Non Shia Practices Of Muharram In South Asia And The Diaspora

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Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora

Author : Pushkar Sohoni
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000456978
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora by : Pushkar Sohoni

Download or read book Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora written by Pushkar Sohoni and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-26 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses engagements with non-Shia practices of Muḥarram celebrations in the past and present, in South Asia and within a larger diaspora. Breaking new ground by bringing together a variety of regional perspectives (the Deccan, the Punjab, Singapore, South Africa, and Trinidad and Tobago) and linguistic backgrounds (Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Urdu), the chapters discuss the importance of Muḥarram celebrations in terms of their respective actors. While in some cases these include an interrelationship with Shia Muslims and their traditions of mourning during Muḥarram, other contributions address contexts in which Shias, and even Muslims, form only a minor component of the celebrations, or even none at all. Focusing on Muḥarram celebrations that are beyond the script provided by Shia Muḥarram practices, this book opens up new perspectives on Muḥarram as a social practice widely shared by South Asians across regions. The book will be a key resource to scholars and students of South Asian studies, Asian religion, in particular rituals and religious practices, and Islamic studies but also engaging to non-academic readers interested in the practices of several regions.

Language Ideologies and the Vernacular in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia

Author : Nishat Zaidi
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000930424
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Language Ideologies and the Vernacular in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia by : Nishat Zaidi

Download or read book Language Ideologies and the Vernacular in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia written by Nishat Zaidi and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-09-29 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume critically engages with recent formulations and debates regarding the status of the regional languages of the Indian subcontinent vis-à-vis English. It explores how language ideologies of the “vernacular” are positioned in relation to the language ideologies of English in South Asia. The book probes into how we might move beyond the English-vernacular binary in India, explores what happened to “bhasha literatures” during the colonial and post-colonial periods and how to position those literatures by the side of Indian English and international literature. It looks into the ways vernacular community and political rhetoric are intertwined with Anglophone (national or global) positionalities and their roles in political processes. This book will be of interest to researchers, students and scholars of literary and cultural studies, Indian Writing in English, Indian literatures, South Asian languages and popular culture. It will also be extremely valuable for language scholars, sociolinguists, social historians, scholars of cultural studies and those who understand the theoretical issues that concern the notion of “vernacularity”.

Secularism and Islam in Bangladesh

Author : Abdul Wohab
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000985296
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Secularism and Islam in Bangladesh by : Abdul Wohab

Download or read book Secularism and Islam in Bangladesh written by Abdul Wohab and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-10-13 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Secularism and Islam in Bangladesh comprehensively analyses the syncretistic form of Bengali Islam and its relationship with secularism in Bangladesh from pre-British to contemporary times. It focuses on the importance of understanding the dynamics between religion and secularism within specific cultural contexts. The author draws upon historical, sociological, and political literature, Bangladeshi electoral results, newspaper reports, and elite interviews with political commentators and offers a rich historical and empirical analysis. Arguing that extremist interpretations of Islam, which aim to establish a theocratic state, have not been able to influence the pluralistic religious and cultural life of Bangladesh substantially, the book shows that religious and cultural pluralism will continue to thrive despite the apparent threat posed by increasing religiosity among Bangladeshi Muslims. This book is a timely and significant contribution to the discourse on secularism and Islam, with relevance beyond Bangladesh and the wider Islamic world. It will appeal to scholars and researchers working in the fields of South Asian Studies, Asian Religions, and the Sociology of Religion.

Chakshudana or Opening the Eyes

Author : Pika Ghosh
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000986071
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Chakshudana or Opening the Eyes by : Pika Ghosh

