single Top Quark Production by :
Download or read book Observation of Single Top Quark Production written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author reports on the observation of electroweak production of single top quarks in p{bar p} collisions at (square root)s = 1.96 Tev using 2.3 fb−1 of data collected with the D0 detector at the fermilab Tevatron Collider. Using events containing an isolated electron or muon, missing transverse energy, two, three or four jets, with one or two of them identified as originating from the fragmentation of a b quark, the measured cross section for the process p{bar p} --> tb + X, tqb + X is 3.94 ± 0.88 pb (for a top quark mass of 170 GeV). the probability to measure a cross section at this value or higher in the absence of signal is 2.5 x 10−7, corresponding to a 5.0 standard deviation significance. Using the same dataset, the measured cross sections for the t- and the s-channel processes when determined simultaneously with no assumption on their relative production rate are 3.14{sub -0.80}{sup +0.94} pb and 1.05 ± 0.81 pb respectively, consistent with standard model expectations. The measured t-channel cross section has a significance of 4.8 standard deviations, representing the first evidence for the production of an individual single top process to be detected.
Book Synopsis Search for Electroweak Top Quark Production in the Electron + Jets Channel in the D0 Experiment at the Tevatron by : Emmanuel Busato
Download or read book Search for Electroweak Top Quark Production in the Electron + Jets Channel in the D0 Experiment at the Tevatron written by Emmanuel Busato and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Top Quark Physics at Hadron Colliders by : Arnulf Quadt
Download or read book Top Quark Physics at Hadron Colliders written by Arnulf Quadt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This will be a required acquisition text for academic libraries. More than ten years after its discovery, still relatively little is known about the top quark, the heaviest known elementary particle. This extensive survey summarizes and reviews top-quark physics based on the precision measurements at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider, as well as examining in detail the sensitivity of these experiments to new physics. Finally, the author provides an overview of top quark physics at the Large Hadron Collider.
Download or read book Uncovering the Single Top written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The top quark is generally produced in quark and anti-quark pairs. However, the Standard Model also predicts the production of only one top quark which is mediated by the electroweak interaction, known as 'Single Top'. Single Top quark production is important because it provides a unique and direct way to measure the CKM matrix element V{sub tb}, and can be used to explore physics possibilities beyond the Standard Model predictions. This dissertation presents the results of the observation of Single Top using 2.3 fb−1 of Data collected with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. The analysis includes the Single Top muon+jets and electron+jets final states and employs Boosted Decision Tress as a method to separate the signal from the background. The resulting Single Top cross section measurement is: (1) [sigma](p{bar p} → tb + X, tqb + X) = 3.74{sub -0.74}{sup +0.95} pb, where the errors include both statistical and systematic uncertainties. The probability to measure a cross section at this value or higher in the absence of signal is p = 1.9 x 10−6. This corresponds to a standard deviation Gaussian equivalence of 4.6. When combining this result with two other analysis methods, the resulting cross section measurement is: (2) [sigma](p{bar p} → tb + X, tqb + X) = 3.94 ± 0.88 pb, and the corresponding measurement significance is 5.0 standard deviations.
Book Synopsis Physics Beyond the Single Top Quark Observation by :
Download or read book Physics Beyond the Single Top Quark Observation written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In March 2009, the D0 Collaboration first observed the electroweak production of single top quarks at 5[sigma] significance. We measured the cross section for the combined s-channel and t-channel production modes, and set a lower limit on the CKM matrix element.
Book Synopsis Electroweak Production of the Top Quark in the Run II of the D0 Experiment by : Benoit Clement
Download or read book Electroweak Production of the Top Quark in the Run II of the D0 Experiment written by Benoit Clement and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work exposed in this thesis deals with the search for electroweak production of top quark (single top) in proton-antiproton collisions at {radical}s = 1.96 TeV. This production mode has not been observed yet. Analyzed data have been collected during the Run II of the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. These data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 370 pb{sup -1}. In the Standard Model, the decay of a top quark always produce a high momentum bottom quark. Therefore bottom quark jets identification plays a major role in this analysis. The large lifetime of b hadrons and the subsequent large impact parameters relative to the interaction vertex of charged particle tracks are used to tag bottom quark jets. Impact parameters of tracks attached to a jet are converted into the probability for the jet to originate from the primary vertex. This algorithm has a 45% tagging efficiency for a 0.5% mistag rate. Two processes (s and t channels) dominate single top production with slightly different final states. The searched signature consists in 2 to 4 jets with at least one bottom quark jet, one charged lepton (electron or muon) and missing energy accounting for a neutrino. This final state is background dominated and multivariate techniques are needed to separate the signal from the two main backgrounds: associated production of a W boson and jets and top quarks pair production. The achieved sensitivity is not enough to reach observation and we computed upper limits at the 95% confidence level at 5 pb (s-channel) and 4.3 pb (t-channel) on single top production cross-sections.
