Nottinghams Military Legacy

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Nottingham's Military Legacy

Author : Gerry van Tonder
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1526707608
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Nottingham's Military Legacy by : Gerry van Tonder

Download or read book Nottingham's Military Legacy written by Gerry van Tonder and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2017-07-30 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two years after landing on English soil in 1066, William of Normandy erected a strategic castle at Nottingham, thereby creating an enduring military nexus through to the modern era.On 22 August 1642, in his endeavours to quash Parliamentarian insurrection in the Midlands, King Charles raised his standard over Nottingham Castle, a rallying call to all Royalists to support their monarch. Loyalty to the Crown was, however, divided, and before long Parliamentarian forces garrisoned the castle. Late in the eighteenth century, a town troop of Yeomanry was raised in Nottingham, the foundation of the future South Notts Yeomanry. The yeomanry assisted regular troops by helping restore peace during the so-called Bread Riots of 1795, at a time when many of the towns men had been committed to military duty during the French Revolutionary Wars. Five troops of the towns yeomanry were again called up for service during the civil unrest of the Luddite Riots of 181118. This pattern of service continued over several decades. Evolving into a regiment, the yeomanry were repeatedly deployed against civil dissenters the Nottingham Riot, and the Reform Bill and Chartist Riots.After seeing combat during the Peninsula Wars in 1815, in the latter half of the 1800s, the 59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot formed part of a British invasion force into Afghanistan from India, to curb Russian interventionism in this remote and desolate region. The outbreak of war in distant South Africa in 1899 placed enormous strain on Britains military capability. From Nottingham and other county towns, regiments of yeomanry, Hussars and Sherwood Rangers were dispatched to the hostile environment of the African veld. Nottinghams sons then answered a call to arms in their thousands, only to also perish in their thousands on the Godforsaken soils of France and Flanders during the holocaust that was the Great War. Through the Second World War to the present, Nottinghams military units underwent successive phases of metamorphosis from infantry to antiaircraft and searchlight formations, followed by the relatively recent absorption into a regional entity: the Mercian Regiment. Today, Nottinghams castle and surrounds bear the symbols of a rich and diverse military legacy symbols of remembrance, of tribute, and of a tableau of military pride from ancient times.

Sheffield's Military Legacy

Author : Gerry van Tonder
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1526707640
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Sheffield's Military Legacy by : Gerry van Tonder

Download or read book Sheffield's Military Legacy written by Gerry van Tonder and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the century following the Norman invasion, a castle was built at the confluence of the rivers Sheaf and Don, an early recognition of Sheffields strategic importance. Destroyed in the thirteenth century during the Second Barons War, a second castle was built on the site, but in 1647, it was ordered to be demolished immediately after the cessation of the Civil War, thereby negating any future tactical use by either Parliamentarian or Royalist.Steel production and downstream manufacturing would, however, be perpetually embedded in the military legacy of this seat of industrial innovation and production. The Vickers steel foundry was established in Sheffield in 1828. Following the manufacture of the factorys first artillery in 1890, Sheffield expanded to find itself a leading supplier in the First World War, feeding the military with shells, artillery, naval guns, armor plating, aircraft parts, torpedoes, helmets and bayonets. Sheffields contribution to the British war machine in the Second World War quickly attracted the attention of Nazi Germany. In December 1940, in an operation appropriately code-named Schmelztiegel, or Crucible, Sheffield suffered two major raids aimed primarily at steel and munitions factories.A proud tradition of answering a call to the colors spawned the 84th Regiment of Foot, the Loyal Independent Sheffield Volunteers of the 1700s, the Hallamshire Rifle Volunteers raised in 1859, and the Sheffield Squadron, Yeomanry Cavalry. The 18991902 Anglo-Boer War would also have an enduring legacy: the Sheffield Wednesday football stadium was named Spioen Kop, while local road names include Ladysmith Avenue and Mafeking Place. On 1 July 1916, the Sheffield City Battalion fought in an heroic and costly, but hopeless, action on the Somme to capture the village of Serre. Through the Second World War right up to Afghanistan, Sheffields men and women in uniform have not been found wanting.Sheffields rich military legacy portrayed in this publication is drawn from a cross section of representative units, home and foreign actions, uniformed personalities, barracks at the hub of musters, the caliber of gallantry including six Victoria Crosses as well as the immortality of names on memorials, such as the Sheffield Memorial Park in France.

