Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Nontariff Barriers Africa Faces What Did The Uruguay Round Accomplish And What Remains To Be Done
Download Nontariff Barriers Africa Faces What Did The Uruguay Round Accomplish And What Remains To Be Done full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Nontariff Barriers Africa Faces What Did The Uruguay Round Accomplish And What Remains To Be Done ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Nontariff barriers Africa faces : what did the Uruguay Round accomplish, and what remains to be done? by : Azita Amjadi
Download or read book Nontariff barriers Africa faces : what did the Uruguay Round accomplish, and what remains to be done? written by Azita Amjadi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nontariff Barriers Africa Faces: What Did the Uruguay Round Accomplish, and What Remains to be Done? by : Alexander Yeats
Download or read book Nontariff Barriers Africa Faces: What Did the Uruguay Round Accomplish, and What Remains to be Done? written by Alexander Yeats and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: March 1995 Perhaps the major accomplishment of the Uruguay Round is agreements reached on nontariff barriers (NTBs). All NTBs imposed under the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA) will be phased out over 10 years, and all voluntary export restraints will be abolished. OECD countries' NTBs on agricultural goods will be converted to tariffs and then reduced by an average of 36 percent. Agreement was also reached on limiting subsidies and other agricultural export incentives. As a result, the profile of OECD nontariff protection Africa faces will change dramatically. Formerly, about 11 percent of all Sub-Saharan Africa exports encountered NTBs; now this ratio will fall to about 2 percent. Formerly, 83 percent of Reunion's pre-Uruguay Round exports were affected by NTBs; now none will. Some African countries, however, will be largely unaffected by the Uruguay Round's accomplishments. No NTBs on energy products were liberalized so coverage ratios for Angola, Congo, ad Nigeria are still high - but the measures applied (largely quantitative restrictions and special import charges) apparently do not raise the cost of imports significantly. The exclusion of fish from the agreement on agriculture also limited the potential benefits to countries like the Seychelles. Others simply faced no (or few) nontariff restrictions before the negotiations. The new developments are regarded as positive for developing countries as a group, although some countries may incur losses. Trade in textiles and clothing has been closely regulated for three decades through MFA quotas. Phasing these restrictions out will subject African countries to aggressive international competition. Whether they can maintain a viable textile and clothing export sector depends on whether they can achieve reforms aimed at cost-cutting. The MFA liberalization is heavily backloaded, with roughly half the restrictions being removed at the end of 10 years, so there is ample time for adjustment. Africa should also face more vigorous competition on footwear and ferrous metals when voluntary restraints on some other developing countries are lifted. Any losses in market share that may occur, however, may not reflect welfare changes, especially if African exports were heavily subsidized. Agriculture could also be harmed unless appropriate domestic policies are adopted. The tariffication (and reduction) of NTBs, along with limits on export subsidies, could raise international prices on some staples, which would hurt net food importers. Reforms to ensure that prices paid to domestic producers increase in line with international prices (thus stimulating a local supply response) could limit increases in the food import bill. In the post-Uruguay Round world, it is increasingly important to remove domestic constraints that prevent local producers from taking full advantage of new export opportunities. Unfinished business includes further initiatives needed to address NTBs on fish, chemicals and energy products which the Round bypassed. Stricter regulations on safeguards and the use of antidumping duties are also needed to ensure that these measures are not substituted for those eliminated. But much of the unfinished business involves domestic reform needed to ensure that African countries can react to new export opportunities and competitive challenges.
Book Synopsis Nontariff Barriers Africa Faces by : Alexander J. Yeats
Download or read book Nontariff Barriers Africa Faces written by Alexander J. Yeats and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perhaps the major accompl ...
Book Synopsis Africa and the World Trading System by : T. Ademola Oyejide
Download or read book Africa and the World Trading System written by T. Ademola Oyejide and published by Africa World Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This three-volume set presents the results of a research project initiated by the African Economic Research Consortium. The project intended to identify and examine the critical analytical and policy issues involved in Africa's economic links with the rest of the world, particularly in the context of the emerging global trading system. The project had two distinct but closely related component parts. The first was based on empirical, region-wide analysis and was designed to provide the framework for the menu of issues explored.
