The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West

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Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231522290
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West by : Lorenzo Vidino

Download or read book The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West written by Lorenzo Vidino and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2010-08-25 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Europe and North America, networks tracing their origins back to the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist movements have rapidly evolved into multifunctional and richly funded organizations competing to become the major representatives of Western Muslim communities and government interlocutors. Some analysts and policy makers see these organizations as positive forces encouraging integration. Others cast them as modern-day Trojan horses, feigning moderation while radicalizing Western Muslims. Lorenzo Vidino brokers a third, more informed view. Drawing on more than a decade of research on political Islam in the West, he keenly analyzes a controversial movement that still remains relatively unknown. Conducting in-depth interviews on four continents and sourcing documents in ten languages, Vidino shares the history, methods, attitudes, and goals of the Western Brothers, as well as their phenomenal growth. He then flips the perspective, examining the response to these groups by Western governments, specifically those of Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. Highly informed and thoughtfully presented, Vidino's research sheds light on a critical juncture in Muslim-Western relations.

The Muslim Brotherhood and the West

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Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674984897
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis The Muslim Brotherhood and the West by : Martyn Frampton

Download or read book The Muslim Brotherhood and the West written by Martyn Frampton and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Foreign Affairs Best Book of the Year In the century since the Muslim Brotherhood first emerged in Egypt, its idea of “the West” has remained a key driver of its behavior. From its founding, the Brotherhood stood opposed to the British Empire and Western cultural influence. Its leaders hoped to create more pristine, authentically Islamic societies. As British power gave way to American, the Brotherhood oscillated between anxiety about the West and the need to engage with it, while American and British officials struggled to understand the group, unsure whether to shun or embrace it. The Muslim Brotherhood and the West offers the first comprehensive history of the relationship between the world’s largest Islamist movement and the powers that have dominated the Middle East for the past hundred years. Drawing on extensive archival research in London and Washington and the Brotherhood’s writings in Arabic and English, Martyn Frampton reveals the history of this charged relationship down to the eve of the Arab Spring. What emerges is an authoritative account of a story that is crucial to understanding one of the world’s most turbulent regions. “Rigorous yet absorbing...Fills a crucial gap in the literature and will be essential reading not just for scholars, but for anyone seeking to understand the ever-problematic relationship between religion and politics in today’s Middle East.” —Financial Times “Breaks new ground by examining the links between the Egyptian Brotherhood’s relations with Britain and...the United States.” —Times Literary Supplement

Muslim Brotherhood and Terrorism

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Author :
Publisher : Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research
ISBN 13 : 9948103289
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Muslim Brotherhood and Terrorism by : The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research

Download or read book Muslim Brotherhood and Terrorism written by The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research and published by Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. This book was released on 2017-02-14 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since it was founded in 1928 by Hassan Al-Banna, the Muslim Brotherhood has sought to present itself as the moderate manifestation of political Islam movements and express its rejection of all forms of violence, extremism and terrorism. However, a closer look at the history of the group since its establishment and a meticulous review of its literature and political and religious ideology easily exposes the falsehood of these unrealistic claims, and reveals that this group is the source of terrorism and extremism both regionally and globally. The intellectual product of the Muslim Brotherhood has been the ideological foundation for all the emerging extremist and terrorist groups that act under the veil of religion. Groups such as Al-Qaeda, the Islamic Jihad group, Takfir wal-Hijra groups and most recently Da’esh (ISIS) have all developed from the Muslim Brotherhood and have assimilated the same ideology adopted by the group. There is no clearer proof of this than the fact that these extremist groups have been established or led by former members of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Engineers of Jihad

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400888123
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineers of Jihad by : Diego Gambetta

