Neuroscience of Mathematical Cognitive Development

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319764098
Total Pages : 155 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroscience of Mathematical Cognitive Development by : Rhonda Douglas Brown

Download or read book Neuroscience of Mathematical Cognitive Development written by Rhonda Douglas Brown and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​This book examines the neuroscience of mathematical cognitive development from infancy into emerging adulthood, addressing both biological and environmental influences on brain development and plasticity. It begins by presenting major theoretical frameworks for designing and interpreting neuroscience studies of mathematical cognitive development, including developmental evolutionary theory, developmental systems approaches, and the triple-code model of numerical processing. The book includes chapters that discuss findings from studies using neuroscience research methods to examine numerical and visuospatial cognition, calculation, and mathematical difficulties and exceptionalities. It concludes with a review of mathematical intervention programs and recommendations for future neuroscience research on mathematical cognitive development. Featured neuroscience research methods include: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Event Related Potentials (ERP). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Neuroscience of Mathematical Cognitive Development is an essential resource for researchers, clinicians and related professionals, and graduate students in child and school psychology, neuroscience, educational psychology, neuropsychology, and mathematics education.

How Learning Works

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470617608
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis How Learning Works by : Susan A. Ambrose

Download or read book How Learning Works written by Susan A. Ambrose and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for How Learning Works "How Learning Works is the perfect title for this excellent book. Drawing upon new research in psychology, education, and cognitive science, the authors have demystified a complex topic into clear explanations of seven powerful learning principles. Full of great ideas and practical suggestions, all based on solid research evidence, this book is essential reading for instructors at all levels who wish to improve their students' learning." —Barbara Gross Davis, assistant vice chancellor for educational development, University of California, Berkeley, and author, Tools for Teaching "This book is a must-read for every instructor, new or experienced. Although I have been teaching for almost thirty years, as I read this book I found myself resonating with many of its ideas, and I discovered new ways of thinking about teaching." —Eugenia T. Paulus, professor of chemistry, North Hennepin Community College, and 2008 U.S. Community Colleges Professor of the Year from The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of Education "Thank you Carnegie Mellon for making accessible what has previously been inaccessible to those of us who are not learning scientists. Your focus on the essence of learning combined with concrete examples of the daily challenges of teaching and clear tactical strategies for faculty to consider is a welcome work. I will recommend this book to all my colleagues." —Catherine M. Casserly, senior partner, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching "As you read about each of the seven basic learning principles in this book, you will find advice that is grounded in learning theory, based on research evidence, relevant to college teaching, and easy to understand. The authors have extensive knowledge and experience in applying the science of learning to college teaching, and they graciously share it with you in this organized and readable book." —From the Foreword by Richard E. Mayer, professor of psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara; coauthor, e-Learning and the Science of Instruction; and author, Multimedia Learning

SRA Real Math

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780076124268
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (242 download)

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Book Synopsis SRA Real Math by : Sharon Griffin

Download or read book SRA Real Math written by Sharon Griffin and published by . This book was released on 2007-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A standards-based, comprehensive math intervention curriculum for the state of California. Designed for students identified with math deficiencies who have not responded to reteaching efforts or who have a sustained lack of adquate progress in mathematics. This program provides intensive focus on developing foundational understanding and skills. It provides explicit, scientifically based instruction emphasizing the five critical elements of mathematics proficiency: understanding, computing, applying reasoning/problem solving , and engagement.

Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309324882
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 by : National Research Council

Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.

Nursing Interventions & Clinical Skills E-Book

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323571034
Total Pages : 904 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Nursing Interventions & Clinical Skills E-Book by : Anne G. Perry