Author :Anna Christine Henrichs Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :3319014870 Total Pages :231 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (19 download)
Book Synopsis Top Quark Pair Production by : Anna Christine Henrichs
Download or read book Top Quark Pair Production written by Anna Christine Henrichs and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-04 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before any kind of new physics discovery could be made at the LHC, a precise understanding and measurement of the Standard Model of particle physics' processes was necessary. The book provides an introduction to top quark production in the context of the Standard Model and presents two such precise measurements of the production of top quark pairs in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV that were observed with the ATLAS Experiment at the LHC. The presented measurements focus on events with one charged lepton, missing transverse energy and jets. Using novel and advanced analysis techniques as well as a good understanding of the detector, they constitute the most precise measurements of the quantity at that time.
Book Synopsis Observation of Single Top Quark Production at the Tevatron by :
Download or read book Observation of Single Top Quark Production at the Tevatron written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reports on the first observation of electroweak production of single top quarks by the D0 and CDF collaborations. At Fermilab's 1.96 TeV proton-antiproton collider, a few thousand events are selected from several inverse femtobarns of data that contain an isolated electron or muon and/or missing transverse energy, together with jets that originate from the decays of b quarks. Using sophisticated multivariate analyses to separate signal from background, the D0 collaboration measures a cross section [sigma] (p{bar p} → tb + X, tqb + X) = 3.94 ± 0.88 pb (for a top quark mass of 170 GeV) and the CDF collaboration measures a value of 2.3{sub -0.5}{sup +0.6} pb (for a top quark mass of 175 GeV). These values are consistent with theoretical predictions at next-to-leading order precision. Both measurements have a significance of 5.0 standard deviations, meeting the benchmark to be considered unambiguous observation.
Book Synopsis Measurements and Searches with Top Quarks by :
Download or read book Measurements and Searches with Top Quarks written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1995 the last missing member of the known families of quarks, the top quark, was discovered by the CDF and D0 experiments at the Tevatron, a proton-antiproton collider at Fermilab near Chicago. Until today, the Tevatron is the only place where top quarks can be produced. The determination of top quark production and properties is crucial to understand the Standard Model of particle physics and beyond. The most striking property of the top quark is its mass--of the order of the mass of a gold atom and close to the electroweak scale--making the top quark not only interesting in itself but also as a window to new physics. Due to the high mass, much higher than of any other known fermion, it is expected that the top quark plays an important role in electroweak symmetry breaking, which is the most prominent candidate to explain the mass of particles. In the Standard Model, electroweak symmetry breaking is induced by one Higgs field, producing one additional physical particle, the Higgs boson. Although various searches have been performed, for example at the Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP), no evidence for the Higgs boson could yet be found in any experiment. At the Tevatron, multiple searches for the last missing particle of the Standard Model are ongoing with ever higher statistics and improved analysis techniques. The exclusion or verification of the Higgs boson can only be achieved by combining many techniques and many final states and production mechanisms. As part of this thesis, the search for Higgs bosons produced in association with a top quark pair (t{bar t}H) has been performed. This channel is especially interesting for the understanding of the coupling between Higgs and the top quark. Even though the Standard Model Higgs boson is an attractive candidate, there is no reason to believe that the electroweak symmetry breaking is induced by only one Higgs field. In many models more than one Higgs boson are expected to exist, opening even more channels to search for charged or neutral Higgs bosons. Depending on its mass, the charged Higgs boson is expected to decay either into top quarks or be the decay product of a top quark. For masses below the top quark mass, the top decay into a charged Higgs boson and a b quark can occur at a certain rate, additionally to the decays into W bosons and a b quark. The different decays of W and charged Higgs bosons can lead to deviations of the observed final number of events in certain final states with respect to the Standard Model expectation. A global search for charged Higgs bosons in top quark pair events is presented in this thesis, resulting in the most stringent limits to-date. Besides the decay of top quarks into charged Higgs or W bosons, new physics can also show up in the quark part of the decay. While in the Standard Model the top quark decays with a rate of about 100% into a W boson and a b quark, there are models where the top quark can decay into a W boson and a non-b quark. The ratio of branching fractions in which the top quark decays into a b quark over the branching fractions in which the top quark decays into all quarks is measured as part of this thesis, yielding the most precise measurement today. Furthermore, the Standard Model top quark pair production cross section is essential to be known precisely since the top quark pair production is the main background for t{bar t}H production and many other Higgs and beyond the Standard Model searches. However, not only the search or the test of the Standard Model itself make the precise measurement of the top quark pair production cross section interesting. As the cross section is calculated with high accuracy in perturbative QCD, a comparison of the measurement to the theory expectation yields the possibility to extract the top quark mass from the cross section measurement. Although many dedicated techniques exist to measure the top quark mass, the extraction from the cross section represents an important complementary measurement. The latter is briefly discussed in this thesis and compared to direct top mass measurements. The goal of this thesis is the improved understanding of the top quark sector and its use as a window to new physics. Techniques are extended and developed to measure the top quark pair production cross section simultaneously with the ratio of branching fractions, the t{bar t}H cross section or the rate with which top quarks decay into charged Higgs bosons. Some of the results are then taken to extract more information. The cross section measurement is used to extract the top quark mass, and the ratio of the top quark pair production cross sections in different final states, yielding a limit on non-Standard Model top quark decays.