Download or read book Engineers of Jihad written by Diego Gambetta and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking investigation into why so many Islamic radicals are engineers The violent actions of a few extremists can alter the course of history, yet there persists a yawning gap between the potential impact of these individuals and what we understand about them. In Engineers of Jihad, Diego Gambetta and Steffen Hertog uncover two unexpected facts, which they imaginatively leverage to narrow that gap: they find that a disproportionate share of Islamist radicals come from an engineering background, and that Islamist and right-wing extremism have more in common than either does with left-wing extremism, in which engineers are absent while social scientists and humanities students are prominent. Searching for an explanation, they tackle four general questions about extremism: Under which socioeconomic conditions do people join extremist groups? Does the profile of extremists reflect how they self-select into extremism or how groups recruit them? Does ideology matter in sorting who joins which group? Lastly, is there a mindset susceptible to certain types of extremism? Using rigorous methods and several new datasets, they explain the link between educational discipline and type of radicalism by looking at two key factors: the social mobility (or lack thereof) for engineers in the Muslim world, and a particular mindset seeking order and hierarchy that is found more frequently among engineers. Engineers' presence in some extremist groups and not others, the authors argue, is a proxy for individual traits that may account for the much larger question of selective recruitment to radical activism. Opening up markedly new perspectives on the motivations of political violence, Engineers of Jihad yields unexpected answers about the nature and emergence of extremism.

The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 9780199327638
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe by : Edwin Bakker

Download or read book The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe written by Edwin Bakker and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013-01-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scholars have long debated the intentions of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Middle East. Some claim the organization supports terrorism, while others believe it is a positive force for democratization. Though the Muslim Brotherhood in Europe has attracted less attention, many feel they understand the group just as well. They assume it is closely tied to its Middle Eastern counterpart, with detractors regarding it to be a suspicious, secretive, and centrally-led organization increasing the alienation of Europe's Muslims. Sympathizers, on the other hand, see it as a moderate, westernized, and fully-integrated force for good. This volume complicates both these views, with experts providing richer and more impartial perspectives on the critical issues relating to Europe's Muslim Brotherhood. It follows the growth and operation of these organizations within different European contexts and captures their highly specific relationship with non-Muslim media and authority figures.

The Brotherhood

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1621570347
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis The Brotherhood by : Erick Stakelbeck

Download or read book The Brotherhood written by Erick Stakelbeck and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-07-15 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Brotherhoods is the chilling chronicle of the alleged crimes and betrayals of NYPD Detectives Stephen Caracappa and Louis Eppolito, notorious rogue cops who stand charged with the ultimate form of police corruption-shielding their crimes behind their badges while they worked for the mob. These crimes included murder, kidnapping, torture, and the betrayal of an entire generation of New York City detectives and federal agents. This gripping real-life detective story reveals two brotherhoods, both with hierarchies, rituals, and codes of conduct. Chased for seven years by William Oldham, the brilliant and determined detective who didn't let the case die, Detectives Caracappa and Eppolito are at the centre of an investigation that moves from the mobbed-up streets of Brooklyn to Hollywood sets and the Las Vegas strip. Co-written with prize-winning investigative journalist Guy Lawson, the story spans three decades and showcases a cast of characters that runs the gamut from capo psychopaths to grieving mothers to a group of retired detectives and investigators working to see that justice is done.This quintessential American mob tale, both bizarre and compelling, ranks with such modern crime classics as Serpico, Donnie Brasco, and Wiseguy.

Scapegoats

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Publisher : Skyhorse
ISBN 13 : 1510705791
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Scapegoats by : Arsalan Iftikhar

Download or read book Scapegoats written by Arsalan Iftikhar and published by Skyhorse. This book was released on 2016-05-17 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When a murderous psychopath goes on a killing spree, law enforcement officials and the media never make his religion the central issue—unless he happens to be a Muslim. Then it sets off another frenzied wave of commentary about the inherent evils that lurk within the Muslim faith. From Fox News talking heads, who regularly smear Muslim leaders as secret terrorists, to Bill Maher, who has made Islam a routine target, it has become widely acceptable to libel a religion with a following of over 1.5 billion people—nearly one-quarter of the world’s population. Now popular commentator Arsalan Iftikhar—better known as “The Muslim Guy”—offers a spirited defense of his faith that is certain to win him wide acclaim—and yes, another round of overheated scolding from the usual media quarters. Iftikahr’s spirited defense of his faith is certain to hit a chord during the 2016 campaign season, as politicians and pundits vie to be the toughest on the block when it comes to escalating the hostilities in the Middle East, often demonizing Islam in the process. With his witty and levelheaded demeanor, the author will cut through all the sound and fury as a voice of sanity and reason.

