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Multi Frac Propagation In Unconventional Shale
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Book Synopsis Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics by : Mark D. Zoback
Download or read book Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics written by Mark D. Zoback and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geomechanical and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Covering hydrocarbon-bearing formations, horizontal drilling, reservoir seismology and environmental impacts, this is an invaluable resource for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers.
Book Synopsis Multi-frac Propagation in Unconventional Shale by : Nana Kwadwo Sasu Asiamah
Download or read book Multi-frac Propagation in Unconventional Shale written by Nana Kwadwo Sasu Asiamah and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the Zipper-Frac technique has become one of the most widely used stimulation techniques in the oil and gas industry. The efficiency in this technique lies in minimizing stress shadows between adjacent stimulated fractures while maximizing fracture network and surface area in order to increase fluid production. The Zipper-Frac technique stimulates two parallel horizontally drilled wellbores, alternating between perforation clusters, while maintaining pressure in the previously fractured wellbore or perforation cluster. This study analyzes and discusses multi-fracture experiments in the laboratory that mimic Zipper-Frac results in unconventional shale. The experiments were conducted with two intended outcomes: (i) to examine how time-dependent pressure decay limits stress shadow effects and (ii) to investigate fracture complexity developed in Zipper-Fracs. To achieve these objectives, laboratory experiments were conducted on synthetic blocks (gypsum cement) of three layers (hydrostone, plaster and hydrostone, respectively). The experiment was conducted on 12 samples. Six samples were fractured with a pressure hold-up technique, where the in-situ stress after fracturing was above the fracture closure stress (FCS); and the other six were fractured with a pressure bleed-off technique, where the pressure was bled-off below the FCS. The results indicate is that greater well spacing and bleeding off pressure in fractures post-treatment result in longer and straighter fractures, hence minimal stress shadow, while closer well spacing and maintaining pressure in fractures post-treatment caused more non-planar fracture paths and less created fracture length, hence stronger stress shadow. Consequently, it can be inferred that less complexity would result with the bleed-off method, but this gives greater fracture surface area because of the greater achieved lengths.
Book Synopsis Hydraulic Fracture Modeling by : Yu-Shu Wu
Download or read book Hydraulic Fracture Modeling written by Yu-Shu Wu and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic Fracture Modeling delivers all the pertinent technology and solutions in one product to become the go-to source for petroleum and reservoir engineers. Providing tools and approaches, this multi-contributed reference presents current and upcoming developments for modeling rock fracturing including their limitations and problem-solving applications. Fractures are common in oil and gas reservoir formations, and with the ongoing increase in development of unconventional reservoirs, more petroleum engineers today need to know the latest technology surrounding hydraulic fracturing technology such as fracture rock modeling. There is tremendous research in the area but not all located in one place. Covering two types of modeling technologies, various effective fracturing approaches and model applications for fracturing, the book equips today’s petroleum engineer with an all-inclusive product to characterize and optimize today’s more complex reservoirs. Offers understanding of the details surrounding fracturing and fracture modeling technology, including theories and quantitative methods Provides academic and practical perspective from multiple contributors at the forefront of hydraulic fracturing and rock mechanics Provides today’s petroleum engineer with model validation tools backed by real-world case studies
Book Synopsis Hydraulic Fracture Mechanics by : Peter Valkó
Download or read book Hydraulic Fracture Mechanics written by Peter Valkó and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book explores the theoretical background of one of the most widespread activities in hydrocarbon wells, that of hydraulic fracturing. A comprehensive treatment of the basic phenomena includes: linear elasticity, stresses, fracture geometry and rheology. The diverse concepts of mechanics are integrated into a coherent description of hydraulic fracture propagation. The chapters in the book are cross-referenced throughout and the connections between the various phenomena are emphasized. The book offers readers a unique approach to the subject with the use of many numerical examples.
