Objectivity And Historical Understanding

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An Introduction to the Historiography of Science

Author : Helge Kragh
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521389211
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to the Historiography of Science by : Helge Kragh

Download or read book An Introduction to the Historiography of Science written by Helge Kragh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the methodological and philosophical problems with which modern history of science is concerned, offering a comprehensive and critical review through description and evaluation of significant historiographical viewpoints. Incorporating discussion of key problems in general historical writing, with examples drawn from a range of disciplines, this non-elementary introduction bridges the gap between general history and history of science. Following a review of the early development of the history of science, the theory of history as applied to science history is introduced, examining the basic problems which this generates, including problems of periodisation, ideological functions, and the conflict between diachronical and anachronical historiography. Finally, the book considers the critical use, and analysis, of historical sources, and the possibility of the experiemental reconstruction of history. Aimed primarily at students, the book's broad scope and integration of historical, philosophical and scientific matters will interest philosophers, sociologists and general historians, for whom there is no alternative introduction to the subject at this level.

That Noble Dream

Author : Peter Novick
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110726829X
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis That Noble Dream by : Peter Novick

Download or read book That Noble Dream written by Peter Novick and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1988-09-30 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aspiration to relate the past 'as it really happened' has been the central goal of American professional historians since the late nineteenth century. In this remarkable history of the profession, Peter Novick shows how the idea and ideal of objectivity were elaborated, challenged, modified, and defended over the last century. Drawing on the unpublished correspondence as well as the published writings of hundreds of American historians from J. Franklin Jameson and Charles Beard to Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Eugene Genovese, That Noble Dream is a richly textured account of what American historians have thought they were doing, or ought to be doing, when they wrote history - how their principles influenced their practice and practical exigencies influenced their principles.

Practicing History

Author : Barbara W. Tuchman
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 0307798550
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Practicing History by : Barbara W. Tuchman

Download or read book Practicing History written by Barbara W. Tuchman and published by Random House. This book was released on 2011-07-13 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Celebrated for bringing a personal touch to history in her Pulitzer Prize–winning epic The Guns of August and other classic books, Barbara W. Tuchman reflects on world events and the historian’s craft in these perceptive, essential essays. From thoughtful pieces on the historian’s role to striking insights into America’s past and present to trenchant observations on the international scene, Barbara W. Tuchman looks at history in a unique way and draws lessons from what she sees. Spanning more than four decades of writing in The New York Times Magazine, The Atlantic, Foreign Affairs, Harper’s, The Nation, and The Saturday Evening Post, Tuchman weighs in on a range of eclectic topics, from Israel and Mao Tse-tung to a Freudian reading of Woodrow Wilson. This is a splendid body of work, the story of a lifetime spent “practicing history.” Praise for Practicing History “Persuades and enthralls . . . I can think of no better primer for the nonexpert who wishes to learn history.”—Chicago Sun-Times “Provocative, consistent, and beautifully readable, an event not to be missed by history buffs.”—Baltimore Sun “A delight to read.”—The New York Times Book Review

Values, Objectivity, and Explanation in Historiography

Author : Tor Egil Førland
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315470950
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis Values, Objectivity, and Explanation in Historiography by : Tor Egil Førland

Download or read book Values, Objectivity, and Explanation in Historiography written by Tor Egil Førland and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-01-20 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing sophisticated philosophy to bear on real-life historiography, Values, Objectivity, and Explanation in Historiography rekindles and invigorates the debate on two perennials in the theory and methodology of history. One is the tension between historians' values and the ideal—or illusion—of objective historiography. The other is historical explanation. The point of departure for the treatment of values and objectivity is an exceptionally heated debate on Cold War historiography in Denmark, involving not only historians but also the political parties, the national newspapers, and the courts. The in-depth analysis that follows concludes that historians can produce accounts that deserve the label "objective," even though their descriptions are tinged by ineluctable epistemic instability. A separate chapter dissects the postmodern notion of situated truths. The second part of the book proffers a new take on historical explanation. It is based on the notion of the ideal explanatory text, which allows for not only causal—including intentional—but also nomological, structural, and functional explanations. The approach, which can accommodate narrative explanations driven by causal plots, is ecumenical but not all-encompassing. Emergent social properties and supernatural entities are excluded from the ideal explanatory text, making scientific historiography methodologically individualistic—albeit with room for explanations at higher levels when pragmatically justified—and atheist.