Rethinking Political Islam

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190649224
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Rethinking Political Islam by : Shadi Hamid

Download or read book Rethinking Political Islam written by Shadi Hamid and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-07-17 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For years, scholars hypothesized about what Islamists might do if they ever came to power. Now, they have answers: confusing ones. In the Levant, ISIS established a government by brute force, implementing an extreme interpretation of Islamic law. On the opposite end of the spectrum, Tunisia's Ennahda Party governed in coalition with two secular parties, ratified a liberal constitution, and voluntarily stepped down from power. In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood, the world's oldest Islamist movement, won power through free elections only to be ousted by a military coup. The strikingly disparate results of Islamist movements have challenged conventional wisdom on political Islam, forcing experts and Islamists to rethink some of their most basic assumptions. In Rethinking Political Islam, two of the leading scholars on Islamism, Shadi Hamid and William McCants, have gathered a group of leading specialists in the field to explain how an array of Islamist movements across the Middle East and Asia have responded. Unlike ISIS and other jihadist groups that garner the most media attention, these movements have largely opted for gradual change. Their choices, however, have been reshaped by the revolutionary politics of the region. The groups depicted in the volume capture the contradictions, successes, and failures of Islamism, providing a fascinating window into a rapidly changing Middle East. It is the first book to systematically assess the evolution of mainstream Islamist groups since the Arab uprisings and the rise of ISIS, covering 12 country cases. In each instance, contributors address key questions, including: gradual versus revolutionary approaches to change; the use of tactical or situational violence; attitudes toward the nation-state; and how ideology, religion, and political variables interact. For the first time in book form, readers will also hear directly from Islamist activists and leaders themselves, as they offer their own perspectives on the future of their movements. Islamists will have the opportunity to challenge the assumptions and arguments of some of the leading scholars of Islamism, in the spirit of constructive dialogue. Rethinking Political Islam includes three of the most important country cases outside the Middle East-Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan-allowing readers to consider a greater diversity of Islamist experiences. The book's contributors have immersed themselves in the world of political Islam and conducted original research in the field, resulting in rich accounts of what animates Islamist behavior.

The Muslim Brotherhood

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134077661
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis The Muslim Brotherhood by : Barbara Zollner

Download or read book The Muslim Brotherhood written by Barbara Zollner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-01-13 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Muslim Brotherhood is one of the most influential Islamist organisations today. Based in Egypt, its network includes branches in many countries of the Near and Middle East. Although the organisation has been linked to political violence in the past, it now proposes a politically moderate ideology. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the Muslim Brotherhood during the years of al-Hudaybi’s leadership, and how he sought to steer the organization away from the radical wing, inspired by Sayyid Qutb, into the more moderate Islamist organization it is today. It is his legacy which eventually fostered the development of non-violent political ideas. During the years of persecution, 1954 to 1971, radical and moderate Islamist ideas emerged within the Brotherhood’s midst. Inspired by Sayyid Qutb’s ideas, a radical wing evolved which subsequently fed into radical Islamist networks as we know them today. Yet, it was during the same period that al-Hudaybi and his followers proposed a moderate political interpretation, which was adopted by the Brotherhood and which forms its ideological basis today.

The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108499775
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria by : Dara Conduit

Download or read book The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria written by Dara Conduit and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-08 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A look at the history of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, examining why the group failed to capitalise on its political advantage during the Syrian uprising and civil war.

Inside the Muslim Brotherhood - The Truth About The World's Most Powerful Political Movement

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Author :
Publisher : Metro Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782190465
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (821 download)

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Book Synopsis Inside the Muslim Brotherhood - The Truth About The World's Most Powerful Political Movement by : Youssef Nada

