New Strategies Targeting Cancer Metabolism

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128217847
Total Pages : 630 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis New Strategies Targeting Cancer Metabolism by : Galal H. Elgemeie

Download or read book New Strategies Targeting Cancer Metabolism written by Galal H. Elgemeie and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-05-17 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Strategies Targeting Cancer Metabolism: Anticancer Drugs, Synthetic Analogues and Antitumor Agents presents up-to-date synthetic strategies for three categories of antimetabolites: antifolates, purines and pyrimidines, the main classes of antimetabolites which are integrated into various pharmaceutical agents. Many of these antimetabolites are considered potent chemotherapeutic agents which have great potential impact on medical research. These main classes of antimetabolites are used in the treatment of critical diseases including cancer, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and many other non-malignant diseases. Antineoplastic drugs such as alkylating agents which have significant effects are described. Novel synthetic strategies for many anticancer alkylating agents including nitrogen mustards, chlorambucil, melphalan, ifosamide, oxaliplatin and temozolomide are explored. Natural products have offered some of the most significant drugs for treating cancer, as many drugs currently in clinical use are derived from natural products as camptothecins, vinca alkaloids, and derivatives of podophyllotoxin. They provide a contribution that is essential for modern drug discovery and development. In this book, insights into a broad array of novel compounds are reviewed, well-recognized synthetic approaches are emphasized for further anticancer drug development and discovery, and the biological evaluation of novel synthesized compounds are included. This comprehensive reference is a valuable resource for medical chemists working in drug discovery and development, as well as pharmacologists and biochemists working in related fields. Provides the only resource dedicated to synthetic strategies of antimetabolites Features synthetic strategies for nucleosides and their analogues Includes coverage of purine-, pyrimidine- and antifolate-based anticancer drugs The most significant anticancer alkylating agents and natural products are demonstrated

The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331977736X
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism by : Anne Le

Download or read book The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism written by Anne Le and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic alterations in cancer, in addition to being the fundamental drivers of tumorigenesis, can give rise to a variety of metabolic adaptations that allow cancer cells to survive and proliferate in diverse tumor microenvironments. This metabolic flexibility is different from normal cellular metabolic processes and leads to heterogeneity in cancer metabolism within the same cancer type or even within the same tumor. In this book, we delve into the complexity and diversity of cancer metabolism, and highlight how understanding the heterogeneity of cancer metabolism is fundamental to the development of effective metabolism-based therapeutic strategies. Deciphering how cancer cells utilize various nutrient resources will enable clinicians and researchers to pair specific chemotherapeutic agents with patients who are most likely to respond with positive outcomes, allowing for more cost-effective and personalized cancer therapeutic strategies.

Cancer Metabolism: Molecular Targeting and Implications for Therapy

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889453227
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Cancer Metabolism: Molecular Targeting and Implications for Therapy by : Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan

Download or read book Cancer Metabolism: Molecular Targeting and Implications for Therapy written by Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-11-03 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development of an effective anticancer therapeutic necessitates the selection of cancer-related or cancer-specific pathways or molecules that are sensitive to intervention. Several such critical yet sensitive molecular targets have been recognized, and their specific antagonists or inhibitors validated as potential therapeutics in preclinical models. Yet, majority of anticancer principles or therapeutics show limited success in the clinical translation. Thus, the need for the development of an effective therapeutic strategy persists.