Book Synopsis Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs by : Hoss Belyadi
Download or read book Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs written by Hoss Belyadi and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs: Theories, Operations, and Economic Analysis introduces the basic characteristics and theories surrounding hydraulic fracturing and the main process of fracturing in shale, including the main workflow, the details in case analysis, and the fundamental differences between theory, study, and practical operation. The book takes the complex nature of the hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs and applies a practical approach that can be useds as a workflow for designing fracture treatments in various shale basins across the world. Providing the audience with theories, best practices, operation and execution, and economic analysis of hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs, this reference guides the engineer and manager through broad topics including an introduction to unconventional reservoirs, advanced shale reservoir characterization, and shale gas in place calculation as well as expanding to basic theories of hydraulic fracturing and advanced topics in shale reservoir stimulation. Rounding out with coverage on the environmental aspects and practice problems on design and economic analysis, the book delivers the critical link needed between academia and industry for all aspects of hydraulic fracturing operations. Presents basic characteristics of unconventional reservoirs and introductory theories and practices on hydraulic fracturing, including post-fracturing analysis Includes an explanation of company assets and financial responsibility, with coverage on economic evaluation and how to predict decline curves Provides tactics on how to strengthen real-world skills with the inclusion of practice examples at the end of the book
Book Synopsis Exploitation of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources by : Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet
Download or read book Exploitation of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources written by Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet and published by . This book was released on 2019-07-10 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The stimulation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs is proven to improve their productivity to an extent that has rendered them economically viable. Generally, the stimulation design is a complex process dependent on intertwining factors such as the history of the formation, rock and reservoir fluid type, lithology and structural layout of the formation, cost, time, etc. A holistic grasp of these can be daunting, especially for people without sufficient experience and/or expertise in the exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbon reserves. This book presents the key facets integral to producing unconventional resources, and how the different components, if pieced together, can be used to create an integrated stimulation design. Areas covered are as follows: • stimulation methods, • fracturing fluids, • mixing and behavior of reservoir fluids, • assessment of reservoir performance, • integration of surface drilling data, • estimation of geomechanical properties and hydrocarbon saturation, and • health and safety. Exploitation of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Hydraulic Fracturing and Other Recovery and Assessment Techniques is an excellent introduction to the subject area of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, but it also complements existing information in the same discipline. It is an essential text for higher education students and professionals in academia, research, and the industry.
Book Synopsis Underground Excavations in Rock by : E.T. Brown
Download or read book Underground Excavations in Rock written by E.T. Brown and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1980-06-30 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Underground Excavations in Rock deals with the geotechnical aspects of the design of underground openings for mining and civil engineering processes.
Book Synopsis Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing by : Ching H. Yew
Download or read book Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Ching H. Yew and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised to include current components considered for today’s unconventional and multi-fracture grids, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition explains one of the most important features for fracture design — the ability to predict the geometry and characteristics of the hydraulically induced fracture. With two-thirds of the world’s oil and natural gas reserves committed to unconventional resources, hydraulic fracturing is the best proven well stimulation method to extract these resources from their more remote and complex reservoirs. However, few hydraulic fracture models can properly simulate more complex fractures. Engineers and well designers must understand the underlying mechanics of how fractures are modeled in order to correctly predict and forecast a more advanced fracture network. Updated to accommodate today’s fracturing jobs, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition enables the engineer to: Understand complex fracture networks to maximize completion strategies Recognize and compute stress shadow, which can drastically affect fracture network patterns Optimize completions by properly modeling and more accurately predicting for today’s hydraulic fracturing completions Discusses the underlying mechanics of creating a fracture from the wellbore Enhanced to include newer modeling components such as stress shadow and interaction of hydraulic fracture with a natural fracture, which aids in more complex fracture networks Updated experimental studies that apply to today’s unconventional fracturing cases
Book Synopsis Development of Computationally Efficient 2D and Pseudo-3D Multi-fracture Models with Applications to Fracturing and Refracturing by : Sophie Shiting Yi
Download or read book Development of Computationally Efficient 2D and Pseudo-3D Multi-fracture Models with Applications to Fracturing and Refracturing written by Sophie Shiting Yi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing is one of the key technologies of the U.S. tight oil and shale gas revolution. Recently, fracture diagnostic methods revealed that the fracture propagation could be quite uneven when stimulating multiple fractures simultaneously. As a result, only 64% of the perforated clusters contribute to production. Promoting uniform fracture propagation, ensuring that all perforation clusters receive treatment would be a big step in improving oil recovery in shale reservoirs. The dissertation reports the development of computationally efficient, 2D and Pseudo-3D multi-fracture models. Novel methods are developed to solve the dynamic fluid and proppant partitioning among multiple perforation clusters. The Resistance Method is developed to distribute fluid among fractures. This new method could be more computationally efficient than the widely adopted Newton-Raphson Method. The Particle Transport Efficiency (PTE) correlations are implicitly incorporated into the multi-fracture models to compute proppant distribution among the fractures. It is shown that the inertial effect tends to accumulate proppant particles downstream in the wellbore while fluid leaks off from the perforations, leading to pre-mature screen out of toe-side clusters, and the heel-biased final treatment distribution. The model has been applied to two important unconventional reservoir stimulation technologies: the plug-and-perf operation and horizontal well refracturing. We investigate how parameters including the number of perforations, the size of the perforation, the injection rate and so on affect the final fluid and proppant distribution. Directional suggestions are provided regarding each parameter. An automated process to search for the optimum plug-and-perf design within the user-specified parameter range was developed. It is shown that when multiple parameters are optimized together, the propped surface area can be improved greatly. We simulated horizontal well refracturing operations employing diverting agents with the model. Two field cases were studied, and the simulation workflow of initial completion – pore pressure depletion – refracturing was carried out for both cases. Our simulation results match the field diagnostic observations well. We successfully captured the heel-biased refrac treatment distribution, and showed that both new and existing perforations can effectively break down during refrac. Strategies have been developed to improve refrac success.