Confederate Military History: Georgia

Author : Clement Anselm Evans
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1122 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (21 download)

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Book Synopsis Confederate Military History: Georgia by : Clement Anselm Evans

Download or read book Confederate Military History: Georgia written by Clement Anselm Evans and published by . This book was released on 1899 with total page 1122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In v. 1-11 each state has at end a "Biographical" section; "Additional sketches illustrating the services of officers and privates and patriotic citizens" are appended in v. 2 (Maryland, p. 185-447; West Virginia, p. 139-296) ; in v. 3 (Virginia) p. 693-1295 ; in v. 4 (North Carolina) p. 355-813; in v. 5 (South Carolina) p. 425-931. 1. Curry, J. L. M.; Legal justification of the South in secession. Garrett, W.R.; The South as a factor in the territorial expansion of the United States. Evans, C. A.; The Civil history of the Confederate States.--2. Johnson, B. T.; Maryland. White, Robert; West Virginia.--3. Hotchkiss, Jed; Virginia.--4. Hill, D. H. Jr.; North Carolina.--5. Capers, Ellison; South Carolina.--6. Derry, J. T.; Georgia.--7. Wheeler, Joseph; Alabama. Hooker, C. E.; Mississippi.--8. Porter, J. D.; Tennessee.--9. Johnston, J. S.; Kentucky. Moore, J. C.; Missouri.--10. Dimitry, John; Louisiana. Harrell, J. M.; Arkansas.--11. Roberts, O. M.; Texas. Dickinson, J. J.; Florida.--12. Parker, W. H.; The Confederate States navy. Jones, J. W.; The morale of the Confederate armies. Evans, C. A.; An outline of Confederate military history. Lee, S. D.; The South since the war. Documental and statistical appendix.

Irgun

Author : Gerry van Tonder
Publisher : Casemate Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1526728702
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Irgun by : Gerry van Tonder

Download or read book Irgun written by Gerry van Tonder and published by Casemate Publishers. This book was released on 2019-09-30 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of the controversial underground group that employed political violence in its quest to create an independent Israel. Includes photos. In October 1944, the US Office of Strategic Services described the Irgun Tsvai Leumi—National Military Organization—as “an underground, quasi-military organization with headquarters in Palestine . . . fanatical Zionists who wish to convert Palestine and Transjordan into an independent Jewish state [and] advocate the use of force both against the Arabs and the British to achieve this maximal political goal.” This book delves into the origins and history of Irgun. In 1925, Ze’ev Jabotinsky founded the Revisionist Zionism organization, whose secular, right-wing ideology would lead to the formation of the Irgun and, ultimately, of the Likud Party. Commencing operations in the British Mandate of Palestine in 1931, Irgun adopted a mainly guarding role, while facilitating the ongoing immigration of Jews into Palestine. In 1936, Irgun guerrillas started attacking Arab targets. The British White Paper of 1939 rejected the establishment of a Jewish nation, and as a direct consequence, Irgun guerrillas started targeting the British. The authorities executed captured Irgun operatives found guilty of terrorism, while deporting hundreds to internment camps overseas. As details of Jewish genocide—the Holocaust—emerged, Irgun declared war on the British in Palestine. Acts of infrastructural sabotage gave way to the bombing of buildings and police stations, the worst being the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem—the hub of British operations and administration—in July 1946, killing ninety-one. Freedom fighters or terrorists, Irgun was only dissolved when the independent Jewish state of Israel was born on May 14, 1948. This is their story.

Korean War—Chinese Invasion

Author : Gerry van Tonder
Publisher : Pen and Sword Military
ISBN 13 : 1526778106
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Korean War—Chinese Invasion by : Gerry van Tonder

