Music and Identity Politics

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351557742
Total Pages : 549 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Music and Identity Politics by : Ian Biddle

Download or read book Music and Identity Politics written by Ian Biddle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together for the first time book chapters, articles and position pieces from the debates on music and identity, which seek to answer classic questions such as: how has music shaped the ways in which we understand our identities and those of others? In what ways has scholarly writing about music dealt with identity politics since the Second World War? Both classic and more recent contributions are included, as well as material on related issues such as music's role as a resource in making and performing identities and music scholarship's ambivalent relationship with scholarly activism and identity politics. The essays approach the music-identity relationship from a wide range of methodological perspectives, ranging from critical historiography and archival studies, psychoanalysis, gender and sexuality studies, to ethnography and anthropology, and social and cultural theories drawn from sociology; and from continental philosophy and Marxist theories of class to a range of globalization theories. The collection draws on the work of Anglophone scholars from all over the globe, and deals with a wide range of musics and cultures, from the Americas, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. This unique collection of key texts, which deal not just with questions of gender, sexuality and race, but also with other socially-mediated identities such as social class, disability, national identity and accounts and analyses of inter-group encounters, is an invaluable resource for music scholars and researchers and those working in any discipline that deals with identity or identity politics.

Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317091604
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location by : Vanessa Knights

Download or read book Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location written by Vanessa Knights and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How are national identities constructed and articulated through music? Popular music has long been associated with political dissent, and the nation state has consistently demonstrated a determination to seek out and procure for itself a stake in the management of 'its' popular musics. Similarly, popular musics have been used 'from the ground up' as sites for both populist and popular critiques of nationalist sentiment, from the position of both a globalizing and a 'local' vernacular culture. The contributions in this book arrive at a critical moment in the development of the study of national cultures and musicology. The book ranges from considerations of the ideological focus of cultural nationalism through to analyses of musical hybridity and musical articulations of other kinds of identities at odds with national identity. The processes of global homogenization are thereby shown to have brought about a transitional crisis for national cultural identities: the evolution of these identities, particularly with reference to the concept of 'authenticity' in music, is situated within broader debates on power, political economy and constructions of the self. Theorizations of practice are employed after the manner of Bourdieu, Gramsci, Goffman, Gadamer, Habermas, Bhabha, Lacan and Zizek. Each contribution acts as a case study to characterize the strategies through which differing modes of musical discourse engage, critique or obscure discourses on national identity. The studies include discussions of: musical representations of Irishness; the relationship between Afropop and World Music; Norwegian club music; the revival of traditional music in Serbia; resistance to cultural homogeneity in Brazil; contemporary Uyghur song in Northwest China; rap and race in French society; technobanda from the barrios of Los Angeles, and Spanish/Moroccan raï. In this way, the book seeks to characterize the ideological configurations that help to activate and sustain hegemonic, amb

Settling the Pop Score

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135154909X
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Settling the Pop Score by : Stan Hawkins

Download or read book Settling the Pop Score written by Stan Hawkins and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The analysis of popular music forces us to rethink the assumptions that underpin our approaches to the study of Western music. Not least, it brings to the fore an idea that many musicologists still find uncomfortable - that commercial production and consumption can be aligned with artistic authenticity. Reading pop texts takes place through dialogue on many levels, which, as Stan Hawkins argues, deals with how musical events are shaped by personal alliances between the artist and the recipient. The need for a critical approach to evaluating popular music lies at the heart of this book. Hawkins explores the relationships that exist between music, spectatorship and aesthetics through a series of case studies of pop artists from the 1980s and 1990s. Madonna, Morrissey, Annie Lennox, the Pet Shop Boys and Prince represent the diversity of cultures, identities and sexualities that characterised the start of the MTV boom. Through the interpretation of aspects of the compositional design and musical structures of songs by these pop artists, Hawkins suggests ways in which stylistic and technical elements of the music relate to identity formation and its political motivations. Settling the Pop Score examines the role of irony and empathy, the question of gender, race and sexuality, and the relevance of textual analysis to the study of popular music. Interpreting pop music within the framework of musicology, Hawkins helps us to understand the pleasure so many people derive from these songs.

Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317091590
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location by : Vanessa Knights

Download or read book Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location written by Vanessa Knights and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How are national identities constructed and articulated through music? Popular music has long been associated with political dissent, and the nation state has consistently demonstrated a determination to seek out and procure for itself a stake in the management of 'its' popular musics. Similarly, popular musics have been used 'from the ground up' as sites for both populist and popular critiques of nationalist sentiment, from the position of both a globalizing and a 'local' vernacular culture. The contributions in this book arrive at a critical moment in the development of the study of national cultures and musicology. The book ranges from considerations of the ideological focus of cultural nationalism through to analyses of musical hybridity and musical articulations of other kinds of identities at odds with national identity. The processes of global homogenization are thereby shown to have brought about a transitional crisis for national cultural identities: the evolution of these identities, particularly with reference to the concept of 'authenticity' in music, is situated within broader debates on power, political economy and constructions of the self. Theorizations of practice are employed after the manner of Bourdieu, Gramsci, Goffman, Gadamer, Habermas, Bhabha, Lacan and Zizek. Each contribution acts as a case study to characterize the strategies through which differing modes of musical discourse engage, critique or obscure discourses on national identity. The studies include discussions of: musical representations of Irishness; the relationship between Afropop and World Music; Norwegian club music; the revival of traditional music in Serbia; resistance to cultural homogeneity in Brazil; contemporary Uyghur song in Northwest China; rap and race in French society; technobanda from the barrios of Los Angeles, and Spanish/Moroccan raï. In this way, the book seeks to characterize the ideological configurations that help to activate and sustain hegemonic, amb

The Politics of Musical Identity

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135154148X
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Musical Identity by : Annegret Fauser

Download or read book The Politics of Musical Identity written by Annegret Fauser and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the way in which composers, performers, and critics shaped individual and collective identities in music from Europe and the United States from the 1860s to the 1950s. Selected essays and articles engage with works and their reception by Richard Wagner, Georges Bizet (in an American incarnation), Lili and Nadia Boulanger, William Grant Still, and Aaron Copland, and with performers such as Wanda Landowska and even Marilyn Monroe. Ranging in context from the opera house through the concert hall to the salon, and from establishment cultures to counter-cultural products, the main focus is how music permits new ways of considering issues of nationality, class, race, and gender. These essays - three presented for the first time in English translation - reflect the work in both musical and cultural studies of a distinguished scholar whose international career spans the Atlantic and beyond.

Sounding the Cape

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Author :
Publisher : African Minds
ISBN 13 : 1920489827
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Sounding the Cape by : Denis Martin

Download or read book Sounding the Cape written by Denis Martin and published by African Minds. This book was released on 2013 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For several centuries Cape Town has accommodated a great variety of musical genres which have usually been associated with specific population groups living in and around the city. Musical styles and genres produced in Cape Town have therefore been assigned an "identity" which is first and foremost social. This volume tries to question the relationship established between musical styles and genres, and social - in this case pseudo-racial - identities. In Sounding the Cape, Denis-Constant Martin recomposes and examines through the theoretical prism of creolisation the history of music in Cape Town, deploying analytical tools borrowed from the most recent studies of identity configurations. He demonstrates that musical creation in the Mother City, and in South Africa, has always been nurtured by contacts, exchanges and innovations whatever the efforts made by racist powers to separate and divide people according to their origin. Musicians interviewed at the dawn of the 21st century confirm that mixture and blending characterise all Cape Town's musics. They also emphasise the importance of a rhythmic pattern particular to Cape Town, the ghoema beat, whose origins are obviously mixed. The study of music demonstrates that the history of Cape Town, and of South Africa as a whole, undeniably fostered creole societies. Yet, twenty years after the collapse of apartheid, these societies are still divided along lines that combine economic factors and "racial" categorisations. Martin concludes that, were music given a greater importance in educational and cultural policies, it could contribute to fighting these divisions and promote the notion of a nation that, in spite of the violence of racism and apartheid, has managed to invent a unique common culture.