Objectivity

Author : Lorraine Daston
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1942130619
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Objectivity by : Lorraine Daston

Download or read book Objectivity written by Lorraine Daston and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences — and show how the concept differs from alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images. From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences — from anatomy to crystallography — are those featured in scientific atlases: the compendia that teach practitioners of a discipline what is worth looking at and how to look at it. Atlas images define the working objects of the sciences of the eye: snowflakes, galaxies, skeletons, even elementary particles. Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology. As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science. To pursue objectivity — or truth-to-nature or trained judgment — is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge. Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community. Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight. Objectivity is a book addressed to any one interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity — and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.

Objectivity: A Very Short Introduction

Author : Stephen Gaukroger
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191642096
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Objectivity: A Very Short Introduction by : Stephen Gaukroger

Download or read book Objectivity: A Very Short Introduction written by Stephen Gaukroger and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-05-24 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: - Is objectivity possible? - Can there be objectivity in matters of morals, or tastes? - What would a truly objective account of the world be like? - Is everything subjective, or relative? - Are moral judgments objective or culturally relative? Objectivity is both an essential and elusive philosophical concept. An account is generally considered to be objective if it attempts to capture the nature of the object studied without judgement of a conscious entity or subject. Objectivity stands in contrast to subjectivity: an objective account is impartial, one which could ideally be accepted by any subject, because it does not draw on any assumptions, prejudices, or values of particular subjects. Stephen Gaukroger shows that it is far from clear that we can resolve moral or aesthetic disputes in this way and it has often been argued that such an approach is not always appropriate for disciplines that deal with human, rather than natural, phenomena. Moreover, even in those cases where we seek to be objective, it may be difficult to judge what a truly objective account would look like, and whether it is achievable. This Very Short Introduction demonstrates that there are a number of common misunderstandings about what objectivity is, and explores the theoretical and practical problems of objectivity by assessing the basic questions raised by it. As well as considering the core philosophical issues, Gaukroger also deals with the way in which particular understandings of objectivity impinge on social research, science, and art. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Historiography in the Twentieth Century

Author : Georg G. Iggers
Publisher : Wesleyan University Press
ISBN 13 : 0819573795
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Historiography in the Twentieth Century by : Georg G. Iggers

Download or read book Historiography in the Twentieth Century written by Georg G. Iggers and published by Wesleyan University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “No one looking for a well-informed introduction to . . the key views of history adopted by professional historians . . could find a better one than this.” ―Richard J. Evans, author of In Defence of History A broad perspective on historical thought and writing, with a new epilogue. In this book, now published in ten languages, a preeminent intellectual historian examines the profound changes in ideas about the nature of history and historiography. Georg G. Iggers traces the basic assumptions upon which historical research and writing have been based, and describes how the newly emerging social sciences transformed historiography following World War II. The discipline’s greatest challenge may have come in the last two decades, when postmodern ideas forced a reevaluation of the relationship of historians to their subject and questioned the very possibility of objective history. Iggers sees the contemporary discipline as a hybrid, moving away from a classical, macrohistorical approach toward microhistory, cultural history, and the history of everyday life. The new epilogue, by the author, examines the movement away from postmodernism towards new social science approaches that give greater attention to cultural factors and to the problems of globalization. “The book has all the virtues one associates with Georg Iggers—lucidity, detachment, balance, and the ability to reveal the relation between trends in historical writing and their political and cultural contexts.” —Peter Burke, Cambridge University

The Logic of the History of Ideas

Author : Mark Bevir
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521016841
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (168 download)

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Book Synopsis The Logic of the History of Ideas by : Mark Bevir

Download or read book The Logic of the History of Ideas written by Mark Bevir and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-06-20 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human cultures generate meanings, and the history of ideas, broadly conceived, is the study of these meanings. An adequate theory of culture must therefore rest on a suitable philosophical enquiry into the nature of the history of ideas. Mark Bevir's book explores the forms of reasoning appropriate to the history of ideas, enhancing our understanding by grappling with central questions such as: What is a meaning? What constitutes objective knowledge of the past? What are beliefs and traditions? How can we explain why people held the beliefs they did? The book ranges widely over issues and theorists associated with post-analytic philosophy, post-modernism, hermeneutics, literary theory, political thought, and social theory.