Download or read book Korean War—Chinese Invasion written by Gerry van Tonder and published by Pen and Sword Military. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of the causes and the direct outcome of North Korea’s seemingly unstoppable thrust down the Korean Peninsula in 1950. In his first four volumes on the Korean War, the author traces the war’s progress from the North Korean invasion of June 1950, the desperate American defense of the Pusan Perimeter, General Douglas MacArthur’s daring and highly successful amphibious offensive at Inch’on, and his subsequent advance across the 38th Parallel to the Yalu River on the Chinese Manchurian border Communist Chinese forces, that have been secretly infiltrating North Korean territory by slipping across the Yalu from mid-October 1950, ambush a South Korean regiment in the mountains of central North Korea. This is the first of several Chinese victories over unsuspecting and overstretched South Korean and American units in the winter of 1950-1951. On November 27, 1950, Chinese leader Mao Zedong, ostensibly fearful of the consequences of hostile American forces on his country’s border along the Yalu River, orders 250,000 troops into Korea, with express orders to annihilate the UN forces. In the western half of the theater, U.S. General Walton H. Walker’s Eighth Army front along the Ch’ongch’on axis is breached, while to the east, the U.S. X Corps suffers a series of crushing defeats, including at the Chosin Reservoir, precipitating a massive evacuation from the North Korean port of Hungnam. Praise for Korean War - Chinese Invasion "An extraordinarily informative and exceptionally well written, deftly organized and presented, detailed history.” —Midwest Book Review

Inchon Landing

Author : Gerry van Tonder
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1526756978
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Inchon Landing by : Gerry van Tonder

Download or read book Inchon Landing written by Gerry van Tonder and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2019-09-30 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of this dramatic and risky amphibious invasion, with photos included. In the previous two volumes in the author’s series on battles of the Korean War, North Korean ground forces, armor and artillery cross the 38th Parallel into South Korea, inflicting successive ignominious defeats on the ill-prepared US-led UN troops, pushing them ever southward into a tiny defensive enclave—the Pusan Perimeter—on the tip of the Korean Peninsula. The story continues as General Douglas MacArthur, Second World War veteran of the South East Asia and Pacific theaters, meets with considerable resistance to his plans for a counteroffensive, from both Washington and his staff in South Korea and Japan: it is typhoon season, the approaches to the South Korean port city of Inch’on are not conducive to amphibious assault, and it will leave the besieged Pusan Perimeter in great danger of being overrun. However, the controversial MacArthur’s obstinate persistence prevails and, with a mere three weeks to go, the US X Corps is activated to execute the invasion on D-Day, September 15, 1950. Elements of the US Marine Corps land successfully on the scheduled day, and with the element of surprise on their side, immediately strike east to Seoul, only fifteen miles away. The next day, General Walker’s Eighth US Army breaks out of Pusan to complete the southerly envelopment of the North Korean forces. Seoul falls on the 25th. MacArthur’s impulsive gamble has paid off, and the South Korean government moves back to their capital. The North Koreans have been driven north of the 38th Parallel, effectively bringing to an end their invasion of the south that started on June 25, 1950. With a timeline and photos included, this book tells the compelling story.

Echoes of the Coventry Blitz

Author : Gerry van Tonder
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1526709694
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Echoes of the Coventry Blitz by : Gerry van Tonder

Download or read book Echoes of the Coventry Blitz written by Gerry van Tonder and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2018-06-30 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smoke rises in the City of Three Spires, the smouldering remnant of the Nazi hate. Coventry and England will remember and repay.From August 1940, Hitlers Luftwaffe mercilessly and indiscriminately bombed cities and towns in Britain. The historic West Midlands city of Coventry did not escape the carnage as, night after night, high-explosive and incendiary bombs rained down on the hapless production centre of cars, munitions and aero engines.Today, the iconic shell of Coventrys once majestic medieval cathedral offers a silent memorial of remembrance to that dreadful night. For the citys residents of now, it is a poignant echo of a violent and destructive part of their history.With carefully selected photographs, Gerry van Tonder tells the story of Coventrys blitz through a series of ghost photographs, where historic wartime images are blended with their modern counterpart to create a fascinating window in to Coventrys past. Also drawing from contemporary press accounts of the Coventry Blitz, this book presents a totally unique comparative insight into the Nazi bombing of Coventry in the Second World War.