Download or read book Inside the Muslim Brotherhood - The Truth About The World's Most Powerful Political Movement written by Youssef Nada and published by Metro Publishing. This book was released on 2012-08-13 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the authorised biography of Youssef Nada, a man who knows most of the untold story of more than half a century of rage and revolution. Through war, global terrorism and complex international crises, he was there. On the inside. A true eyewitness to history, a participant and powerbroker in events which shaped it. Youssef Nada would never promise answers, but would offer possible solutions through the ideas and philosophy he has lived to all his life as an ambassador of reason, a peacemaker and as the de facto foreign minister of the Muslim Brotherhood group who have a membership of more than one hundred million worldwide with many millions holding pivotal positions in America, the UK, and throughout continental Europe. He has a hard, clear, lucid, vision; he has insight into the terror of Lockerbie in Scotland, the 'rehearsals' for the September 11 onslaught against America and the July 7 London bombers, the Iran-Contra affair, the Beirut kidnapping of Terry Waite, and of deals and horrors that have touched the lives of individuals and nations alike. He has been involved in all aspects of the 'Arab Spring' in Egypt, including the upcoming elections in which the Muslim Brotherhood will take power. Youssef Nada was, until now, the hidden mystery at the heart of the Middle East; the part of the puzzle no one could place. It was safer. After 9/11 Nada, known throughout much of the world as a humanitarian, was branded a global terrorist and listed as such by America and the UN. The Muslim Brotherhood (al-lkhwan al-Muslimeen), the most controversial, and influential, of all Islamist 'organisations' from East to West and back again, has been at odds with many governments; it is the most potent Islamist opposition party throughout the Arab world. Youssef Nada believes that, as he is known as the Muslim Brotherhood's international political foreign emissary, all the interional intelligence agencies moved against him. Now, he had decided to step completely out of the shadows and tell the story of his life.

The Secret Apparatus

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Publisher : Bombardier Books
ISBN 13 : 1642938661
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (429 download)

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Book Synopsis The Secret Apparatus by : Cynthia Farahat

Download or read book The Secret Apparatus written by Cynthia Farahat and published by Bombardier Books. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world’s most dangerous terrorist group is not hiding in the caves of the Hindu Kush or in the Saharan wilderness—it operates inside the United States, and its members have sworn to fight eternal jihad. The Muslim Brotherhood is a fraternal cult inspired by the Order of the Assassins and modeled after Joseph Stalin’s Secret Apparatus. It’s an incubator for Islamic terrorist organizations, and it has implemented a one-hundred-year plan to destroy the West. The Muslim Brotherhood claims to be a reformist, non-violent political organization, but it is a terrorism apparatus with a political facade, which its founder Hassan al-Banna called “an industry of death.” The Secret Apparatus proves the Muslim Brotherhood’s clandestine militia—the secret apparatus—is still operational. The Brotherhood leadership’s own words, internal documents, and highest-ranking defector confirm the Brotherhood founded most modern terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. This book examines the Brotherhood’s history, political theology, and secret alliance with Iran, and offers policy recommendations needed to stop an existential threat to the United States and the world.

The Muslim Brotherhood

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Author :
Publisher : Saqi
ISBN 13 : 0863567460
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (635 download)

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Book Synopsis The Muslim Brotherhood by : Alison Pargeter

Download or read book The Muslim Brotherhood written by Alison Pargeter and published by Saqi. This book was released on 2013-02-11 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new, fully updated edition of this critically acclaimed title featuring a new chapter covering the 'Arab Spring' and the Egyptian parliamentary and presidential elections. This is an authoritative analysis, in which Alison Pargeter follows the twists and turns of the Muslim Brotherhood as it battled through the years of oppression under authoritarian regimes to finally become a key and legitimate political actor. From Egypt and Syria to Tunisia and Libya, the Brotherhood and its affiliates are now faced with the complex task of transforming themselves from semi-clandestine opposition movements into legitimate political actors and, in some cases, into ruling powers. 'Authoritative, sober, perceptive ... A must read' Jason Burke. 'A tour de force' Alan George, University of Oxford. 'A highly lucid and approachable analysis of the Brotherhood' Richard Phelps, Perspectives on Terrorism. 'Highly recommended' New Statesman.