Book Synopsis Numerical Simulation in Hydraulic Fracturing: Multiphysics Theory and Applications by : Xinpu Shen
Download or read book Numerical Simulation in Hydraulic Fracturing: Multiphysics Theory and Applications written by Xinpu Shen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expansion of unconventional petroleum resources in the recent decade and the rapid development of computational technology have provided the opportunity to develop and apply 3D numerical modeling technology to simulate the hydraulic fracturing of shale and tight sand formations. This book presents 3D numerical modeling technologies for hydraulic fracturing developed in recent years, and introduces solutions to various 3D geomechanical problems related to hydraulic fracturing. In the solution processes of the case studies included in the book, fully coupled multi-physics modeling has been adopted, along with innovative computational techniques, such as submodeling. In practice, hydraulic fracturing is an essential project component in shale gas/oil development and tight sand oil, and provides an essential measure in the process of drilling cuttings reinjection (CRI). It is also an essential measure for widened mud weight window (MWW) when drilling through naturally fractured formations; the process of hydraulic plugging is a typical application of hydraulic fracturing. 3D modeling and numerical analysis of hydraulic fracturing is essential for the successful development of tight oil/gas formations: it provides accurate solutions for optimized stage intervals in a multistage fracking job. It also provides optimized well-spacing for the design of zipper-frac wells. Numerical estimation of casing integrity under stimulation injection in the hydraulic fracturing process is one of major concerns in the successful development of unconventional resources. This topic is also investigated numerically in this book. Numerical solutions to several other typical geomechanics problems related to hydraulic fracturing, such as fluid migration caused by fault reactivation and seismic activities, are also presented. This book can be used as a reference textbook to petroleum, geotechnical and geothermal engineers, to senior undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, and to geologists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists and applied mathematicians working in this field. This book is also a synthetic compendium of both the fundamentals and some of the most advanced aspects of hydraulic fracturing technology.
Book Synopsis Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources by : Usman Ahmed
Download or read book Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources written by Usman Ahmed and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-05 with total page 862 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the shale revolution continues in North America, unconventional resource markets are emerging on every continent. In the next eight to ten years, more than 100,000 wells and one- to two-million hydraulic fracturing stages could be executed, resulting in close to one trillion dollars in industry spending. This growth has prompted professionals ex
Book Synopsis Multi-frac Treatments in Tight Oil and Shale Gas Reservoirs by : Abdul Muqtadir Khan
Download or read book Multi-frac Treatments in Tight Oil and Shale Gas Reservoirs written by Abdul Muqtadir Khan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vast shale gas and tight oil reservoirs in North America cannot be economically developed without multi-stage hydraulic fracture treatments. Owing to the disparity in the density of natural fractures in addition to the disparate in-situ stress conditions in these kinds of formations, microseismic fracture mapping has shown that hydraulic fracture treatments develop a range of large-scale fracture networks in the shale plays. In this thesis, an approach is presented, where the fracture networks approximated with microseismic mapping are integrated with a commercial numerical production simulator that discretely models the network structure in both vertical and horizontal wells. A novel approach for reservoir simulation is used, where porosity (instead of permeability) is used as a scaling parameter for the fracture width. Two different fracture geometries have been broadly proposed for a multi stage horizontal well, orthogonal and transverse. The orthogonal pattern represents a complex network with cross cutting fractures orthogonal to each other; whereas transverse pattern maps uninterrupted fractures achieving maximum depth of penetration into the reservoir. The response for a single-stage fracture is further investigated by comparing the propagation of the stage to be dendritic versus planar. A dendritic propagation is bifurcation of the hydraulic fracture due to intersection with the natural fracture (failure along the plane of weakness). The impact of fracture spacing to optimize these fracture geometries is studied. A systematic optimization for designing the fracture length and width is also presented. The simulation is motivated by the oil window of Eagle Ford shale formation and the results of this work illustrate how different fracture network geometries impact well performance, which is critical for improving future horizontal well completions and fracturing strategies in low permeability shale and tight oil reservoirs. A rate transient analysis (RTA) technique employing a rate normalized pressure (RNP) vs. superposition time function (STF) plot is used for the linear flow analysis. The parameters that influence linear flow are analytically derived. It is found that picking a straight line on this curve can lead to erroneous results because multiple solutions exist. A new technique for linear flow analysis is used. The ratio of derivative of inverse production and derivative of square root time is plotted against square root time and the constant derivative region is seen to be indicative of linear flow. The analysis is found to be robust because different simulation cases are modeled and permeability and fracture half-length are estimated.