Download or read book Chakshudana or Opening the Eyes written by Pika Ghosh and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-09-20 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chakshudana or rituals of opening the eyes are practiced across multiple South Asian communities by artists, sculptors, and priests. The ritual offers gods access to the mortal world. This practice, applied to the study of material and visual culture, offers a distinctive perspective to interrogate the complex engagements with paintings, sculptures, found objects, fragments, built environments, and ecologies. This volume takes the process of seeing as its focus—to look closely, remaining true to the object, but also to see widely—from multiple subjective stances and diverse bodily engagements such as walking to dreaming, glancing to looking askance, hypnotic stares, and to see beyond the visible. It examines art history through nuanced considerations of materiality, aesthetics, and regional specificities. The essays emerge from current research that builds on the contributions of Michael W. Meister, W. Norman Brown Distinguished Professor of History of Art and South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, whose works laid the foundations for the study of South Asian visual and material culture. The essays in this book underscore methodological resonances rather than privileging conventional categories of media or chronology, exploring artistic media including temples and paintings as well as Bengali-quilted textiles, manuscript ‘lozenges,’ and metal repousse. This volume, part of the Visual Media and Histories Series, will be of interest to students and researchers of history of art, religious studies, and history as well as the allied disciplines of anthropology and folklore studies. Chapter 2 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien

Author : Hans Harder
Publisher : Helmut Buske Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3967694143
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (676 download)

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Book Synopsis Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien by : Hans Harder

Download or read book Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien written by Hans Harder and published by Helmut Buske Verlag. This book was released on 2024-03-05 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhalt: - Gautam Liu: Premchands Hindi: Zur Genese des Standardregisters in der gegenwärtigen Hindi-Prosa - Akanksha Yadav, Vinita Chandra: Conditional Vows: Exchange and Reciprocity between the Deity and Laity in Chaṭh - Arian Hopf: Das Rāmāʾin in der Urdu-Literatur - Benjamin Zachariah: Syed Mujtaba Ali's Unpainted Canvas: The Chacha Stories and a Bengali View of Weimar Germany, c. 1929–1932 - Bipasha Bhattacharya: Two Books on Visva-Bharati - Shruti Krishna Bhat: A Path of Liberation that Fetches Prosperity: Juxtaposing the Śākta View of bhukti-mukti and the Philosophy of Action-Liberation

Racial Blackness and Indian Ocean Slavery

Author : Parisa Vaziri
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452970203
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Racial Blackness and Indian Ocean Slavery by : Parisa Vaziri

Download or read book Racial Blackness and Indian Ocean Slavery written by Parisa Vaziri and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2023-12-26 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rethinking the history of African enslavement in the western Indian Ocean through the lens of Iranian cinema From the East African and Red Sea coasts to the Persian Gulf ports of Bushihr, Kish, and Hurmuz, sailing and caravan networks supplied Iran and the surrounding regions with African slave labor from antiquity to the nineteenth century. This book reveals how Iranian cinema preserves the legacy of this vast and yet long-overlooked history that has come to be known as Indian Ocean slavery. How does a focus on blackness complicate traditional understandings of history and culture? Parisa Vaziri addresses this question by looking at residues of the Indian Ocean slave trade in Iranian films from the second half of the twentieth century. Revealing the politicized clash between commercial cinema (fīlmfārsī) and alternative filmmaking (the Iranian New Wave), she pays particular attention to the healing ritual zār, which is both an African slave descendent practice and a constitutive element of Iranian culture, as well as to cinematic sīyāh bāzī (Persian black play). Moving beyond other studies on Indian Ocean and trans-Saharan slavery, Vaziri highlights the crystallization of a singular mode of historicity within these cinematic examples—one of “absence” that reflects the relative dearth of archival information on the facts surrounding Indian Ocean slavery. Bringing together cinema studies, Middle East studies, Black studies, and postcolonial theory, Racial Blackness and Indian Ocean Slavery explores African enslavement in the Indian Ocean through the revelatory and little-known history of Iranian cinema. It shows that Iranian film reveals a resistance to facticity representative of the history of African enslavement in the Indian Ocean and preserves the legacy of African slavery’s longue durée in ways that resist its overpowering erasure in the popular and historical imagination. Retail e-book files for this title are screen-reader friendly with images accompanied by short alt text and/or extended descriptions.