New Deal Or Raw Deal?

Author : Burton W. Folsom
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1416592377
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis New Deal Or Raw Deal? by : Burton W. Folsom

Download or read book New Deal Or Raw Deal? written by Burton W. Folsom and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2009-11-17 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ultimately elevating public opinion of his administration but falling flat in achieving the economic revitalization that America so desperately needed from the Great Depression. Folsom takes a critical, revisionist look at Roosevelt's presidency, his economic policies, and his personal life. Elected in 1932 on a buoyant tide of promises to balance the increasingly uncontrollable national budget and reduce the catastrophic unemployment rate, the charismatic thirty-second president not only neglected to pursue those goals, he made dramatic changes to federal programming that directly contradicted his campaign promises. Price fixing, court packing, regressive taxes, and patronism were all hidden inside the alphabet soup of his popular New Deal, putting a financial strain on the already suffering lower classes and discouraging the upper classes from taking business risks that potentially could have jostled national cash flow from dormancy.

The Philosophy of History

Author : Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 586 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Philosophy of History by : Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Download or read book The Philosophy of History written by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and published by . This book was released on 1902 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Rethinking Objectivity

Author : Allan Megill
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780822314943
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (149 download)

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Book Synopsis Rethinking Objectivity by : Allan Megill

Download or read book Rethinking Objectivity written by Allan Megill and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although "objectivity" is a term used widely in many areas of public discourse, from discussions concerning the media and politics to debates over political correctness and cultural literacy, the question "What is objectivity?" is often ignored, as if the answer were obvious. In this volume, Allan Megill has gathered essays from fourteen leading scholars in a variety of fields--history, anthropology, philosophy, psychology, history of science, sociology of science, feminist studies, literary studies, and accounting--to gain critical understanding of the idea of objectivity as it functions in today's world. In diverse essays the authors provide fascinating studies of objectivity in such areas as anthropological research, corporate and governmental bureaucracies, legal discourse, photography, and the study and practice of the natural sciences. Taken together, Megill argues, this volume calls for developing a notion of "objectivities." The absolute sense of objectivity--that is, objectivity as a "God's eye view"--must be supplemented, and in part supplanted, by disciplinary, procedural, and dialectical senses of objectivity. This book will be of great interest to a broad range of scholars as it presents current thinking on a topic of fundamental concern across the disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. Contributors. Barry Barnes, Dagmar Barnouw, Lorraine Code, Lorraine Daston, Johannes Fabian, Kenneth J. Gergen, Mary E. Hawkesworth, Barbara Herrnstein Smith, Evelyn Fox Keller, George Levine, Allan Megill, Peter Miller, Andy Pickering, Theodore M. Porter

Thinking About History

Author : Sarah Maza
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022610947X
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Thinking About History by : Sarah Maza

Download or read book Thinking About History written by Sarah Maza and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2017-09-18 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What distinguishes history as a discipline from other fields of study? That's the animating question of Sarah Maza’s Thinking About History, a general introduction to the field of history that revels in its eclecticism and highlights the inherent tensions and controversies that shape it. Designed for the classroom, Thinking About History is organized around big questions: Whose history do we write, and how does that affect what stories get told and how they are told? How did we come to view the nation as the inevitable context for history, and what happens when we move outside those boundaries? What is the relation among popular, academic, and public history, and how should we evaluate sources? What is the difference between description and interpretation, and how do we balance them? Maza provides choice examples in place of definitive answers, and the result is a book that will spark classroom discussion and offer students a view of history as a vibrant, ever-changing field of inquiry that is thoroughly relevant to our daily lives.