Sounds of Life

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443888567
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Sounds of Life by : Fainos Mangena

Download or read book Sounds of Life written by Fainos Mangena and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2016-02-08 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Music narrates personal, communal and national experiences. It is a rich repository of a people’s deepest fears, hopes, and achievements, especially as it communicates spirituality, economic, and political realities. This volume examines the multiple roles of music in Zimbabwe, showing how Zimbabwean music has addressed the socio-economic, political and spiritual crisis that the country has endured in the last one and a half decades. While concentrating on the tumultuous 2000–2013 period, the themes that are addressed here are enduring. Thus, the book explores the interplay between music and gender, music and politics, and music and identity construction in Zimbabwe, and it interacts with most of the dominant genres in Zimbabwean music, including Sungura, ZORA, Chimurenga, Gospel and the Urban Grooves. This volume will interest specialists in the study of ethnomusicology, in addition to scholars of literature, religious studies, philosophy, theatre arts, political science, and history.

I Wanna be Me

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Author :
Publisher : Temple University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781566399036
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis I Wanna be Me by : Theodore Gracyk

Download or read book I Wanna be Me written by Theodore Gracyk and published by Temple University Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Gracyk grapples with the ways that rock shapes--limits and expands--our notions of who we can be in the world. [He] sees rock as a mass art, open-ended and open to diverse (but not unlimited) interpretations. Recordings reach millions, drawing people together in communities of listeners who respond viscerally to its sound and intellectually to its messages. As an art form that proclaims its emotional authenticity and resistance to convention, rock music constitutes part of the cultural apparatus from which individuals mold personal and political identities. Going to the heart of this relationship between the music's role in its performers' and fans' self-construction, Gracyk probes questions of gender and appropriation. How can a feminist be a Stones fan or a straight man enjoy the Indigo Girls? Does borrowing music that carries a "racial identity" always add up to exploitation, a charge leveled at Paul Simon's Graceland? Rang[es] through forty years of rock history and offer[s] a trove of anecdotes"--Publisher description.

Lullabies and Battle Cries

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Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1785339222
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis Lullabies and Battle Cries by : Jaime Rollins

Download or read book Lullabies and Battle Cries written by Jaime Rollins and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2018-08-17 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Set against a volatile political landscape, Irish republican culture has struggled to maintain continuity with the past, affirm legitimacy in the present, and generate a sense of community for the future. Lullabies and Battle Cries explores the relationship between music, emotion, memory, and identity in republican parading bands, with a focus on how this music continues to be utilized in a post-conflict climate. As author Jaime Rollins shows, rebel parade music provides a foundational idiom of national and republican expression, acting as a critical medium for shaping new political identities within continually shifting dynamics of republican culture.

Music as Social Life

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Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226816982
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

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Book Synopsis Music as Social Life by : Thomas Turino

Download or read book Music as Social Life written by Thomas Turino and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-10-15 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 'Music as Social Life', Thomas Turino explores why it is that music and dance are so often at the centre of our most profound personal and social experiences.

Music as a Platform for Political Communication

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Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522519874
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Music as a Platform for Political Communication by : Onyebadi, Uche

Download or read book Music as a Platform for Political Communication written by Onyebadi, Uche and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-02-14 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artistic expression is a longstanding aspect of mankind and our society. While art can simply be appreciated for aesthetic artistic value, it can be utilized for other various multidisciplinary purposes. Music as a Platform for Political Communication is a comprehensive reference source for the latest scholarly perspectives on delivering political messages to society through musical platforms and venues. Highlighting innovative research topics on an international scale, such as election campaigns, social justice, and protests, this book is ideally designed for academics, professionals, practitioners, graduate students, and researchers interested in discovering how musical expression is shaping the realm of political communication.

