Moroccan Households in the World Economy

Download Moroccan Households in the World Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780807133729
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (337 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Moroccan Households in the World Economy by : David Crawford

Download or read book Moroccan Households in the World Economy written by David Crawford and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2008-11-15 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco, far from the hustle and noise of urban centers, lies a village made of mud and rock, barely discernible from the surrounding landscape. Yet a closer look reveals a carefully planned community of homes nestled above the trees, where rock slides are least frequent, and steep terraces of barley fields situated just above spring flood level. The Berber-speaking Muslims who live and farm on these precipitous mountainsides work together at the arduous task of irrigating the fields during the dry season, continuing a long tradition of managing land, labor, and other essential resources collectively. In Moroccan Households in the World Economy, David Crawford provides a detailed study of the rhythms of highland Berber life, from the daily routines of making a living in such a demanding environment to the relationships between individuals, the community, and the national economy. Demonstrating a remarkably complete understanding of every household and person in the village, Crawford traces the intricacies of cooperation between households over time. Employing a calculus known as "arranging the bones," villagers attempt to balance inequality over the long term by accounting for fluctuations in the needs and capacities of each person, household, and family at different stages in its history. Tradition dictates that children "owe" labor to their parents and grandparents as long as they live, and fathers decide when and where the children in their household work. Some may be asked to work for distant religious lodges or urban relatives they haven't met because of a promise made by long-dead ancestors. Others must migrate to cities to work as wage laborers and send their earnings home to support their rural households. While men and women leave their community to work, Morocco and the wider world come to the village in the form of administrators, development agents, and those representing commercial interests, all with their own agendas and senses of time. Integrating a classic village-level study that nevertheless engages with the realities of contemporary migration, Crawford succinctly summarizes common perceptions and misperceptions about the community while providing a salient critique of the global expansion of capital. In this beautifully observed ethnography, Crawford challenges assumptions about how Western economic processes transfer to other contexts and pulls the reader into an exotic world of smoke-filled kitchens, dirt-floored rooms, and communal rooftop meals -- a world every bit as fascinating as it is instructive.

MOROCCAN HOUSEHOLDS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY.

Download MOROCCAN HOUSEHOLDS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (144 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis MOROCCAN HOUSEHOLDS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY. by : D. CRAWFORD

Download or read book MOROCCAN HOUSEHOLDS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY. written by D. CRAWFORD and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Moroccan Households in the World Economy

Download Moroccan Households in the World Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807148393
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Moroccan Households in the World Economy by : David Crawford

Download or read book Moroccan Households in the World Economy written by David Crawford and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2008-11-15 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco, far from the hustle and noise of urban centers, lies a village made of mud and rock, barely discernible from the surrounding landscape. Yet a closer look reveals a carefully planned community of homes nestled above the trees, where rock slides are least frequent, and steep terraces of barley fields situated just above spring flood level. The Berber-speaking Muslims who live and farm on these precipitous mountainsides work together at the arduous task of irrigating the fields during the dry season, continuing a long tradition of managing land, labor, and other essential resources collectively. In Moroccan Households in the World Economy, David Crawford provides a detailed study of the rhythms of highland Berber life, from the daily routines of making a living in such a demanding environment to the relationships between individuals, the community, and the national economy. Demonstrating a remarkably complete understanding of every household and person in the village, Crawford traces the intricacies of cooperation between households over time. Employing a calculus known as "arranging the bones," villagers attempt to balance inequality over the long term by accounting for fluctuations in the needs and capacities of each person, household, and family at different stages in its history. Tradition dictates that children "owe" labor to their parents and grandparents as long as they live, and fathers decide when and where the children in their household work. Some may be asked to work for distant religious lodges or urban relatives they haven't met because of a promise made by long-dead ancestors. Others must migrate to cities to work as wage laborers and send their earnings home to support their rural households. While men and women leave their community to work, Morocco and the wider world come to the village in the form of administrators, development agents, and those representing commercial interests, all with their own agendas and senses of time. Integrating a classic village-level study that nevertheless engages with the realities of contemporary migration, Crawford succinctly summarizes common perceptions and misperceptions about the community while providing a salient critique of the global expansion of capital. In this beautifully observed ethnography, Crawford challenges assumptions about how Western economic processes transfer to other contexts and pulls the reader into an exotic world of smoke-filled kitchens, dirt-floored rooms, and communal rooftop meals -- a world every bit as fascinating as it is instructive.

Morocco 2040

Download Morocco 2040 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 146481077X
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Morocco 2040 by : Jean-Pierre Chauffour

Download or read book Morocco 2040 written by Jean-Pierre Chauffour and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-10-20 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Morocco 2040: Emerging by Investing in Intangible Capital documents the major economic and social strides made by Morocco over the past 15 years and analyzes the economic conditions for accelerating the pace of economic catch-up by 2040. A virtuous yet realistic scenario suggests that with higher productivity gains Morocco could double its current pace of convergence with Southern European countries. In one generation, Morocco’s standard of living could reach about 45 percent of that of Spain, its immediate Northern neighbor, compared to the current rate of 22 percent. To lay out the possible pathways for Morocco to become the first North African country to attain upper middle income status, the Book then investigates the policies that could bring about such a virtuous scenario of accelerated economic convergence. It shows that sustaining higher productivity gains for 25 years would require greater efforts at building Morocco’s institutional, human and social capital—what is also known as intangible capital. Accumulating such intangible capital necessarily take a number of different forms and the Book proposes a four-pronged approach. First, by strengthening Morocco’s market institutions for a more efficient allocation of capital and labor and international integration. Second, by strengthening Morocco’s public institutions to strengthen the rule of law and justice, modernize the public administration, and improve the quality of public service delivery. Third, by strengthening Morocco’s human capital, especially education, health and the development of early childhood. And fourth, by strengthening Morocco’s social capital through greater gender parity and increased interpersonal trust and civism in society. By placing more of a priority on its intangible capital, Morocco would be advancing a social contract based on the promotion of a more open society. It would be taking a route that is partly new, but which is also the logical outcome of many economic and social diagnoses and pressing calls for change.