Book Synopsis Did Domestic Policies Marginalize Africa in International Trade? by : Alexander J. Yeats
Download or read book Did Domestic Policies Marginalize Africa in International Trade? written by Alexander J. Yeats and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World Bank Technical Paper No. 344. Presents and analyzes a wealth of data on levels of and trends in health status, delivery of services, and financing in each of the former Soviet states of Central Asia. The paper examines health care reform from the perspectives of macroeconomic constraints, the demographic and epidemiological transitions facing each country, the underlying structure and financing of their health systems, and what they have inherited from the old Soviet system.
Book Synopsis Africa's Role in Multilateral Trade Negotiations by : Zhen Kun Wang
Download or read book Africa's Role in Multilateral Trade Negotiations written by Zhen Kun Wang and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Did External Barriers Cause the Marginalization of Sub-Saharan Africa in World Trade? by : Azita Amjadi
Download or read book Did External Barriers Cause the Marginalization of Sub-Saharan Africa in World Trade? written by Azita Amjadi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban Management Programme Paper No. 20. Reviews the specific actions that municipalities and city governments may take in contributing to urban poverty reduction. The paper highlights example of issues, options, and constraints that urban governments must address in fighting poverty. It focuses on municipalities and other city-level government entities as a critical institutional level of intervention. Other language editions available: French--Stock No. 13814 (ISBN 0-8213-3814-5); English--Stock No. 13716 (ISBN 0-8213-3716-5).
Book Synopsis Effects of Globalization on Developing Countries by : World Bank
Download or read book Effects of Globalization on Developing Countries written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: This year's study focuses on the effects of globalization on developing countries and the growing divide between fast and slow-integrating economies. The pace of global economic integration continues to accelerate dramatically. In the ten years from 1985 to 1994, the ratio of world trade to GDP rose three times faster than during the previous decade. During this same ten-year period, foreign direct investment (FDI) doubled as a share of global GDP. Developing countries also participated extensively in the acceleration of global integration. A closer look, however, reveals sharp disparities between countries. Though developing countries in the aggregate kept pace with the world rate of trade integration, the ratio of trade to GDP actually fell in some 44 out of 93 developing countries in the last ten years. There were similar disparities in the distribution of FDI: two-thirds of total FDI went to just eight developing countries; half received little or none. This trend is likely to continue. Projections indicate that trade and investment will accelerate in those countries which open up to the global economy, and stay stagnant in those that do not. At the same time, there has never been a better time for developing countries to integrate. Projected generally favorable conditions in the global economy, including stable energy prices, low interest rates and inflation, and improved communications and transportation technology, have created an environment conducive to market liberalization. Moreover, traditional obstacles to developing country integration, such as high tariff barriers, are falling rapidly. Many developing countries in every part of the world have successfully pursued policies of greater openness to the global economy, and there is much to learn from their experience. The report documents the evidence, provides case study analyses, and makes recommendations about best-practice approaches to market liberalization, especially in the areas of trade and commodities. For many developing countries, successful globalization depends on fundamental economic reform, requiring difficult policy decisions that often lead to real short-term dislocation. These costs must be acknowledged from the outset, and the effects carefully taken into account in the design of the programs. But the costs are manageable. In fact, openness to external trade and investment is often the necessary first step to solid, sustainable economic development.
Book Synopsis Have Transport Costs Contributed to the Relative Decline of African Exports? by : Azita Amjadi
Download or read book Have Transport Costs Contributed to the Relative Decline of African Exports? written by Azita Amjadi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Net Gains written by Carolyn Deere and published by IUCN. This book was released on 2000 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the linkages between trade, environment and sustainable development in the marine capture fisheries sector.
Book Synopsis The Impact of the Uruguay Round on Africa by : Peter Harrold
Download or read book The Impact of the Uruguay Round on Africa written by Peter Harrold and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995-01-01 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation World Bank Discussion Paper No. 311.Examines the effects of the Uruguay Round on the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. The findings show that the effects will be minimal overall and may be beneficial to countries which make the necessary domestic reforms for participation in the world market.
Book Synopsis Product Certification and Ecolabelling for Fisheries Sustainability by : Cathy A. Roheim
Download or read book Product Certification and Ecolabelling for Fisheries Sustainability written by Cathy A. Roheim and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2001 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document considers product certification and ecolabelling schemes used for fish and fishery products. It discusses the characteristics and theoretical foundations of these programmes, the links to international trade law; and other institutional aspects.