Download or read book Nursing Interventions & Clinical Skills E-Book written by Anne G. Perry and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-01-08 with total page 904 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master nursing skills with this guide from the respected Perry, Potter & Ostendorf author team! The concise coverage in Nursing Interventions & Clinical Skills, 7th Edition makes it easy to learn the skills most commonly used in everyday nursing practice. Clear, step-by-step instructions cover more than 160 basic, intermediate, and advanced skills — from measuring body temperature to insertion of a peripheral intravenous device — using evidence-based concepts to improve patient safety and outcomes. A streamlined, visual approach makes the book easy to read, and an Evolve companion website enhances learning with review questions and handy checklists for each clinical skill. - Coverage of more than 160 skills and interventions addresses the basic, intermediate, and advanced skills you'll use every day in practice. - Safe Patient Care Alerts highlight risks or other key information to know in performing skills, so you can plan ahead at each step of nursing care. - Unique! Using Evidence in Nursing Practice chapter provides the information needed to use evidence-based care to solve clinical problems. - Coverage of evidence-based nursing techniques includes the concept of care bundles, structured practices that improve patient safety and outcomes, in addition to the coverage of teach-back. - Delegation & Collaboration guidelines help you make decisions in whether to delegate a skill to unlicensed assistive personnel, and indicates what key information must be shared. - Teach-Back step shows how to evaluate the success of patient teaching, so you can see whether the patient understands a task or topic or if additional teaching may be needed. - Recording guidelines describe what should be reported and documented after performing skills, with Hand-off Reporting sections listing important patient care information to include in the handoff. - Special Considerations indicate the additional risks or accommodations you may face when caring for pediatric or geriatric patients, as well as patients in home care settings. - A consistent format for nursing skills makes it easier to perform skills, organized by Assessment, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. - Media resources include skills performance checklists on the Evolve companion website and related lessons, videos, and interactive exercises on Nursing Skills Online. - NEW! 2017 Infusion Nurses Society standards are included on administering IVs and on other changes in evidence-based practice. - NEW Disaster Preparedness chapter focuses on caring for patients after biological, chemical, or radiation exposure. - NEW! SBAR samples show how to quickly and effectively communicate a patient's condition in terms of Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. - NEW! Practice Reflections sections include a clinical scenario and questions, helping you reflect on clinical and simulation experiences. - NEW! Three Master Debriefs help you develop a better understanding of the "big picture" by synthesizing skill performance with overall patient care.

The Impact of School Infrastructure on Learning

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Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464813787
Total Pages : 71 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis The Impact of School Infrastructure on Learning by : Peter Barrett

Download or read book The Impact of School Infrastructure on Learning written by Peter Barrett and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-02-04 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The Impact of School Infrastructure on Learning: A Synthesis of the Evidence provides an excellent literature review of the resources that explore the areas of focus for improved student learning, particularly the aspiration for “accessible, well-built, child-centered, synergetic and fully realized learning environments.†? Written in a style which is both clear and accessible, it is a practical reference for senior government officials and professionals involved in the planning and design of educational facilities, as well as for educators and school leaders. --Yuri Belfali, Head of Division, Early Childhood and Schools, OECD Directorate for Education and Skills This is an important and welcome addition to the surprisingly small, evidence base on the impacts of school infrastructure given the capital investment involved. It will provide policy makers, practitioners, and those who are about to commission a new build with an important and comprehensive point of reference. The emphasis on safe and healthy spaces for teaching and learning is particularly welcome. --Harry Daniels, Professor of Education, Department of Education, Oxford University, UK This report offers a useful library of recent research to support the, connection between facility quality and student outcomes. At the same time, it also points to the unmet need for research to provide verifiable and reliable information on this connection. With such evidence, decisionmakers will be better positioned to accurately balance the allocation of limited resources among the multiple competing dimensions of school policy, including the construction and maintenance of the school facility. --David Lever, K-12 Facility Planner, Former Executive Director of the Interagency Committee on School Construction, Maryland Many planners and designers are seeking a succinct body of research defining both the issues surrounding the global planning of facilities as well as the educational outcomes based on the quality of the space provided. The authors have finally brought that body of evidence together in this well-structured report. The case for better educational facilities is clearly defined and resources are succinctly identified to stimulate the dialogue to come. We should all join this conversation to further the process of globally enhancing learning-environment quality! --David Schrader, AIA, Educational Facility Planner and Designer, Former Chairman of the Board of Directors, Association for Learning Environments (A4LE)

Leave no child behind

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Publisher : UNESCO Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9231005200
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Leave no child behind by : UNESCO

Download or read book Leave no child behind written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2022-06-20 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To leave no child behind, UNESCO developed the first global report of this scope onboys’ disengagement from education, bringing together qualitative and quantitativeevidence from over 140 countries. This report provides an overview on the globalsituation on boys’ disengagement from and disadvantage in education. It identifiesfactors influencing boys’ participation, progression and learning outcomes ineducation. It also analyses responses by governments and partners, and examinespromising policies and programmes. Finally, it includes recommendations on how tore-engage boys with education and address disadvantage.While girls continue to face severe disadvantages andinequalities in education, the report shows that boys inmany countries are at greater risk than girls of repeatinggrades, failing to complete different education levelsand having poorer learning outcomes in school. Noless than 132 million boys of primary and secondaryschool age are out of school. They urgently requiresupport.As this report shows, supporting boys does notmean that girls lose out and vice versa. Addressingboys’ disengagement not only benefits boys’ learning,employment opportunities, income and well-being, itis also highly beneficial for achieving gender equality anddesirable economic, social and health outcomes.