Nodes of Translation

Author : Martin Christof-Füchsle
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110787180
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Nodes of Translation by : Martin Christof-Füchsle

Download or read book Nodes of Translation written by Martin Christof-Füchsle and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-01-29 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume examines translation of key German texts into the modern Indian languages as well as translation from the vernacular languages of South Asia into German. Our key concerns are shifting historical contexts, concepts, and translation practices. Bringing an intellectual history dimension to translation studies, we explore the history of translation, translators, and sites of translation. The organization of the volume follows some key questions. Which texts were being translated? At what point or period in time did this happen? What were the motivations behind these translations? Topics covered range from thematic nodes or clusters, e.g., translations of Economics texts and ideas into Urdu, or the translation of Marx and Engels into Marathi, to personal endeavours, such as the first Hindi translation of Goethe’s Faust done by Bholanath Sharma in 1939. Missionary as well as Marxist activist translation work from Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu is included too. On the other hand, German translations of Tagore and Gandhi setting in shortly after 1912 are also examined. Also discussed are political strategies of publication of translations from modern Indian languages guiding the output of publishing houses in the GDR after 1949. Further included are the translator’s perspective and the contemporary translation and literary culture. What happens through the process of linguistic translation in the realm of cultural translation? What can a historical study of translation tell us about the history of Indo-German intellectual entanglements in the long twentieth century? The volume brings together multifaceted interdisciplinary research work from South Asian and German studies to answer some of these questions.

South Asian Religions on Display

Author : Knut A. Jacobsen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134074581
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis South Asian Religions on Display by : Knut A. Jacobsen

Download or read book South Asian Religions on Display written by Knut A. Jacobsen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-03-03 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Religious procession is a significant dimension of religion in South Asia. Processions are central not only in Hinduism, but also Islam, Christianity, Jainism and Sikhism, which have large procession rituals. The last years have seen an increase in processions and ritualizations of space both in South Asia and in the South Asian Diaspora. Processions are religious display events and the increase in processions are functions of religious pluralism and competition about public space as well as economic prosperity and a revival of religious identities. Processions often bring together religion and politics since they are about public space, domination and contestation. Written by leading specialists on religious processions and ritualization of public space in South Asia and in the Diaspora, this volume presents current research on the interpretations of the role of processions, the recent increase in processions and changes in the procession traditions. South Asian Religions on Display will appeal to students and scholars of Asian studies, anthropology, religion and political science.

Imagining Muslims in South Asia and the Diaspora

Author : Claire Chambers
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317654129
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Imagining Muslims in South Asia and the Diaspora by : Claire Chambers

Download or read book Imagining Muslims in South Asia and the Diaspora written by Claire Chambers and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-08-13 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literary, cinematic and media representations of the disputed category of the ‘South Asian Muslim’ have undergone substantial change in the last few decades and particularly since the events of September 11, 2001. Here we find the first book-length critical analysis of these representations of Muslims from South Asia and its diaspora in literature, the media, culture and cinema. Contributors contextualize these depictions against the burgeoning post-9/11 artistic interest in Islam, and also against cultural responses to earlier crises on the subcontinent such as Partition (1947), the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war and secession of Bangladesh, the 1992 Ayodhya riots , the 2002 Gujarat genocide and the Kashmir conflict. Offering a comparative approach, the book explores connections between artists’ generic experimentalism and their interpretations of life as Muslims in South Asia and its diaspora, exploring literary and popular fiction, memoir, poetry, news media, and film. The collection highlights the diversity of representations of Muslims and the range of approaches to questions of Muslim religious and cultural identity, as well as secular discourse. Essays by leading scholars in the field highlight the significant role that literature, film, and other cultural products such as music can play in opening up space for complex reflections on Muslim identities and cultures, and how such imaginative cultural forms can enable us to rethink secularism and religion. Surveying a broad range of up-to-date writing and cultural production, this concise and pioneering critical analysis of representations of South Asian Muslims will be of interest to students and academics of a variety of subjects including Asian Studies, Literary Studies, Media Studies, Women’s Studies, Contemporary Politics, Migration History, Film studies, and Cultural Studies.