Korean War - Allied Surge

Author : Gerry van Tonder
Publisher : Pen and Sword Military
ISBN 13 : 1526756935
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Korean War - Allied Surge by : Gerry van Tonder

Download or read book Korean War - Allied Surge written by Gerry van Tonder and published by Pen and Sword Military. This book was released on 2019-11-13 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cold War crescendo: in the author’s first three volumes in a series on battles of the Korean War, North Korean forces cross the 38th Parallel, rolling back US and South Korean forces into a small corner of the Korean peninsula. Months later, commander of the United Nations Command (UNC) in Korea, General Douglas MacArthur, launches a daring counteroffensive invasion at Inchon, enveloping North Korea. Despite a warning from Beijing that it will intervene if US forces cross the 38th, MacArthur uses the UN’s conditional authorization to land elements of the US X Corps at Wonsan and Riwon in North Korea. The Eighth US Army and South Korean forces capture the North Korean capital, P’yngyang, while American paratroops make the first combat jump of the conflict at Sunch’n and Sukch’n, cutting the road to the Chinese border. While MacArthur’s ground forces edge closer to the Yalu River, and the general having designs of chasing the retiring North Koreans across the river into China, in October 1950 the Chinese politburo immediately deploys 200,000 members of the 13th Army Group of the newly titled People’s Volunteer Army (PLA) on a pre-emptive ‘defensive’ operation into North Korea.

Nottingham, Its Castle, a Military Fortress, a Royal Palace, a Ducal Mansion a Blackened Ruin, a Museum and Gallery of Art

Author : Thomas Chambers Hine
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Nottingham, Its Castle, a Military Fortress, a Royal Palace, a Ducal Mansion a Blackened Ruin, a Museum and Gallery of Art by : Thomas Chambers Hine

Download or read book Nottingham, Its Castle, a Military Fortress, a Royal Palace, a Ducal Mansion a Blackened Ruin, a Museum and Gallery of Art written by Thomas Chambers Hine and published by . This book was released on 1876 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Berlin Blockade

Author : Gerry van Tonder
Publisher : Casemate Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1526708280
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Berlin Blockade by : Gerry van Tonder

Download or read book Berlin Blockade written by Gerry van Tonder and published by Casemate Publishers. This book was released on 2017-04-30 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the world held its breath It is 25 years since the end of the Cold War, now a generation old. It began over 75 years ago, in 1944long before the last shots of the Second World War had echoed across the wastelands of Eastern Europewith the brutal Greek Civil War. The battle lines are no longer drawn, but they linger on, unwittingly or not, in conflict zones such as Iraq, Somalia and Ukraine. In an era of mass-produced AK-47s and ICBMs, one such flashpoint was Berlin.Allied agreements entered into at Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam for the carving up of postwar Berlin now meant nothing to the Soviet conquerors. Their victory had cost millions of Russian lives troops and civilians so the hammer and sickle hoisted atop the Reichstag was more a claim to ownership than success. Moscows agenda was clear and simple: the Western Allies had to leave Berlin. The blockade ensued as the Soviets orchestrated a determined program of harassment, intimidation, flexing of muscle, and Socialist propaganda to force the Allies out. Truman had already used the atomic bomb: Britain and America would not be cowed. Historys largest airborne relief program was introduced to save the beleaguered city. In a war of attrition, diplomatic bluff and backstabbing, and mobilizing of forces, the West braced itself for a third world war.

A bibliography of British military history

Author : Anthony Bruce
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111660214
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis A bibliography of British military history by : Anthony Bruce

Download or read book A bibliography of British military history written by Anthony Bruce and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-12-19 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Military History of the English Civil War

Author : Malcolm Wanklyn
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317868390
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis A Military History of the English Civil War by : Malcolm Wanklyn

Download or read book A Military History of the English Civil War written by Malcolm Wanklyn and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-07-10 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Military History of the English Civil War examines how the civil war was won, who fought for whom, and why it ended. With a straightforward style and clear chronology that enables readers to make their own judgements and pursue their own interests further, this original history provides a thorough critique of the reasons that have been cited for Parliament's victory and the King's defeat in 1645/46. It discusses the strategic options of the Parliamentary and Royalist commanders and councils of war and analyses the decisions they made, arguing that the King’s faulty command structure was more responsible for his defeat than Sir Thomas Fairfax's strategic flair. It also argues that the way that resources were used, rather than the resources themselves, explain why the war ended when it did.

Journal of Medieval Military History

Author : Jan Van Camp
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1843836688
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Journal of Medieval Military History by : Jan Van Camp

Download or read book Journal of Medieval Military History written by Jan Van Camp and published by Boydell & Brewer Ltd. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series debates aspects of medieval warfare, and this volume deals with warfare in the 15th century in particular.