Book Synopsis Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow by : National Research Council
Download or read book Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-08-27 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fracturesâ€"a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storageâ€"has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects.
Book Synopsis Development of Unconventional Reservoirs by : Reza Rezaee
Download or read book Development of Unconventional Reservoirs written by Reza Rezaee and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-16 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for energy is increasing and but the production from conventional reservoirs is declining quickly. This requires an economically and technically feasible source of energy for the coming years. Among some alternative future energy solutions, the most reasonable source is from unconventional reservoirs. As the name “unconventional” implies, different and challenging approaches are required to characterize and develop these resources. This Special Issue covers some of the technical challenges for developing unconventional energy sources from shale gas/oil, tight gas sand, and coalbed methane.
Book Synopsis Modern Fracturing by : Michael J. Economides
Download or read book Modern Fracturing written by Michael J. Economides and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Natural gas is rapidly emerging as a premier fuel for the world economy with markedly increasing trans-national trade. With proven reserves far exceeding those for crude oil, natural gas is likely to be around for centuries. This is a book about enhancing natural gas production using one of the most important and widespread well completion technologies -- hydraulic fracturing. The book addresses the way that natural gas is produced from reservoirs and then describes diagnostic techniques that can pinpoint whether the well is producing as it should or whether intervention should be undertaken, which is the central theme of this book."--Back cover.
Book Synopsis Geomechanics and Hydraulic Fracturing for Shale Reservoirs by : Yu Wang
Download or read book Geomechanics and Hydraulic Fracturing for Shale Reservoirs written by Yu Wang and published by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. USA. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended as a reference book for advanced graduate students and research engineers in shale gas development or rock mechanical engineering. Globally, there is widespread interest in exploiting shale gas resources to meet rising energy demands, maintain energy security and stability in supply and reduce dependence on higher carbon sources of energy, namely coal and oil. However, extracting shale gas is a resource intensive process and is dependent on the geological and geomechanical characteristics of the source rocks, making the development of certain formations uneconomic using current technologies. Therefore, evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of shale, together with technological advancements, is critical in verifying the economic viability of such formation. Accurate geomechanical information about the rock and its variation through the shale is important since stresses along the wellbore can control fracture initiation and frac development. In addition, hydraulic fracturing has been widely employed to enhance the production of oil and gas from underground reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing is a complex operation in which the fluid is pumped at a high pressure into a selected section of the wellbore. The interaction between the hydraulic fractures and natural fractures is the key to fracturing effectiveness prediction and high gas development. The development and growth of a hydraulic fracture through the natural fracture systems of shale is probably more complex than can be described here, but may be somewhat predictable if the fracture system and the development of stresses can be explained. As a result, comprehensive shale geomechanical experiments, physical modeling experiment and numerical investigations should be conducted to reveal the fracturing mechanical behaviors of shale.
Book Synopsis Experimental Investigation of Geomechanical Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing Unconventional Formations by : Emad Abbad Alabbad
Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Geomechanical Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing Unconventional Formations written by Emad Abbad Alabbad and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the mechanisms that govern hydraulic fracturing applications in unconventional formations, such as gas-bearing shales, is of increasing interest to the petroleum upstream industry. Among such mechanisms, the geomechanical interactions between hydraulic fractures and pre-existing fractures on one hand, and simultaneous multiple hydraulic fractures on the other hand are seen of high importance. Although the petroleum engineering and related literature contains a number of studies that discusses such topics of hydraulic fracture interactions, there still remain some aspects that require answers, validations, or further supporting data. Particularly, experimental evidence is fairly scarce and keenly needed to solidify the understanding of such complex applications. In this work, the investigation methodology uses a series of hydraulic fracturing laboratory tests performed on synthetic rocks made of gypsum-based cements such as hydrostone and plaster in various experimental set ups. Those laboratory tests aim to closely investigate hydraulic fracture intersection with pre-existing fractures by assessing some factors that govern its outcomes. Specifically, the roles of the pre-existing fracture cementation, aperture, and relative height on the intersection mode are examined. The results show dominant effect of the cement-fill type relative to the host-rock matrix in determining whether hydraulic fracture crossing the pre-existing interface may occur. Similarly, hydraulic fracture height relative to the height of the pre-existing fracture may dictate the intersection results. However, the intersection mode seems to be insensitive of the pre-existing fracture aperture. Moreover, simultaneous multi-fracture propagation is examined and found to be impacted by the interference of the stresses induced from each fracturing source on neighboring fracturing sources. Such stress interference increases as the number of the propagating hydraulic fractures increase. While hydraulic fractures initiating from fracturing sources located in the middle of the fracturing stage seem to have inhibited propagation, outer hydraulic fractures may continue propagating with outward curvatures. Overall, the experimental results and analyses offer more insights for understanding hydraulic fracture complexity in unconventional formations.