School, Family, and Community Partnerships

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Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1483320014
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis School, Family, and Community Partnerships by : Joyce L. Epstein

Download or read book School, Family, and Community Partnerships written by Joyce L. Epstein and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2018-07-19 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strengthen programs of family and community engagement to promote equity and increase student success! When schools, families, and communities collaborate and share responsibility for students′ education, more students succeed in school. Based on 30 years of research and fieldwork, the fourth edition of the bestseller School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action, presents tools and guidelines to help develop more effective and more equitable programs of family and community engagement. Written by a team of well-known experts, it provides a theory and framework of six types of involvement for action; up-to-date research on school, family, and community collaboration; and new materials for professional development and on-going technical assistance. Readers also will find: Examples of best practices on the six types of involvement from preschools, and elementary, middle, and high schools Checklists, templates, and evaluations to plan goal-linked partnership programs and assess progress CD-ROM with slides and notes for two presentations: A new awareness session to orient colleagues on the major components of a research-based partnership program, and a full One-Day Team Training Workshop to prepare school teams to develop their partnership programs. As a foundational text, this handbook demonstrates a proven approach to implement and sustain inclusive, goal-linked programs of partnership. It shows how a good partnership program is an essential component of good school organization and school improvement for student success. This book will help every district and all schools strengthen and continually improve their programs of family and community engagement.

Implementation of Social and Emotional Learning Interventions in Applied Settings: Approaches to Definition, Measurement, and Analysis

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832535429
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Implementation of Social and Emotional Learning Interventions in Applied Settings: Approaches to Definition, Measurement, and Analysis by : Stephanie M. Jones

Download or read book Implementation of Social and Emotional Learning Interventions in Applied Settings: Approaches to Definition, Measurement, and Analysis written by Stephanie M. Jones and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-06 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Number Worlds

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780076053414
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (534 download)

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Book Synopsis Number Worlds by : Sharon Griffin

Download or read book Number Worlds written by Sharon Griffin and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teacher Editions and eBooks allow teachers todevelop critical math concepts with routine lessonplans, integrated project-based learning, and a guide forfacilitating differentiated learning in the classroom.

What Works in Girls' Education

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Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815728611
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis What Works in Girls' Education by : Gene B Sperling

Download or read book What Works in Girls' Education written by Gene B Sperling and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2015-09-29 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hard-headed evidence on why the returns from investing in girls are so high that no nation or family can afford not to educate their girls. Gene Sperling, author of the seminal 2004 report published by the Council on Foreign Relations, and Rebecca Winthrop, director of the Center for Universal Education, have written this definitive book on the importance of girls’ education. As Malala Yousafzai expresses in her foreword, the idea that any child could be denied an education due to poverty, custom, the law, or terrorist threats is just wrong and unimaginable. More than 1,000 studies have provided evidence that high-quality girls’ education around the world leads to wide-ranging returns: Better outcomes in economic areas of growth and incomes Reduced rates of infant and maternal mortality Reduced rates of child marriage Reduced rates of the incidence of HIV/AIDS and malaria Increased agricultural productivity Increased resilience to natural disasters Women’s empowerment What Works in Girls’ Education is a compelling work for both concerned global citizens, and any academic, expert, nongovernmental organization (NGO) staff member, policymaker, or journalist seeking to dive into the evidence and policies on girls’ education.

Funds of Knowledge

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135614059
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Funds of Knowledge by : Norma Gonzalez

Download or read book Funds of Knowledge written by Norma Gonzalez and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-04-21 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of "funds of knowledge" is based on a simple premise: people are competent and have knowledge, and their life experiences have given them that knowledge. The claim in this book is that first-hand research experiences with families allow one to document this competence and knowledge, and that such engagement provides many possibilities for positive pedagogical actions. Drawing from both Vygotskian and neo-sociocultural perspectives in designing a methodology that views the everyday practices of language and action as constructing knowledge, the funds of knowledge approach facilitates a systematic and powerful way to represent communities in terms of the resources they possess and how to harness them for classroom teaching. This book accomplishes three objectives: It gives readers the basic methodology and techniques followed in the contributors' funds of knowledge research; it extends the boundaries of what these researchers have done; and it explores the applications to classroom practice that can result from teachers knowing the communities in which they work. In a time when national educational discourses focus on system reform and wholesale replicability across school sites, this book offers a counter-perspective stating that instruction must be linked to students' lives, and that details of effective pedagogy should be linked to local histories and community contexts. This approach should not be confused with parent participation programs, although that is often a fortuitous consequence of the work described. It is also not an attempt to teach parents "how to do school" although that could certainly be an outcome if the parents so desired. Instead, the funds of knowledge approach attempts to accomplish something that may be even more challenging: to alter the perceptions of working-class or poor communities by viewing their households primarily in terms of their strengths and resources, their defining pedagogical characteristics. Funds of Knowledge: Theorizing Practices in Households, Communities, and Classrooms is a critically important volume for all teachers and teachers-to-be, and for researchers and graduate students of language, culture, and education.