“Altered energy metabolism” in cancer is one of the earliest known biochemical phenotypes which dates back to the early 20th century. The German scientist, Otto Warburg and his team (Warburg, Wind, Negelein 1926; Warburg, Wind, Negelein 1927) provided the first evidence that the glucose metabolism of cancer cells diverge from normal cells. This phenomenal discovery on deregulated glucose metabolism or cellular bioenergetics is frequently witnessed in majority of solid malignancies. Currently, the altered glucose metabolism is used in the clinical diagnosis of cancer through positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Thus, the “deregulated bioenergetics” is a clinically relevant metabolic signature of cancer cells, hence recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer (Hanahan and Weinberg 2011). Accumulating data unequivocally demonstrate that, besides cellular bioenergetics, cancer metabolism facilitates several cancer-related processes including metastasis, therapeutic resistance and so on. Recent reports also demonstrate the oncogenic regulation of glucose metabolism (e.g. glycolysis) indicating a functional link between neoplastic growth and cancer metabolism. Thus, cancer metabolism, which is already exploited in cancer diagnosis, remains an attractive target for therapeutic intervention as well. The Frontiers in Oncology Research Topic “Cancer Metabolism: Molecular Targeting and Implications for Therapy” emphases on recent advances in our understanding of metabolic reprogramming in cancer, and the recognition of key molecules for therapeutic targeting. Besides, the topic also deliberates the implications of metabolic targeting beyond the energy metabolism of cancer. The research topic integrates a series of reviews, mini-reviews and original research articles to share current perspectives on cancer metabolism, and to stimulate an open forum to discuss potential challenges and future directions of research necessary to develop effective anticancer strategies. Acknowledgment I sincerely thank the Frontiers for providing the opportunity and constant support throughout the process of this research topic and eBook production. I gratefully acknowledge all the authors for their valuable contributions. Finally, I would like to thank my brother, Saravana Kumar, G.K., whose personal sacrifices and unflinching encouragement made my career in science possible. References: Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. 2011. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 144(5):646-74. Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. 1926. Über den stoffwechsel der tumoren in körper. Klinische Wochenschrift. 5:829-32. Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. 1927. The metabolism of tumors in the body. J Gen Physiol. 8(6):519-30.

Molecular Targeted Radiosensitizers

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030497011
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Targeted Radiosensitizers by : Henning Willers

Download or read book Molecular Targeted Radiosensitizers written by Henning Willers and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-10 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Targeted Radiosensitizers: Opportunities and Challenges provides the reader with a comprehensive review of key pre-clinical research components required to identify effective radiosensitizing drugs. The book features discussions on the mechanisms and markers of clinical radioresistance, pre-clinical screening of targeted radiosensitizers, 3D radiation biology for studying radiosensitizers, in vivo determinations of local tumor control, genetically engineered mouse models for studying radiosensitizers, targeting the DNA damage response for radiosensitization, targeting tumor metabolism to overcome radioresistance, radiosensitizers in the era of immuno-oncology, and more. Additionally, the book features discussions on high-throughput drug screening, predictive biomarkers, pre-clinical tumor models, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment and the immune system, with a specific focus on the challenges radiation oncologists and medical oncologists currently face in testing radiosensitizers in human cancers. Edited by two acclaimed experts in radiation biology and radiosensitizers, with thirteen chapters contributed by experts, this new volume presents an in-depth look at current developments within a rapidly moving field, with a look at where the field will be heading and providing comprehensive insight into the framework of targeted radiosensitzer development. Essential reading for investigators in cancer research and radiation biology.

Metabolism in Cancer

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319421182
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Metabolism in Cancer by : Thorsten Cramer

Download or read book Metabolism in Cancer written by Thorsten Cramer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook presents concise chapters written by internationally respected experts on various important aspects of cancer-associated metabolism, offering a comprehensive overview of the central features of this exciting research field. The discovery that tumor cells display characteristic alterations of metabolic pathways has significantly changed our understanding of cancer: while the first description of tumor-specific changes in cellular energetics was published more than 90 years ago, the causal significance of this observation for the pathogenesis of cancer was only discovered in the post-genome era. The first 10 years of the twenty-first century were characterized by rapid advances in our grasp of the functional role of cancer-specific metabolism as well as the underlying molecular pathways. Various unanticipated interrelations between metabolic alterations and cancer-driving pathways were identified and currently await translation into diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Yet the speed, quantity, and complexity of these new discoveries make it difficult for researchers to keep up to date with the latest developments, an issue this book helps to remedy.