Book Synopsis Physics at the Terascale by : Ian Brock
Download or read book Physics at the Terascale written by Ian Brock and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-05-04 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by authors working at the forefront of research, this accessible treatment presents the current status of the field of collider-based particle physics at the highest energies available, as well as recent results and experimental techniques. It is clearly divided into three sections; The first covers the physics -- discussing the various aspects of the Standard Model as well as its extensions, explaining important experimental results and highlighting the expectations from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The second is dedicated to the involved technologies and detector concepts, and the third covers the important - but often neglected - topics of the organisation and financing of high-energy physics research. A useful resource for students and researchers from high-energy physics.
Book Synopsis Higher Order QCD Corrections to Single Top Quark Production by : Mohammad Assadsolimani
Download or read book Higher Order QCD Corrections to Single Top Quark Production written by Mohammad Assadsolimani and published by disserta Verlag. This book was released on 2014-08 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is known that the LHC has a considerable discovery potential because of its large centre-of-mass energy (vs =14 TeV) and the high design luminosity. In addition, the two experiments ATLAS and CMS perform precision measurements for numerous models in physics. The increasing experimental precision demands an even higher level of accuracy on the theoretical side. For a more precise prediction of outcomes, one has to consider the corrections obtained typically from Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The calculation of these corrections in the high energy regime is described by perturbation theory. In the present study, multi-loop calculations in QCD, including in particular two-loop corrections for single top quark production, are considered. There are several phenomenological motivations to study single top quark production: Firstly, the process is sensitive to the electroweak Wtb-vertex; moreover, non-standard couplings can hint at physics beyond the Standard Model. Secondly, the t-channel cross section measurement provides information on the b-quark Parton Distribution Functions (PDF). Finally, single top quark production enables us to directly measure the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa(CKM) matrix element Vtb. The next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) calculation of the single top quark production has many building blocks. In this study, two blocks will be presented: one-loop corrections squared and two-loop corrections interfered with Born. Initially, the one-loop squared contribution at NNLO for single top quark production will be calculated. Before we begin with the calculation of the two-loop corrections to single top quark production, we calculate the QCD form factors of heavy quarks at NNLO, along with the axial vector coupling as a first independent check. A comparison with the relevant literature suggests that this approach is in line with generally accepted procedure. This consistency check provides a proof of the validity of our setup. In the next step, the two-loop corrections to single top quark production will be calculated. After reducing all occurring tensor integrals to scalar integrals, we apply the integration by parts method (IBP) to find the master integrals. This step is a major challenge compared to all similar calculations because of the number of variables in the problem (two Mandelstam variables s and t, the dimension d and the mass of the top quark mt as well as the mass of the W boson mw). Finally, the calculation of the three kinds of topologies – vertex corrections, double boxes and non-planar double boxes – in the two-loop contribution at NNLO calculation will be presented.
Book Synopsis Search for Single Top Quark Production at D0 in Run II. by : Reinhard Schwienhorst
Download or read book Search for Single Top Quark Production at D0 in Run II. written by Reinhard Schwienhorst and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I present a comprehensive search for electroweak production of single top quarks in Run II at the Fermilab Tevatron at {radical}s =1.96TeV. Using 230 pb{sup -1} of data collected with the D0 experiment, searches for s-channel and t-channel single top quark production have been carried out in the electron+jets and muon+jets decay channels using secondary-vertex b-quark tagging to select signal-like events. A binned likelihood has been constructed from the outputs of neural networks in order to maximize the sensitivity to single top quark production. No evidence for a single top quark signal is found. However, the 95% confidence level upper limits on the production cross section of 6.4 pb in the s-channel and 5.0 pb in the t-channel are improvements over previous limits by a factor of two and are approaching the cross section region predicted by the standard model.