Identity Politics in the United States

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509538828
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Identity Politics in the United States by : Khalilah L. Brown-Dean

Download or read book Identity Politics in the United States written by Khalilah L. Brown-Dean and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-09-20 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2017, a white supremacist rally at the University of Virginia forced many to consider how much progress had been made in a country that, nine years prior, had elected its first Black president. Beyond these racial flashpoints, the increasingly polarized nature of US politics has reignited debates around the meaning of identity, citizenship, and acceptance in America today. In this pioneering book, Khalilah L. Brown-Dean moves beyond the headlines to examine how contemporary controversies emanate from longstanding struggles over power, access, and belonging. Using intersectionality as an organizing framework, she draws on current tensions such as voter suppression, the Me Too movement, the Standing Rock protests, marriage equality, military service, the rise of the Religious Right, protests by professional athletes, and battles over immigration to show how conflicts over group identity are an inescapable feature of American political development. Brown-Dean explores issues of citizenship, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, and religion to argue that democracy in the United States is built upon the battle of ideas related to how we see ourselves, how we see others, and the mechanisms available to reinforce those distinctions. Identity Politics in the United States will be an essential resource for students and engaged citizens who want to understand the link between historical context, contemporary political challenges, and paths to move toward a stronger democracy.

Identity Politics Inside Out

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190655992
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Identity Politics Inside Out by : Lisel Hintz

Download or read book Identity Politics Inside Out written by Lisel Hintz and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-28 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The trajectory of Turkey's Justice and Development Party (AKP) rule offers an ideal empirical window into puzzling shifts in Turkey's domestic politics and foreign policy. The policy transformations under its leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan do not align with existing explanations based on security, economics, institutions, or identity. In Identity Politics Inside Out, Lisel Hintz teases out the complex link between identity politics and foreign policy using an in-depth study of Turkey. Rather than treating national identity as cause or consequence of a state's foreign policy, she repositions foreign policy as an arena in which contestation among competing proposals for national identity takes place. Drawing from a broad array of sources in popular culture, social media, interviews, surveys, and archives, she identifies competing visions of Turkish identity and theorizes when and how internal identity politics becomes externalized. Hintz examines the establishment of Republican Nationalism in the wake of imperial collapse and examines failed attempts made by those challenging its Western-oriented, anti-ethnic, secularist values with alternative understandings of Turkishness. She further demonstrates how the Ottoman Islamist AKP used the European Union accession process to weaken Republican Nationalist obstacles in Turkey, thereby opening up space for Islam in the domestic sphere and a foreign policy targeted at achieving leadership in the Middle East. By showing how the "inside out" spillover of national identity debates can reshape foreign policy, Identity Politics Inside Out fills a major gap in existing scholarship by closing the identity-foreign policy circle.

Rocking St. Petersburg - Transcultural Flows and Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Popular Music

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Author :
Publisher : ibidem-Verlag / ibidem Press
ISBN 13 : 3838261003
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (382 download)

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Book Synopsis Rocking St. Petersburg - Transcultural Flows and Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Popular Music by : David-Emil Wickström

Download or read book Rocking St. Petersburg - Transcultural Flows and Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Popular Music written by David-Emil Wickström and published by ibidem-Verlag / ibidem Press. This book was released on 2014-06-01 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this remarkable book, David-Emil Wickström traces the transcultural flow of popular music production emanating from St. Petersburg, a central hub of the Russian music scene. With a specific focus on the post-Soviet emigrant community in Germany and their event 'Russendisko', Wickström – himself a trumpet player in two local bands – explores St. Petersburg's vibrant music scene, which provides an electrifying platform for musical exchange. The findings shed a new light on Soviet and post-Soviet popular music history and even Russia's relationship to Ukraine. Wickström demonstrates the filtering processes embedded in transcultural flows and how music is attributed new meanings within new contexts. This innovative book not only promotes a deeper understanding of the role of popular music in society, it also enables a better comprehension of cultural processes in the second decade after the fall of the Soviet Union."

Music and Identity Politics

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351557734
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Music and Identity Politics by : Ian Biddle

Download or read book Music and Identity Politics written by Ian Biddle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together for the first time book chapters, articles and position pieces from the debates on music and identity, which seek to answer classic questions such as: how has music shaped the ways in which we understand our identities and those of others? In what ways has scholarly writing about music dealt with identity politics since the Second World War? Both classic and more recent contributions are included, as well as material on related issues such as music's role as a resource in making and performing identities and music scholarship's ambivalent relationship with scholarly activism and identity politics. The essays approach the music-identity relationship from a wide range of methodological perspectives, ranging from critical historiography and archival studies, psychoanalysis, gender and sexuality studies, to ethnography and anthropology, and social and cultural theories drawn from sociology; and from continental philosophy and Marxist theories of class to a range of globalization theories. The collection draws on the work of Anglophone scholars from all over the globe, and deals with a wide range of musics and cultures, from the Americas, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. This unique collection of key texts, which deal not just with questions of gender, sexuality and race, but also with other socially-mediated identities such as social class, disability, national identity and accounts and analyses of inter-group encounters, is an invaluable resource for music scholars and researchers and those working in any discipline that deals with identity or identity politics.