Cancer Cell Metabolism: A Potential Target for Cancer Therapy

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811519919
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Cancer Cell Metabolism: A Potential Target for Cancer Therapy by : Dhruv Kumar

Download or read book Cancer Cell Metabolism: A Potential Target for Cancer Therapy written by Dhruv Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-13 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates various aspects of cancer cell metabolism, including metabolic regulation in solid tumours vs. non-solid tumours, the molecular pathways involved in its metabolism, and the role of the tumour microenvironment in the regulation of cancer cell metabolism. It summarizes the complexity of cancer cell metabolism in terms of the switch from anaerobic to aerobic glycolysis and how mitochondrial damage promotes aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. The respective chapters provide the latest information on the metabolic remodelling of cancer cells and elucidate the important role of the signalling pathways in reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism. In addition, the book highlights the role of autophagy in cancer cell metabolism, and how metabolic crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes cancer cell progression. In closing, it summarizes recent advancements in drug development through targeting cancer metabolism.

Cancer as a Metabolic Disease

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118310306
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis Cancer as a Metabolic Disease by : Thomas Seyfried

Download or read book Cancer as a Metabolic Disease written by Thomas Seyfried and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-05-18 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book addresses controversies related to the origins of cancer and provides solutions to cancer management and prevention. It expands upon Otto Warburg's well-known theory that all cancer is a disease of energy metabolism. However, Warburg did not link his theory to the "hallmarks of cancer" and thus his theory was discredited. This book aims to provide evidence, through case studies, that cancer is primarily a metabolic disease requring metabolic solutions for its management and prevention. Support for this position is derived from critical assessment of current cancer theories. Brain cancer case studies are presented as a proof of principle for metabolic solutions to disease management, but similarities are drawn to other types of cancer, including breast and colon, due to the same cellular mutations that they demonstrate.

The Tumour Microenvironment

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471499596
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis The Tumour Microenvironment by : Jamie A. Goode

Download or read book The Tumour Microenvironment written by Jamie A. Goode and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2001-11-28 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ergebnisse von in vitro-Studien lassen vermuten, dass sich der pH-Wert in einem Tumor auf die Wirksamkeit von Chemo- oder Strahlentherapien auswirken kann. Wie aber sieht die Beziehung zwischen der Tumorentwicklung und dem pH-Wert aus? Können ein niedriger pH-Wert oder ein Sauerstoffmangel die Carcinogenese hemmen? Wo bieten sich therapeutische Ansätze? Anwort auf diese und andere Fragen finden Sie in diesem Band. In interdisziplinärer Weise wurden Beiträge aus der Grundlagenforschung und der klinischen Praxis zusammengetragen.

New anti-cancer strategies targeting epigenetic modifications and associated metabolism reprogramming

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832528953
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis New anti-cancer strategies targeting epigenetic modifications and associated metabolism reprogramming by : Lixiang Xue

Download or read book New anti-cancer strategies targeting epigenetic modifications and associated metabolism reprogramming written by Lixiang Xue and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-05 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Autophagy and Metabolism

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 032399945X
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Autophagy and Metabolism by : Dhruv Kumar

Download or read book Autophagy and Metabolism written by Dhruv Kumar and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-08-06 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autophagy and Metabolism: Potential Target for Cancer Therapy presents updates on autophagy in cancer metabolism and how it can be used to develop new, more efficient treatments. Written by experts in the field, the book presents recent research and explains how to translate it to the clinical setting. Sections discuss tumor cell metabolism and autophagy as therapeutic targets, autophagy regulation in cancer, signaling pathways in metabolic dysregulation in solid tumors, metabolic stress and cell death pathways, and the role of the tumor microenvironment. In addition, topics cover combined targeting autophagy, metabolism for cancer therapy, and the autophagy effect on immune cell metabolism. This will be a valuable resource for researchers, oncologists, graduate students, and members of the biomedical field who are interested in learning more about the interaction between autophagy and cancer metabolism. Presents valuable and updated information on the mechanisms of autophagy in cancer metabolism Discusses the various metabolic pathways linked with autophagy that can be a major target for chemotherapeutic strategies Explains how autophagy supports tumor growth by activating metabolic phenotypes in cancer cells and the therapeutic interventions available to halt the process

Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolism as a Therapeutic Strategy

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolism as a Therapeutic Strategy by : Barbara Julieta Chaneton

Download or read book Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolism as a Therapeutic Strategy written by Barbara Julieta Chaneton and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Carbohydrate-based Inducers of Cellular Stress for Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolism

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbohydrate-based Inducers of Cellular Stress for Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolism by : Fidelis Toloyi Ndombera

Download or read book Carbohydrate-based Inducers of Cellular Stress for Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolism written by Fidelis Toloyi Ndombera and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT CARBOHYDRATE-BASED INDUCERS OF CELLULAR STRESS FOR TARGETING CANCER CELL METABOLISM by FIDELIS TOLOYI NDOMBERA May 2018 Advisor: Dr. Young-Hoon Ahn Major: Chemistry (Biochemistry) Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Metabolic reprogramming and redox control of cancer cells is vital for their proliferation, but also provides selective strategies for treating cancer. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an intricate control of redox status in cancer cells relative to normal cells provide a basis for designing ROS-inducing anticancer agents. In my work, I designed, synthesized and evaluated carbohydrate-based small molecules for ROS-generation, cytotoxicity and redox signaling and stress response. Our data from assays, including cell viability assays, enzyme inhibition studies, Western blot studies, click chemistry, and metabolomics, reveal that our compound (K8A) is more potent than 2-DG, a well-known carbohydrate-derived inhibitor of glycolysis. We reported discovery of carbohydrate-based small molecules with the property of blocking altered metabolic activity and enhancing ROS with potential therapeutic benefits for targeting cancer cells. Importantly, we investigated the mechanism of action of our potent compound that involve disruption of protein glycosylation in cancer with downstream effects on cancer metabolism.

Cancer Cell Metabolism

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789811519925
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Cancer Cell Metabolism by :

Download or read book Cancer Cell Metabolism written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates various aspects of cancer cell metabolism, including metabolic regulation in solid tumours vs. non-solid tumours, the molecular pathways involved in its metabolism, and the role of the tumour microenvironment in the regulation of cancer cell metabolism. It summarizes the complexity of cancer cell metabolism in terms of the switch from anaerobic to aerobic glycolysis and how mitochondrial damage promotes aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. The respective chapters provide the latest information on the metabolic remodelling of cancer cells and elucidate the important role of the signalling pathways in reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism. In addition, the book highlights the role of autophagy in cancer cell metabolism, and how metabolic crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes cancer cell progression. In closing, it summarizes recent advancements in drug development through targeting cancer metabolism.

Advances in Radiation Therapy

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Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 3318063622
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Radiation Therapy by : M. Guckenberger

Download or read book Advances in Radiation Therapy written by M. Guckenberger and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2018-04-12 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developments in radiation oncology have been key to the tremendous progress made in the field in recent years. The combination of optimal systemic treatment and local therapy has resulted in continuing improved outcomes of cancer therapy. This progress forms the basis for current pre-clinical and clinical research which will strengthen the position of radiation oncology as an essential component of oncological care. This book summarizes recent advances in radiotherapy research and clinical patient care. Topics include radiobiology, radiotherapy technology, and particle therapy. Chapters cover a summary and analysis of recent developments in the search for biomarkers for precision radiotherapy, novel imaging possibilities and treatment planning, and advances in understanding the differences between photon and particle radiotherapy. Advances in Radiation Therapy is an invaluable source of information for scientists and clinicians working in the field of radiation oncology. It is also a relevant resource for those interested in the broad topic of radiotherapy in general.

Tumor Cell Metabolism

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3709118247
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Tumor Cell Metabolism by : Sybille Mazurek

Download or read book Tumor Cell Metabolism written by Sybille Mazurek and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-19 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The four sections of this book cover cell and molecular biology of tumor metabolism, metabolites, tumor microenvironment, diagnostics and epigenetics. Written by international experts, it provides a thorough insight into and understanding of tumor cell metabolism and its role in tumor biology. The book is intended for scientists in cancer cell and molecular biology, scientists in drug and diagnostic development, as well as for clinicians and oncologists.