Book Synopsis Trade Policy Issues by : Ms.Naheed Kirmani
Download or read book Trade Policy Issues written by Ms.Naheed Kirmani and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1997-04-15 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book edited by Chorng-Huey Wong and Naheed Kirmani, examines a wide range of trade policy issues relevant in the 1990s that were the subject of a seminar organized by the IMF in 1996. The topics include the design and implementation of trade reform, trade liberalization in industrial and transition economies, regional trading arrangements, the impact of the Uruguay Round, the role of the World Trade Organization, and post Uruguay Round issues.
Book Synopsis Globalisation and Trade by : Oliver Morrissey
Download or read book Globalisation and Trade written by Oliver Morrissey and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers collected in this volume report the results of research on issues dealing with the failure of globalization to benefit poor countries. They explain how exports could be improved for these countries and reveal the role that UK supermarkets play in African poverty.
Book Synopsis Does Decentralization Increase Spending on Public Infrastructure? by : Antonio Estache
Download or read book Does Decentralization Increase Spending on Public Infrastructure? written by Antonio Estache and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: May 1995 Decentralization tends to increase both total and subnational spending on public infrastructure. Why this is so is not clear -- possibly because subnational governments' choices in terms of quality and quantity of infrastructure differ from central governments' choices. It is commonly argued that when the benefits of an infrastructure service are mostly local and there is little scope for economies of scale -- as in urban transit, road maintenance, water supply, and solid waste management -- decentralization is the most effective way to deliver service. Those services have been decentralized in many countries, and many others are rapidly decentralizing. The central government is still responsible for many other infrastructure services, such as power and telecommunications, but this too is changing as the responsibility is increasingly transferred to subnational governments. Recent technological innovations reduce the need for services to be provided by monopolistic utilities. Power generation and distribution can now be handled competitively by decentralized units, and parts of some local telephone monopolies will increasingly meet competition from wireless telephones and rival wireline systems. How has increased decentralization affected spending levels on infrastructure? The outcome reflects the net outcome of opposing effects. Spending increases if the subnational government makes infrastructure a higher priority than the federal government did, if they are less effective at delivering services, or if they give up the benefits of economies of scale to get more autonomy. Spending decreases if they assign infrastructure a lower priority, or if most projects are more cost-effective. In their analysis, Estache and Sinha focus on spending levels and ignore the reasons these levels change, so no conclusions can be made about whether decentralization makes spending more or less efficient. Among the conclusions they offer: * Decentralization tends to increase both total and subnational spending on infrastructure -- possibly because the preferences of subnational governments in terms of quality and quantity of infrastructure are different from the central government's preferences. * The conventional wisdom is true: For decentralization, policymakers everywhere must guarantee a balance between revenue and spending assignment. A good way to offset the impact of decentralization on spending levels is to increase the imbalance between revenue and spending assignments. * Be careful about applying lessons learned in industrial countries to decentralization in developing countries. What happens in industrial countries may help assess the decentralization's impact on total spending in developing countries, because the elasticity of per capita infrastructure spending is roughly similar in both countries (about 0.3 in developing countries and about 0.2 in industrial countries). But that is not a good indicator for subnational spending, for which the elasticity is greater than 1 in developing countries (between 1.1 and 1.3, depending on how decentralization is measured) and less than 1 in industrial countries (between 0.7 and 0.9). This paper -- a product of the Office of the Vice President, Development Economics -- is a background paper for World Development Report 1994 on infrastructure.
Book Synopsis Standards and Global Trade by : John Sullivan Wilson
Download or read book Standards and Global Trade written by John Sullivan Wilson and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides the first comprehensive assessment of the relationship between trade standards and development priorities in Africa, with case studies of the use of international standards and capacity for compliance in five countries: Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda. It describes the economic context of trade standards in these countries, and examines the mechanisms by which standards and regulations are established and revised at local and international levels. It also considers the probable impact of new standards, regulations and related production/marketing practices in key industries.
Book Synopsis Trade Reforn, Efficiency and Growth by :
Download or read book Trade Reforn, Efficiency and Growth written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