Religions of the World [6 volumes]

Author : J. Gordon Melton
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1598842048
Total Pages : 3788 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Religions of the World [6 volumes] by : J. Gordon Melton

Download or read book Religions of the World [6 volumes] written by J. Gordon Melton and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2010-09-21 with total page 3788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This masterful six-volume encyclopedia provides comprehensive, global coverage of religion, emphasizing larger religious communities without neglecting the world's smaller religious outposts. Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices is an extraordinary work, bringing together the scholarship of some 225 experts from around the globe. The encyclopedia's six volumes offer entries on every country of the world, with particular emphasis on the larger nations, as well as Indonesia and the Latin American countries that are traditionally given little attention in English-language reference works. Entries include profiles on religion in the world's smallest countries (the Vatican and San Marino), profiles on religion in recently established or disputed countries (Kosovo and Nagorno-Karabakh), as well as profiles on religion in some of the world's most remote places (Antarctica and Easter Island). Religions of the World is unique in that it is based in religion "on the ground," tracing the development of each of the 16 major world religious traditions through its institutional expressions in the modern world, its major geographical sites, and its major celebrations. Unlike other works, the encyclopedia also covers the world of religious unbelief as expressed in atheism, humanism, and other traditions.

Shi'a Minorities in the Contemporary World

Author : Scharbrodt Oliver Scharbrodt
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 1474430406
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (744 download)

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Book Synopsis Shi'a Minorities in the Contemporary World by : Scharbrodt Oliver Scharbrodt

Download or read book Shi'a Minorities in the Contemporary World written by Scharbrodt Oliver Scharbrodt and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-18 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global migrations flows in the 20th century have seen the emergence of Muslim diaspora and minority communities in Europe, North America and other parts of the world. While there is a growing body of research on Muslim minorities in various regional contexts, the particular experiences of Shi'a Muslim minorities across the globe has only received scant attention.This book offers new comparative perspectives of Shi'a minorities outside of the so-called 'Muslim heartland' (the Middle East, North Africa, Central and South Asia). It includes contributions on Shi'a minority communities in Europe, North and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia that emerged out of migration from the Middle East and South Asia in the 20th and 21st centuries in particular. As a 'minority within a minority', Shi'a Muslims face the double challenge of maintaining as Islamic as well as a particular Shi'a identity in terms of communal activities and practices, public perception and recognition.

Shi'ism, Resistance, And Revolution

Author : Martin Kramer
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000311430
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Shi'ism, Resistance, And Revolution by : Martin Kramer

Download or read book Shi'ism, Resistance, And Revolution written by Martin Kramer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent revival of interest in the Muslim world has generated numerous studies of modern Islam, most of them focusing on the Sunni majority. Shi'ism, an often stigmatized minority branch of Islam, has been discussed mainly in connection with Iran. Yet Shi'i movements have been extraordinarily effective in creating political strategies that have

Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia

Author : Deepra Dandekar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317435958
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia by : Deepra Dandekar

Download or read book Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia written by Deepra Dandekar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-09-13 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book looks at the study of ideas, practices and institutions in South Asian Islam, commonly identified as ‘Sufism’, and how they relate to politics in South Asia. While the importance of Sufism for the lives of South Asian Muslims has been repeatedly asserted, the specific role played by Sufism in contestations over social and political belonging in South Asia has not yet been fully analysed. Looking at examples from five countries in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan), the book begins with a detailed introduction to political concerns over ‘belonging’ in relation to questions concerning Sufism and Islam in South Asia. This is followed with sections on Producing and Identifying Sufism; Everyday and Public Forms of Belonging; Sufi Belonging, Local and National; and Intellectual History and Narratives of Belonging. Bringing together scholars from diverse disciplines, the book explores the connection of Islam, Sufism and the Politics of Belonging in South Asia. It is an important contribution to South Asian Studies, Islamic Studies and South Asian Religion.