Targeting Cancer Metabolism

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Targeting Cancer Metabolism by : Bevan Gang

Download or read book Targeting Cancer Metabolism written by Bevan Gang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Warburg effect occurs in 90% of tumors, where glycolysis is favored despite the presence of oxygen. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) is increased in cancer cells, suppressing glucose oxidation. Inhibition of PDKs can redirect glucose flux into the mitochondria, reversing the Warburg effect. Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a relatively non-toxic PDK inhibitor that inhibits all four isoforms of PDK with differing potency. We examined the determinants of DCA sensitivity, the ability of DCA to enhance apoptosis, and how DCA regulates cell metabolism. We found in a range of cancer types, that all four PDK isoforms can be expressed and contribute to tumor metabolism. DCA inhibited cancer cell growth in vivo and in vitro, activated PDH and reduced lactate production. The magnitude of DCA growth inhibition correlated with the PDK expression profiles of the cells, with PDK3 (highest Ki for DCA) conferring low sensitivity towards DCA. PDK2 siRNA-knockdown inhibited growth to a similar extent to DCA, whilst PDK3 knockdown significantly increased sensitivity to DCA, confirming sensitivity to DCA is determined by PDK expression. Further examination of PDKs in patient samples will increase the likelihood of DCA being successfully translated into clinical use, with the PDK expression profile being a biomarker for sensitivity to DCA. The mechanisms by which DCA can sensitize cancer cells towards apoptosis were investigated, as we observed that DCA increased hypoxia-induced apoptosis. DCA enhanced the effects of 4-(N-(S-penicillaminylacetyl)amino) phenylarsonous acid (PENAO; a novel anti-mitochondrial agent) in vitro. DCA increased ROS levels, which were fully responsible for enhancing PENAO apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells, but only partially in T-47D cells. The two cell lines were metabolically distinct, potentially explaining the different mechanisms by which DCA enhanced apoptosis. PDK knockdown experiments revealed that DCA could enhance apoptosis via off-target effects. The pro-apoptotic proteins Noxa and Puma were investigated, however DCA did not alter their expression. DCA however depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential in T-47D cells, suggesting that this is an additional mechanism of DCA apoptosis enhancement in these cells. Nevertheless, DCA sensitized all cancer cell lines tested towards apoptosis. Thus DCA has potential to be used in combination with other cytotoxic agents in order to reduce their adverse effects. To understand the mechanism of action, the metabolic effects of DCA on cancer cells were investigated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics revealed a general trend of increase in the proportion of anabolic metabolites upon DCA treatment. Furthermore, long-term DCA treatment resulted in DCA-resistance, which was accompanied by correlating changes in the PDK expression profile. These findings thus open avenues of further exploration on the mechanism of DCA action and resistance factors. Our findings provide potential biomarkers for sensitivity to DCA, and evidence that DCA can be combined with other therapies for enhanced anti-cancer effects. We have opened future directions of identifying DCA-resistance factors. This will allow using drugs in combination with DCA that specifically target these resistance factors. Collectively our work will allow DCA to have greater success in clinical trials by being able to target patients most likely to respond.

Killing Cancer

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Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039434403
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Killing Cancer by : Tuula Kallunki

Download or read book Killing Cancer written by Tuula Kallunki and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-11-17 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the efficiency of current cancer treatments, cancer is still a deadly disease for too many. In 2008, 7.6 million people died of cancer; with the current development, it is estimated that the annual cancer death number will grow to 13 million by 2030. There is clearly a need for not only more research but also more innovative and out of the mainstream scientific ideas to discover and develop even better cancer treatments. This book presents the collective works published in the recent Special Issue entitled “Killing Cancer: Discovery and Selection of New Target Molecules”. These articles comprise a selection of studies, ideas, and opinions that aim to facilitate knowledge, thoughts, and discussion about which biological and molecular mechanisms in cancer we should target and how we should target them.