Teacher Quality, Instructional Quality and Student Outcomes

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319412523
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Teacher Quality, Instructional Quality and Student Outcomes by : Trude Nilsen

Download or read book Teacher Quality, Instructional Quality and Student Outcomes written by Trude Nilsen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-19 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers insights from modeling relations between teacher quality, instructional quality and student outcomes in mathematics across countries. The relations explored take the educational context, such as school climate, into account. The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement’s Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is the only international large-scale study possessing a design framework that enables investigation of relations between teachers, their teaching, and student outcomes in mathematics. TIMSS provides both student achievement data and contextual background data from schools, teachers, students and parents, for over 60 countries. This book makes a major contribution to the field of educational effectiveness, especially teaching effectiveness, where cross-cultural comparisons are scarce. For readers interested in teacher quality, instructional quality, and student achievement and motivation in mathematics, the comparisons across cultures, grades, and time are insightful and thought-provoking. For readers interested in methodology, the advanced analytical methods, combined with application of methods new to educational research, illustrate interesting novel directions in methodology and the secondary analysis of international large-scale assessment (ILSA).

Connecting Math Concepts Level C Studentworkbook 1

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780021035762
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (357 download)

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Book Synopsis Connecting Math Concepts Level C Studentworkbook 1 by : SRA/McGraw-Hill

Download or read book Connecting Math Concepts Level C Studentworkbook 1 written by SRA/McGraw-Hill and published by . This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains a remedial mathematics program for grades K-5.

Handbook of Student Engagement Interventions

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128134143
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Student Engagement Interventions by : Jennifer A. Fredricks

Download or read book Handbook of Student Engagement Interventions written by Jennifer A. Fredricks and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-05-04 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Student Engagement Interventions: Working with Disengaged Students provides an understanding of the factors that contribute to student disengagement, methods for identifying students at risk, and intervention strategies to increase student engagement. With a focus on translating research into best practice, the book pulls together the current research on engagement in schools and empowers readers to craft and implement interventions. Users will find reviews on evidence-based academic, behavioral, social, mental health, and community-based interventions that will help increase all types of engagement. The book looks at ways of reducing suspensions through alternative disciplinary practices, the role resiliency can play in student engagement, strategies for community and school collaborations in addressing barriers to engagement, and what can be learned from students who struggled in school, but succeeded later in life. It is a hands-on resource for educators, school psychologists, researchers, and students looking to gain insight into the research on this topic and the strategies that can be deployed to promote student engagement. - Presents practical strategies for engagement intervention and assessment - Covers early warning signs of disengagement and how to use these signs to promote engagement - Reviews contextual factors (families, peers, teachers) related to engagement - Focuses on increasing engagement and school completion for all students - Emphasizes multidimensional approaches to disengagement

Teaching To Transgress

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135200017
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis Teaching To Transgress by : Bell Hooks

Download or read book Teaching To Transgress written by Bell Hooks and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Visible Learning for Literacy, Grades K-12

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Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1506344038
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Visible Learning for Literacy, Grades K-12 by : Douglas Fisher

Download or read book Visible Learning for Literacy, Grades K-12 written by Douglas Fisher and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2016-03-22 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Every student deserves a great teacher, not by chance, but by design" — Douglas Fisher, Nancy Frey, & John Hattie What if someone slipped you a piece of paper listing the literacy practices that ensure students demonstrate more than a year’s worth of learning for a year spent in school? Would you keep the paper or throw it away? We think you’d keep it. And that’s precisely why acclaimed educators Douglas Fisher, Nancy Frey, and John Hattie wrote Visible Learning for Literacy. They know teachers will want to apply Hattie’s head-turning synthesis of more than 15 years of research involving millions of students, which he used to identify the instructional routines that have the biggest impact on student learning. These practices are "visible" for teachers and students to see, because their purpose has been made clear, they are implemented at the right moment in a student’s learning, and their effect is tangible. Yes, the "aha" moments made visible by design. With their trademark clarity and command of the research, and dozens of classroom scenarios to make it all replicable, these authors apply Hattie’s research, and show you: How to use the right approach at the right time, so that you can more intentionally design classroom experiences that hit the surface, deep, and transfer phases of learning, and more expertly see when a student is ready to dive from surface to deep. Which routines are most effective at specific phases of learning, including word sorts, concept mapping, close reading, annotating, discussion, formative assessment, feedback, collaborative learning, reciprocal teaching, and many more. Why the 8 mind frames for teachers apply so well to curriculum planning and can inspire you to be a change agent in students’ lives—and part of a faculty that embraces the idea that visible teaching is a continual evaluation of one’s impact on student’s learning. "Teachers, it’s time we embrace the evidence, update our classrooms, and impact student learning in wildly positive ways," say Doug, Nancy, and John. So let’s see Visible Learning for Literacy for what it is: the book that renews our teaching and reminds us of our influence, just in time.