Enduring Controversies in Military History [2 volumes]

Author : Spencer C. Tucker
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440841209
Total Pages : 994 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Enduring Controversies in Military History [2 volumes] by : Spencer C. Tucker

Download or read book Enduring Controversies in Military History [2 volumes] written by Spencer C. Tucker and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 994 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This provocative examination of major controversies in military history enables readers to learn how scholars approach controversial topics and provides a model for students in the study and discussion of other historical events. Why did Alexander the Great's empire fall apart so soon after his death? How did France win the Hundred Years War despite England winning its major battles? Was slavery the primary cause of the American Civil War? Would it have benefited the Allies militarily to have gone to war against Germany in 1938 rather than in 1939? Should women be allowed to serve in combat positions in the U.S. military? All of these questions and many other historical controversies are addressed in this thought-provoking reference book. By exploring every angle of some of the most contentious debates involving military history, this book builds students' critical thinking skills by supplying a complete background of the controversial topic to provide context, and also by providing multiple perspective essays written by top scholars in the field. The perspective essays present arguments for different positions on the controversy. Readers will consider the cases for and against whether Hannibal should have marched on Rome after his momentous victory at Cannae, whether the United States was justified in using the atomic bomb in Japan, whether Adolf Hitler was primarily responsible for the Holocaust, and whether torturing prisoners during the War on Terror is warranted, among many other historical military debates.

Dictionary of British Military History

Author : George Usher
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1408102234
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Dictionary of British Military History by : George Usher

Download or read book Dictionary of British Military History written by George Usher and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the invasion of Britain by the Danes through the battle of Hastings, Agincourt and Waterloo up to the present day, this fascinating dictionary includes entries on battles, campaigns and famous commanders, as well as ranks, regiments, uniforms and weapons. The reader will find an outline of the British army since its formation in the 17th century, together with brief histories of battles and biographies of great military leaders. A handy reference source for all levels of student or enthusiast, including the general reader of historical reference and anyone with an interest in the British military.

Administration and Organization of War in Thirteenth-Century England

Author : David S. Bachrach
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000051218
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Administration and Organization of War in Thirteenth-Century England by : David S. Bachrach

Download or read book Administration and Organization of War in Thirteenth-Century England written by David S. Bachrach and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-03-11 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essays brought together in this volume examine the conduct of war by the Angevin kings of England during the long thirteenth century (1189-1307). Drawing upon a wide range of unpublished administrative records that have been largely ignored by previous scholarship, David S. Bachrach offers new insights into the military technology of the period, including the types of artillery and missile weapons produced by the royal government. The studies in this volume also highlight the administrative sophistication of the Angevin kings in military affairs, showing how they produced and maintained huge arsenals, mobilized vast quantities of supplies for their armies in the field, and provided for the pastoral care of their men. Bachrach also challenges the knight-centric focus of much of the scholarship on this period, demonstrating that the militarization of the English population penetrated to men in the lower social and economic strata, who volunteered in large numbers for military service, and even made careers as professional soldiers. (CS1088).

Defending Nottinghamshire

Author : Mike Osborne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780752499550
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis Defending Nottinghamshire by : Mike Osborne

Download or read book Defending Nottinghamshire written by Mike Osborne and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nottinghamshire's position at the very heart of England has given it important strategic significance throughout two millennia, underlined by the number of roads, waterways, and later railways, criss-crossing the county. An endless succession of armies have used the Great North Road: the Romans, the Vikings, the Normans, the Lancastrians and the Jacobites. Strategic river crossings and road junctions have been guarded by Roman camps, Viking and Saxon burhs, medieval castles, Parliamentarian and Royalist forts, and the anti-invasion defences of the Second World War.The area has traditionally provided a rallying point for armies to be gathered, from Richard III's in 1485 to Kitchener's in 1914. Building on the experience of the great training camps of Clipstone and the Dukeries and the extensive munitions works of Chilwell and Nottingham, in the Second World War the county expanded such provision, becoming home to a concentration of flying training centres, key components of the army's and the RAF's logistical support networks and further munitions plants.Much of this military activity has left its mark on the landscape, some of it relatively untouched, and some adapted to meet the demands of change. Some monuments are of enormous national importance; Newark-on-Trent, as well as retaining its unspoilt medieval castle ruins, boasts the best single concentration of Civil War-period fortifications anywhere in Britain.