Novel Devices Based On Relaxor Ferroelectric Pmn Pt Single Crystals

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Novel Devices Based on Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Single Crystals

Author : Huajing Fang
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811543127
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Novel Devices Based on Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Single Crystals by : Huajing Fang

Download or read book Novel Devices Based on Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Single Crystals written by Huajing Fang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the applications of ferroelectric materials in information technology by developing several prototype devices based on Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) single crystals. It describes how an optothermal field-effect transistor (FET) was constructed on the PMN-26PT single crystal, using a MoS2 monolayer as the channel semiconductor material. This fusion of pyroelectric effect and the interface engineering of 2D materials provides an effective strategy for the ‘photon revolution’ of FET. An ultra-broadband photodetector (UV ~ THz) was monolithically integrated into a [111]-oriented PMN-28PT single crystal by using silver nanowires in the transparent top electrode. The photodetector showed a dramatic improvement in operation frequency up to 3 kHz: an order of magnitude higher than that of traditional pyroelectric photodetectors. A self-powered integrated module was demonstrated through the combination of a triboelectric nanogenerator and a ferroelectric FET. The stored information can easily be written in the memory system using mechanical energy, solving the power consumption problem with regard to information writing in ferroelectric nonvolatile memories. This book extends the applications of ferroelectric single crystals into areas other than piezoelectric devices, paving the way for exciting future developments.

Novel Devices Based on Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Single Crystals

Author : 方华靖
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9787302657033
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Novel Devices Based on Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Single Crystals by : 方华靖

Download or read book Novel Devices Based on Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Single Crystals written by 方华靖 and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Handbook of Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials

Author : Z-G Ye
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845694007
Total Pages : 1091 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials by : Z-G Ye

Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials written by Z-G Ye and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-03-20 with total page 1091 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book covers recent developments in advanced dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials. Dielectric materials such as ceramics are used to manufacture microelectronic devices. Piezoelectric components have been used for many years in radioelectrics, time-keeping and, more recently, in microprocessor-based devices. Ferroelectric materials are widely used in various devices such as piezoelectric/electrostrictive transducers and actuators, pyroelectric infrared detectors, optical integrated circuits, optical data storage and display devices.The book is divided into eight parts under the general headings: High strain high performance piezo- and ferroelectric single crystals; Electric field-induced effects and domain engineering; Morphotropic phase boundary related phenomena; High power piezoelectric and microwave dielectric materials; Nanoscale piezo- and ferroelectrics; Piezo- and ferroelectric films; Novel processing and new materials; Novel properties of ferroelectrics and related materials. Each chapter looks at key recent research on these materials, their properties and potential applications.Advanced dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials is an important reference tool for all those working in the area of electrical and electronic materials in general and dielectrics, piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics in particular. Covers the latest developments in advanced dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials Includes topics such as high strain high performance piezo and ferroelectric single crystals Discusses novel processing and new materials, and novel properties of ferroelectrics and related materials

Advanced Piezoelectric Materials

Author : Kenji Uchino
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845699750
Total Pages : 697 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Piezoelectric Materials by : Kenji Uchino

Download or read book Advanced Piezoelectric Materials written by Kenji Uchino and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-09-27 with total page 697 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Piezoelectric materials produce electric charges on their surfaces as a consequence of applying mechanical stress. They are used in the fabrication of a growing range of devices such as transducers (used, for example, in ultrasound scanning), actuators (deployed in such areas as vibration suppression in optical and microelectronic engineering), pressure sensor devices (such as gyroscopes) and increasingly as a way of producing energy. Their versatility has led to a wealth of research to broaden the range of piezoelectric materials and their potential uses. Advanced piezoelectric materials: science and technology provides a comprehensive review of these new materials, their properties, methods of manufacture and applications. After an introductory overview of the development of piezoelectric materials, Part one reviews the various types of piezoelectric material, ranging from lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezo-ceramics, relaxor ferroelectric ceramics, lead-free piezo-ceramics, quartz-based piezoelectric materials, the use of lithium niobate and lithium in piezoelectrics, single crystal piezoelectric materials, electroactive polymers (EAP) and piezoelectric composite materials. Part two discusses how to design and fabricate piezo-materials with chapters on piezo-ceramics, single crystal preparation techniques, thin film technologies, aerosol techniques and manufacturing technologies for piezoelectric transducers. The final part of the book looks at applications such as high-power piezoelectric materials and actuators as well as the performance of piezoelectric materials under stress. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors Advanced piezoelectric materials: science and technology is a standard reference for all those researching piezoelectric materials and using them to develop new devices in such areas as microelectronics, optical, sound, structural and biomedical engineering. Provides a comprehensive review of the new materials, their properties and methods of manufacture and application Explores the development of piezoelectric materials from the historical background to the present status Features an overview of manufacturing methods for piezoelectric ceramic materials including design considerations

Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Thin Films for Low Hysteretic Microelectronic Devices

Author : Shu Ni
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Thin Films for Low Hysteretic Microelectronic Devices by : Shu Ni

Download or read book Relaxor Ferroelectric PMN-PT Thin Films for Low Hysteretic Microelectronic Devices written by Shu Ni and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ultrasonic Motors

Author : Chunsheng Zhao
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642153054
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Ultrasonic Motors by : Chunsheng Zhao

Download or read book Ultrasonic Motors written by Chunsheng Zhao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-23 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive tutorial on ultrasonic motors for practicing engineers, researchers and graduate students. "Ultrasonic Motors: Technologies and Applications" describes the operating mechanism, electromechanical coupling models, optimization design of structural parameters, testing methods, and drive/control techniques of various ultrasonic motors and their applications. Dr. Chunsheng Zhao is a professor at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) where he is Director of the Precision Driving Laboratory at NUAA. He is a member of the Chinese Academy of Science, and holds 54 patents in China and published more than 400 papers in the field of piezoelectric ultrasonic motors.

Ferroic Materials for Smart Systems

Author : Jiyan Dai
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344764
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Ferroic Materials for Smart Systems by : Jiyan Dai

Download or read book Ferroic Materials for Smart Systems written by Jiyan Dai and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents state-of-the-art knowledge?from basic insights to applications?on ferroic materials-based devices This book covers the fundamental physics, fabrication methods, and applications of ferroic materials and covers bulk, thin films, and nanomaterials. It provides a thorough overview of smart materials and systems involving the interplays among the mechanical strain, electrical polarization, magnetization, as well as heat and light. Materials presented include ferroelectric, multiferroic, piezoelectric, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, and shape memory materials as well as their composites. The book also introduces various sensor and transducer applications, such as ultrasonic transducers, surface acoustic wave devices, microwave devices, magneto-electric devices, infrared detectors and memories. Ferroic Materials for Smart Systems: Fabrication, Devices and Applications introduces advanced measurement and testing techniques in ferroelectrics, including FeRAM and ferroelectric tunnelling based resistive switching. It also looks at ferroelectricity in emerging materials, such as 2D materials and high-k gate dielectric material HfO2. Engineering considerations for device design and fabrication are examined, as well as applications for magnetostrictive devices. Multiferroics of materials possessing both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric orders is covered, along with ferroelastic materials represented by shape memory alloy and magnetic shape memory alloys. -Brings together physics, fabrication, and applications of ferroic materials in a coherent manner -Discusses recent advances in ferroic materials technology and applications -Covers dielectric, ferroelectric, pyroelectric and piezoelectric materials -Introduces electrostrictive materials and magnetostrictive materials -Examines shape memory alloys and magneto-shape-memory alloys -Introduces devices based on the integration of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials such as multiferroic memory device and ME coupling device for sensor applications Ferroic Materials for Smart Systems: Fabrication, Devices and Applications will appeal to a wide variety of researchers and developers in physics, materials science and engineering.

Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications

Author : Laurent A. Francis
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351832077
Total Pages : 637 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications by : Laurent A. Francis

Download or read book Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications written by Laurent A. Francis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microsystems technologies have found their way into an impressive variety of applications, from mobile phones, computers, and displays to smart grids, electric cars, and space shuttles. This multidisciplinary field of research extends the current capabilities of standard integrated circuits in terms of materials and designs and complements them by creating innovative components and smaller systems that require lower power consumption and display better performance. Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and their Applications delves into the state of the art and the applications of microsystems and microelectronics-related technologies. Featuring contributions by academic and industrial researchers from around the world, this book: Examines organic and flexible electronics, from polymer solar cell to flexible interconnects for the co-integration of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) with complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) Discusses imaging and display technologies, including MEMS technology in reflective displays, the fabrication of thin-film transistors on glass substrates, and new techniques to display and quickly transmit high-quality images Explores sensor technologies for sensing electrical currents and temperature, monitoring structural health and critical industrial processes, and more Covers biomedical microsystems, including biosensors, point-of-care devices, neural stimulation and recording, and ultra-low-power biomedical systems Written for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in electrical and biomedical engineering, this book reviews groundbreaking technology, trends, and applications in microelectronics. Its coverage of the latest research serves as a source of inspiration for anyone interested in further developing microsystems technologies and creating new applications.