Identity

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Author :
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 0374717486
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Identity by : Francis Fukuyama

Download or read book Identity written by Francis Fukuyama and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times bestselling author of The Origins of Political Order offers a provocative examination of modern identity politics: its origins, its effects, and what it means for domestic and international affairs of state In 2014, Francis Fukuyama wrote that American institutions were in decay, as the state was progressively captured by powerful interest groups. Two years later, his predictions were borne out by the rise to power of a series of political outsiders whose economic nationalism and authoritarian tendencies threatened to destabilize the entire international order. These populist nationalists seek direct charismatic connection to “the people,” who are usually defined in narrow identity terms that offer an irresistible call to an in-group and exclude large parts of the population as a whole. Demand for recognition of one’s identity is a master concept that unifies much of what is going on in world politics today. The universal recognition on which liberal democracy is based has been increasingly challenged by narrower forms of recognition based on nation, religion, sect, race, ethnicity, or gender, which have resulted in anti-immigrant populism, the upsurge of politicized Islam, the fractious “identity liberalism” of college campuses, and the emergence of white nationalism. Populist nationalism, said to be rooted in economic motivation, actually springs from the demand for recognition and therefore cannot simply be satisfied by economic means. The demand for identity cannot be transcended; we must begin to shape identity in a way that supports rather than undermines democracy. Identity is an urgent and necessary book—a sharp warning that unless we forge a universal understanding of human dignity, we will doom ourselves to continuing conflict.

Identity Politics and Popular Culture in Taiwan

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Author :
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 1498510337
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Identity Politics and Popular Culture in Taiwan by : Hsin-I Sydney Yueh

Download or read book Identity Politics and Popular Culture in Taiwan written by Hsin-I Sydney Yueh and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2016-12-07 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past two decades, a uniform representation of cutified femininity prevails in the Taiwanese media, evidenced by the shift of Taiwan’s popular cultural taste from a Chinese-centered tradition to a mixed absorption from neighboring cultural capitals in the global market. This book argues that the native term “sajiao” is the key to understand the phenomenon. Originally referring to a set of persuasive tactics through imitating a spoiled child’s gestures and ways of speaking to get attention or material goods, sajiao is commonly understood to be women’s weapon to manipulate men in the Mandarin-speaking communities. By re-interpreting sajiao as a “feminine” tactic, or the tactic of the weak, the book aims to propose a “feminine framework” in exploring identity politics in the following three aspects: the rising obsession with the immature female image in Taiwan’s popular culture, the adoption of the feminine communication style in native speakers’ everyday language and interactions, and the competing discourses between dominant/subordinate, central/peripheral, global/local, and Chinese/Taiwanese in shaping the identity politics in current Taiwanese society. The micro-analysis of everyday language politics leads the reader to examine layers of discourse about gender, identity, and communication, and finally to inquire how to situate or categorize “Taiwan” in area studies. The “feminine framework” is a useful theoretical tool that not only deconstructs everyday communication practice but also provides a bottom-up, alternative angle in analyzing Taiwan’s role in political, economic, and cultural flows in East Asia. The massive imports of popular cultural products in the late 80s, mainly from Japan, fermented the kawaii (Japanese cute) type of femininity in regulating everyday communication and the perception of gender roles in Taiwan. The popularity of the baby-like female image is concurrent with the simmering debate on Taiwanese identity. Taiwan offers a unique perspective for observing identity politics because it still holds an undetermined status in the international community. The collective uncertainty about the island’s future and the diminishing voice in the international society become the backdrop for the growth of defining, interpreting, and appropriating sajiao elements in the popular culture. This book offers an in-depth examination of the interplay among local historical contexts, cross-border capitalist exchange, and everyday communication that shapes the dialogism of Taiwanese identity.