Arab Fall

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Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 1626163626
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Arab Fall by : Eric Trager

Download or read book Arab Fall written by Eric Trager and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood win power so quickly after the dramatic "Arab Spring" uprising that ended President Hosni Mubarak's thirty-year reign in February 2011? And why did the Brotherhood fall from power even more quickly, culminating with the popular "rebellion" and military coup that toppled Egypt's first elected president, Brotherhood leader Mohamed Morsi, in July 2013? In Arab Fall, Eric Trager examines the Brotherhood's decision making throughout this critical period, explaining its reasons for joining the 2011 uprising, running for a majority of the seats in the 2011-2012 parliamentary elections, and nominating a presidential candidate despite its initial promise not to do so. Based on extensive research in Egypt and interviews with dozens of Brotherhood leaders and cadres including Morsi, Trager argues that the very organizational characteristics that helped the Brotherhood win power also contributed to its rapid downfall. The Brotherhood's intensive process for recruiting members and its rigid nationwide command-chain meant that it possessed unparalleled mobilizing capabilities for winning the first post-Mubarak parliamentary and presidential elections. Yet the Brotherhood's hierarchical organizational culture, in which dissenters are banished and critics are viewed as enemies of Islam, bred exclusivism. This alienated many Egyptians, including many within Egypt's state institutions. The Brotherhood's insularity also prevented its leaders from recognizing how quickly the country was slipping from their grasp, leaving hundreds of thousands of Muslim Brothers entirely unprepared for the brutal crackdown that followed Morsi's overthrow. Trager concludes with an assessment of the current state of Egyptian politics and examines the Brotherhood's prospects for reemerging.

Islamic Exceptionalism

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Author :
Publisher : Macmillan + ORM
ISBN 13 : 1466866721
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (668 download)

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Book Synopsis Islamic Exceptionalism by : Shadi Hamid

Download or read book Islamic Exceptionalism written by Shadi Hamid and published by Macmillan + ORM. This book was released on 2016-06-07 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Islamic Exceptionalism, Brookings Institution scholar and acclaimed author Shadi Hamid offers a novel and provocative argument on how Islam is, in fact, "exceptional" in how it relates to politics, with profound implications for how we understand the future of the Middle East. Divides among citizens aren't just about power but are products of fundamental disagreements over the very nature and purpose of the modern nation state—and the vexing problem of religion’s role in public life. Hamid argues for a new understanding of how Islam and Islamism shape politics by examining different models of reckoning with the problem of religion and state, including the terrifying—and alarmingly successful—example of ISIS. With unprecedented access to Islamist activists and leaders across the region, Hamid offers a panoramic and ambitious interpretation of the region's descent into violence. Islamic Exceptionalism is a vital contribution to our understanding of Islam's past and present, and its outsized role in modern politics. We don't have to like it, but we have to understand it—because Islam, as a religion and as an idea, will continue to be a force that shapes not just the region, but the West as well in the decades to come.

Domestic Constraints on South Korean Foreign Policy

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Author :
Publisher : Council on Foreign Relations
ISBN 13 : 0876097336
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Domestic Constraints on South Korean Foreign Policy by : Scott A. Snyder

Download or read book Domestic Constraints on South Korean Foreign Policy written by Scott A. Snyder and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 2018-01-01 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These essays support the argument that strong and effective presidential leadership is the most important prerequisite for South Korea to sustain and project its influence abroad. That leadership should be attentive to the need for public consensus and should operate within established legislative mechanisms that ensure public accountability. The underlying structures sustaining South Korea’s foreign policy formation are generally sound; the bigger challenge is to manage domestic politics in ways that promote public confidence about the direction and accountability of presidential leadership in foreign policy.

The Muslim Brotherhood

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Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691163642
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis The Muslim Brotherhood by : Carrie Rosefsky Wickham

Download or read book The Muslim Brotherhood written by Carrie Rosefsky Wickham and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the Arab Spring, the Muslim Brotherhood achieved a level of influence previously unimaginable. Yet the implications of the Brotherhood's rise and dramatic fall for the future of democratic governance, peace, and stability in the region are disputed and remain open to debate. Drawing on more than one hundred in-depth interviews as well as Arabic-language sources never before accessed by Western researchers, Carrie Rosefsky Wickham traces the evolution of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt from its founding in 1928 to the fall of Hosni Mubarak and the watershed elections of 2011-2012. Highlighting elements of movement continuity and change, Wickham demonstrates that shifts in Islamist worldviews, goals, and strategies are not the result of a single strand of cause and effect, and provides a systematic, fine-grained account of Islamist group evolution in Egypt and the wider Arab world. In a new afterword, Wickham discusses what has happened in Egypt since Muhammad Morsi was ousted and the Muslim Brotherhood fell from power.