Horse of Karbala

Author : D. Pinault
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137047658
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Horse of Karbala by : D. Pinault

Download or read book Horse of Karbala written by D. Pinault and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Horse of Karbala is a study of Muharram rituals and interfaith relations in three locations in India: Ladakh, Darjeeling, and Hyderabad. These rituals commemorate an event of vital importance to Shia Muslims: the seventh-century death of the Imam Husain, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, at the battlefield of Karbala in Iraq. Pinault examines three different forms of ritual commemoration of Husain's death - poetry-recital and self-flagellation in Hyderabad; stick-fighting in Darjeeling; and the 'Horse of Karbala' procession, in which a stallion representing the mount ridden in battle by Husain is made the center of a public parade in Ladakh and other Indian localities. The book looks at how publicly staged rituals serve to mediate communal relations: in Hyderabad and Darjeeling, between Muslim and Hindu populations; in Ladakh, between Muslims and Buddhists. Attention is also given to controversies within Muslim communities over issues related to Muharram such as the belief in intercession by the Karbala Martyrs on behalf of individual believers.

Tellings and Texts

Author : Francesca Orsini
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783741023
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (837 download)

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Book Synopsis Tellings and Texts by : Francesca Orsini

Download or read book Tellings and Texts written by Francesca Orsini and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2015-10-05 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining materials from early modern and contemporary North India and Pakistan, Tellings and Texts brings together seventeen first-rate papers on the relations between written and oral texts, their performance, and the musical traditions these performances have entailed. The contributions from some of the best scholars in the field cover a wide range of literary genres and social and cultural contexts across the region. The texts and practices are contextualized in relation to the broader social and political background in which they emerged, showing how religious affiliations, caste dynamics and political concerns played a role in shaping social identities as well as aesthetic sensibilities. By doing so this book sheds light into theoretical issues of more general significance, such as textual versus oral norms; the features of oral performance and improvisation; the role of the text in performance; the aesthetics and social dimension of performance; the significance of space in performance history and important considerations on repertoires of story-telling. The book also contains links to audio files of some of the works discussed in the text. Tellings and Texts is essential reading for anyone with an interest in South Asian culture and, more generally, in the theory and practice of oral literature, performance and story-telling.

The Madrasa in Asia

Author : Farish A. Noor
Publisher : Amsterdam University Press
ISBN 13 : 9053567100
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (535 download)

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Book Synopsis The Madrasa in Asia by : Farish A. Noor

Download or read book The Madrasa in Asia written by Farish A. Noor and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary: "Since the rise of the Taliban and Al Qaeda, the traditional Islamic schools known as the madrasa have frequently been portrayed as hotbeds of terrorism. For much longer, the madrasa has been considered by some as a backward and petrified impediment to social progress. However, for an important segment of the poor Muslim populations of Asia, madrasas constitute the only accessible form of education. This volume presents an overview of the madrasas in countries such as China, Indonesia, Malayisia, India and Pakistan."--Publisher description.

Race, Religion, and the ‘Indian Muslim’ Predicament in Singapore

Author : Torsten Tschacher
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131530337X
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Race, Religion, and the ‘Indian Muslim’ Predicament in Singapore by : Torsten Tschacher

Download or read book Race, Religion, and the ‘Indian Muslim’ Predicament in Singapore written by Torsten Tschacher and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-10 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indian Muslims form the largest ethnic minority within Singapore’s otherwise largely Malay Muslim community. Despite its size and historic importance, however, Singaporean Indian Muslims have received little attention by scholarship and have also felt side-lined by Singapore’s Malay-dominated Muslim institutions. Since the 1980s, demands for a better representation of Indian Muslims and access to religious services have intensified, while there has been a concomitant debate over who has the right to speak for Indian Muslims. This book traces the negotiations and contestations over Indian Muslim difference in Singapore and examines the conditions that have given rise to these debates. Despite considerable differences existing within the putative Indian Muslim community, the way this community is imagined is surprisingly uniform. Through discussions of the importance of ethnic difference for social and religious divisions among Singaporean Indian Muslims, the role of ‘culture’ and ‘race’ in debates about popular religion, the invocation of language and history in negotiations with the wider Malay-Muslim context, and the institutional setting in which contestations of Indian Muslim difference take place, this book argues that these debates emerge from the structural tensions resulting from the intersection of race and religion in the public organization of Islam in Singapore.