Objectivity Is Not Neutrality

Author : Thomas L. Haskell
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780801865350
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (653 download)

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Book Synopsis Objectivity Is Not Neutrality by : Thomas L. Haskell

Download or read book Objectivity Is Not Neutrality written by Thomas L. Haskell and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2000-11-15 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Haskell explores topics ranging from the productivity of slave labor to the cultural concomitants of capitalism, from John Stuart Mill's youthful "mental crisis" to the cognitive preconditions that set the stage for antislavery and other humanitarian reforms after 1750. He traces the surprisingly short history of the word responsibility, which turns out to be no older than the United States. And he asks whether the epistemological radicalism of recent years carries the power to justify human rights - rights of academic freedom, for example, or the right not to be tortured.

Just the Facts

Author : David T.Z. Mindich
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814764150
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis Just the Facts by : David T.Z. Mindich

Download or read book Just the Facts written by David T.Z. Mindich and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 1998-11-01 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “superb” history of journalism’s most respected tenet—objectivity—and the challenges of achieving it in today’s world (Christian Science Monitor). If American journalism were a religion, as it has been called, then its supreme deity would be “objectivity.” The high priests of the profession worship the concept, while the iconoclasts of advocacy journalism, new journalism, and cyberjournalism consider objectivity a golden calf. Meanwhile, a groundswell of tabloids and talk shows and the increasing infringement of market concerns make a renewed discussion of the validity, possibility, and aim of objectivity a crucial pursuit. Despite its position as the orbital sun of journalistic ethics, objectivity—until now—has had no historian. David T.Z. Mindich reaches back to the nineteenth century to recover the lost history and meaning of this central tenet of American journalism. His book draws on high-profile cases, showing the degree to which journalism and its evolving commitment to objectivity altered—and in some cases limited—the public’s understanding of events and issues. Mindich devotes each chapter to a particular component of this ethic—detachment, nonpartisanship, the inverted pyramid style, facticity, and balance. Through this combination of history and cultural criticism, he provides a profound meditation on the structure, promise, and limits of objectivity in the age of digital media. “There is a growing unhappiness about the direction of news coverage. Readers and viewers want ‘objectivity’ back. The first step toward doing that is to understand where ‘objective’ journalism came from in the first place. Just the Facts is a good place to begin.” —The Washington Monthly

Wittgenstein on Philosophy, Objectivity, and Meaning

Author : James Conant
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107194156
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Wittgenstein on Philosophy, Objectivity, and Meaning by : James Conant

Download or read book Wittgenstein on Philosophy, Objectivity, and Meaning written by James Conant and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-15 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides new interpretations and applications of Wittgenstein's philosophy in relation to fundamental issues in contemporary theoretical debates.

Self-Consciousness and Objectivity

Author : Sebastian Rdl
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674976517
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Self-Consciousness and Objectivity by : Sebastian Rdl

Download or read book Self-Consciousness and Objectivity written by Sebastian Rdl and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sebastian Rödl undermines a foundational dogma of contemporary philosophy: that knowledge, in order to be objective, must be knowledge of something that is as it is, independent of being known to be so. This profound work revives the thought that knowledge, precisely on account of being objective, is self-knowledge: knowledge knowing itself.

Historical Knowledge, Historical Error

Author : Allan Megill
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226518302
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Knowledge, Historical Error by : Allan Megill

Download or read book Historical Knowledge, Historical Error written by Allan Megill and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-02 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past thirty years, historians have broadened the scope of their discipline to include many previously neglected topics and perspectives. They have chronicled language, madness, gender, and sexuality and have experimented with new forms of presentation. They have turned to the histories of non-Western peoples and to the troubled relations between “the West” and the rest. Allan Megill welcomes these developments, but he also suggests that there is now confusion among historians about what counts as a justified account of the past. In Historical Knowledge, Historical Error, Megill dispels some of the confusion. Here, he discusses issues of narrative, objectivity, and memory. He attacks what he sees as irresponsible uses of evidence while accepting the art of speculation, which incomplete evidence forces upon historians. Along the way, he offers succinct accounts of the epistemological road historians have traveled from Herodotus and Thucydides through Leopold von Ranke and Alexis de Tocqueville, and on to Hayden White, Natalie Zemon Davis, and Lynn Hunt.