Perovskite Metal Oxides

Author : Srikanta Moharana
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323995306
Total Pages : 730 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Perovskite Metal Oxides by : Srikanta Moharana

Download or read book Perovskite Metal Oxides written by Srikanta Moharana and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-05-30 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perovskite Metal Oxides: Synthesis, Properties and Applications provides an overview on the topic, including the synthesis of various types of perovskites, their properties, characterization and application. The book reviews the applications of this category of materials for photovoltaics, electronics, biomedical, fuel cell, photocatalyst, sensor, energy storage and catalysis, along with processing techniques of perovskite metal oxides with a focus on low-cost and high-efficiency methods, including various properties and probable applications in academia and industry. Other sections discuss strategies to improve the functionality of perovskite metal oxide materials, including chemical methods and controlling the size, shape and structure of the materials. Finally, applications of perovskite metal oxides in energy conversion and storage, sensing and electronics are covered. Provides an overview of perovskite metal oxides, with an emphasis on synthesis, fabrication and characterization methods Discusses strategies to improve the functionality of perovskite metal oxide materials, including chemical methods and controlling the size, shape and structure of the materials Reviews applications of perovskite metal oxides in energy conversion and storage, sensing and electronics

Ferroelectrics

Author : Mickaël Lallart
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9533074531
Total Pages : 670 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Ferroelectrics by : Mickaël Lallart

Download or read book Ferroelectrics written by Mickaël Lallart and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-08-23 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ferroelectric materials have been and still are widely used in many applications, that have moved from sonar towards breakthrough technologies such as memories or optical devices. This book is a part of a four volume collection (covering material aspects, physical effects, characterization and modeling, and applications) and focuses on the underlying mechanisms of ferroelectric materials, including general ferroelectric effect, piezoelectricity, optical properties, and multiferroic and magnetoelectric devices. The aim of this book is to provide an up-to-date review of recent scientific findings and recent advances in the field of ferroelectric systems, allowing a deep understanding of the physical aspect of ferroelectricity.

Advances in Multifunctional Materials and Systems II

Author : Jun Akedo
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118771516
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Multifunctional Materials and Systems II by : Jun Akedo

Download or read book Advances in Multifunctional Materials and Systems II written by Jun Akedo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-02-19 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains a collection of papers from the below symposia heldduring the 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and GlassTechnology (PacRim10), June 2-7,2013, in Coronado, California2012: • Advances in Electroceramics • Microwave Materials and Their Applications • Oxide Materials for Nonvolatile Memory Technology andApplications

Piezo-Active Composites

Author : Vitaly Yu. Topolov
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319939289
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Piezo-Active Composites by : Vitaly Yu. Topolov

Download or read book Piezo-Active Composites written by Vitaly Yu. Topolov and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-30 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to the systematic description of the role of microgeometry of modern piezo-active composites in the formation of their piezoelectric sensitivity. In five chapters, the authors analyse kinds of piezoelectric sensitivity for piezo-active composites with specific connectivity patterns and links between the microgeometric feature and piezoelectric response. The role of components and microgeometric factors is discussed in the context of the piezoelectric properties and their anisotropy in the composites. Interrelations between different types of the piezoelectric coefficients are highlighted. This book fills a gap in piezoelectric materials science and provides readers with data on the piezoelectric performance of novel composite materials that are suitable for sensor, transducer, hydroacoustic, energy-harvesting, and other applications.

Advances in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials

Author : Jiagang Wu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811089981
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials by : Jiagang Wu

Download or read book Advances in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials written by Jiagang Wu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systematically reviews the history of lead-free piezoelectric materials, including the latest research. It also addresses a number of important issues, such as new types of materials prepared in a multitude of sizes, structural and physical properties, and potential applications for high-performance devices. Further, it examines in detail the state of the art in lead-free piezoelectric materials, focusing on the pathways to modify different structures and achieve enhanced physical properties and new functional behavior. Lastly, it discusses the prospects for potential future developments in lead-free piezoelectric materials across disciplines and for multifunctional applications. Given its breadth of coverage, the book offers a comprehensive resource for graduate students, academic researchers, development scientists, materials producers, device designers and applications engineers who are working on or are interested in advanced lead-free piezoelectric materials.

Explosive Ferroelectric Generators: From Physical Principles To Engineering

Author : Sergey I Shkuratov
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 981323895X
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Explosive Ferroelectric Generators: From Physical Principles To Engineering by : Sergey I Shkuratov

Download or read book Explosive Ferroelectric Generators: From Physical Principles To Engineering written by Sergey I Shkuratov and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-07-24 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'This book would appeal to those who are interested in pulse power technology and pulse power generation. The fascinating ability to be able to achieve such incredible power levels with such compact devices is astonishing and could open up many new applications using the methods described in this well-written book, that is loaded with a wealth of experimental data, technical background on ferroelectric materials, high explosives, references, and many design ideas for making compact FEG's.'IEEE Electrical Insulation MagazineExplosive Ferroelectric Generators: From Physical Principles to Engineering is an exciting new book that takes the readers inside the world of explosive ferroelectric generators guided by international expert, Dr Sergey I Shkuratov. It acquaints the reader with the principles of operation of ferroelectric generators and provides details on how to design, build and test the devices which are the most developed and the most near-term for practical applications. Containing a considerable amount of experimental data that has been obtained by the author and his team over a period of 20 years, this is the first book that provides key information on theory, performance and applications of ferroelectric generators. It is a fabulous reference for electrical and electronic engineers working with pulsed power systems, researchers, professors, postgraduate, graduate and undergraduate students.

Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage at the Nanoscale

Author : Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000894118
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage at the Nanoscale by : Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema

Download or read book Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage at the Nanoscale written by Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-07-21 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices at the Nanoscale anticipates covering all electrochemical energy storage devices such as supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and fuel cells, transformation and enhancement materials for solar cells, photocatalysis, etc. The focal objective of the book is to deliver stunning and current information to the materials application at nanoscale to researchers and scientists in our contemporary time towardthe enhancement of energy conversion and storage devices. However, the contents of the proposed book, Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage at the Nanoscale, will cover various fundamental principles and wide knowledge of different energy conversion and storage devices with respect to their advancement due to the emergence of nanoscale materials for sustainable storage devices. This book is targeted to be award-winning as well as a reference book for researchers and scientists working on different types of nanoscale materials-based energy storage and conversion devices. Features Comprehensive overview of energy storage devices, an important field of interest for researchers worldwide Explores the importance and growing impact of batteries and supercapacitors Emphasizes the fundamental theories, electrochemical mechanism, and its computational view point and discusses recent developments in electrode designing based on nanomaterials, separators, and fabrication of advanced devices and their performances

Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry

Author : Ruren Xu
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444635955
Total Pages : 810 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry by : Ruren Xu

Download or read book Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry written by Ruren Xu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-02-11 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry, Second Edition captures, in five distinct sections, the latest advancements in inorganic synthetic chemistry, providing materials chemists, chemical engineers, and materials scientists with a valuable reference source to help them advance their research efforts and achieve breakthroughs. Section one includes six chapters centering on synthetic chemistry under specific conditions, such as high-temperature, low-temperature and cryogenic, hydrothermal and solvothermal, high-pressure, photochemical and fusion conditions. Section two focuses on the synthesis and related chemistry problems of highly distinct categories of inorganic compounds, including superheavy elements, coordination compounds and coordination polymers, cluster compounds, organometallic compounds, inorganic polymers, and nonstoichiometric compounds. Section three elaborates on the synthetic chemistry of five important classes of inorganic functional materials, namely, ordered porous materials, carbon materials, advanced ceramic materials, host-guest materials, and hierarchically structured materials. Section four consists of four chapters where the synthesis of functional inorganic aggregates is discussed, giving special attention to the growth of single crystals, assembly of nanomaterials, and preparation of amorphous materials and membranes. The new edition’s biggest highlight is Section five where the frontier in inorganic synthetic chemistry is reviewed by focusing on biomimetic synthesis and rationally designed synthesis. Focuses on the chemistry of inorganic synthesis, assembly, and organization of wide-ranging inorganic systems Covers all major methodologies of inorganic synthesis Provides state-of-the-art synthetic methods Includes real examples in the organization of complex inorganic functional materials Contains more than 4000 references that are all highly reflective of the latest advancement in inorganic synthetic chemistry Presents a comprehensive coverage of the key issues involved in modern inorganic synthetic chemistry as written by experts in the field

Innovative Piezo-active Composites And Their Structure - Property Relationships

Author : James I Roscow
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 981126161X
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Innovative Piezo-active Composites And Their Structure - Property Relationships by : James I Roscow

Download or read book Innovative Piezo-active Composites And Their Structure - Property Relationships written by James I Roscow and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-09-23 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph provides researchers, engineers, postgraduates and lecturers working in the field of ferroelectric or piezoelectric and related materials with features of the structure-property relationships in modern piezo-active composites. These are piezoelectric composites which are active dielectric materials, which can be poled ferroelectric ceramics or domain-engineered single crystals poled along specific crystallographic directions. Current knowledge of the effective physical properties of these materials is lacking especially due to gaps of information in physical, chemical, microgeometric and technological factors. For composite and transducer design purposes, the expected properties of these piezo-active materials have been theorized through models by the authors and proven in experiments. Various well-known journals have published this research, among many others: Smart Materials and Structures; Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics; IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control; Acta Materialia.The book summarises and generalises a series of authors' works on the problem of the effective properties and related parameters of modern two- and three-component piezo-active composites wherein the microgeometric factor plays the dominating role. Specific examples of the performance of composites based on domain-engineered single crystals are also discussed. New trends are described in the research of modern piezo-active composites with the aim of filling the gaps in piezoelectric materials science. The primary goal of the book is to show advantages of different methods being applied to manufacture and study the functional composites that are suitable for piezoelectric energy harvesting, hydroacoustic, sensor, actuator, and other transducer applications.