Globalized Authoritarianism

Download Globalized Authoritarianism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452956707
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Globalized Authoritarianism by : Koenraad Bogaert

Download or read book Globalized Authoritarianism written by Koenraad Bogaert and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2018-03-20 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rich investigation into Morocco’s urban politics Over the past thirty years, Morocco’s cities have transformed dramatically. To take just one example, Casablanca’s medina is now obscured behind skyscrapers that are funded by global capital and encouraged by Morocco’s monarchy, which hopes to transform this city into a regional leader of finance and commerce. Such changes have occurred throughout Morocco. Megaprojects are redesigning the cityscapes of Rabat, Tangiers, and Casablanca, turning the nation’s urban centers into laboratories of capital accumulation, political dominance, and social control. In Globalized Authoritarianism, Koenraad Bogaert links more abstract questions of government, globalization, and neoliberalism with concrete changes in the city. Bogaert goes deep beneath the surface of Morocco’s urban prosperity to reveal how neoliberal government and the increased connectivity engendered by global capitalism transformed Morocco’s leading urban spaces, opening up new sites for capital accumulation, creating enormous class divisions, and enabling new innovations in state authoritarianism. Analyzing these transformations, he argues that economic globalization does not necessarily lead to increased democratization but to authoritarianism with a different face, to a form of authoritarian government that becomes more and more a globalized affair. Showing how Morocco’s experiences have helped produce new forms of globalization, Bogaert offers a bridge between in-depth issues of Middle Eastern studies and broader questions of power, class, and capital as they continue to evolve in the twenty-first century.

Everyday Life in Global Morocco

Download Everyday Life in Global Morocco PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253031303
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Everyday Life in Global Morocco by : Rachel Newcomb

Download or read book Everyday Life in Global Morocco written by Rachel Newcomb and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-09 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the story of one middle class family as they work, eat, love, and grow, Everyday Life in Global Morocco provides a moving and engaging exploration of how world issues impact lives. Rachel Newcomb shows how larger issues like gentrification, changing diets, and nontraditional approaches to marriage and fertility are changing what the everyday looks and feels like in Morocco. Newcomb's close engagement with the Benjelloun family presents a broad range of responses to the multifaceted effects of globalization. The lived experience of the modern family is placed in contrast with the traditional expectation of how this family should operate. This juxtaposition encourages new ways of thinking about how modern the notion of globalization really is.

Global and Local in Algeria and Morocco

Download Global and Local in Algeria and Morocco PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317411587
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global and Local in Algeria and Morocco by : James McDougall

Download or read book Global and Local in Algeria and Morocco written by James McDougall and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together contributors across the disciplines to examine the local, national, regional and global processes that have shaped Maghribi societies, economies and politics since the colonial period. Focusing equally on the local shape of global processes and on the broader significance of particular ‘ways of doing things’, these studies move beyond generalisations about globalisation and its impact on local societies, whether developmental or detrimental, of the ‘global in the local’, or of ‘glocalisation’. Cases range from the onset of the ‘first wave’ of globalisation in the colonial era to the most recent developments in identity politics, consumerism, and telecommunications. Contributors show how nationalising and globalising influences are seized, remade, and put to work in very different ways by High Atlas farmers or urban real estate speculators, human rights activists at the edge of the Sahara and amateur theatre actors in Mediterranean towns. Always located somewhere, these social actors nonetheless act in different ways, with different effects, at different levels of engagement, whether with each other, their own governments, or the wider world. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of North African Studies.

Food and Families in the Making

Download Food and Families in the Making PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1805394681
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Food and Families in the Making by : Katharina Graf

Download or read book Food and Families in the Making written by Katharina Graf and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2024-04-01 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even in the context of rapid material and social change in urban Morocco, women, and especially those from low-income households, continue to invest a lot of work in preparing good food for their families. Through the lens of domestic food preparation, this book looks at knowledge reproduction, how we know cooking and its role in the making of everyday family life. It also examines a political economy of cooking that situates Marrakchi women’s lived experiences in the broader context of persisting poverty and food insecurity in Morocco.

Morocco 2040: Emerging by Investing in Intangible Capital

Download Morocco 2040: Emerging by Investing in Intangible Capital PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Morocco 2040: Emerging by Investing in Intangible Capital by :

Download or read book Morocco 2040: Emerging by Investing in Intangible Capital written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Morocco Policy Analysis Model: Theoretical Framework and Policy Scenarios

Download The Morocco Policy Analysis Model: Theoretical Framework and Policy Scenarios PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513573322
Total Pages : 47 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Morocco Policy Analysis Model: Theoretical Framework and Policy Scenarios by : Aya Achour

Download or read book The Morocco Policy Analysis Model: Theoretical Framework and Policy Scenarios written by Aya Achour and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-04-30 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Morocco Policy Analysis model (MOPAM) was created in the Bank Al-Maghrib to simulate the impact of external developments, domestic macroeconomic policies, and structural reforms on key macroeconomic aggregates. We describe its structure and demonstrate its operation on two medium-term scenarios: (1) fiscal consolidation to stabilize the debt-to-GDP ratio and (2) the effects of the COVID-19 shock, including the endogenous fiscal and monetary policy response.

Hired Daughters

Download Hired Daughters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253041023
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hired Daughters by : Mary Montgomery

Download or read book Hired Daughters written by Mary Montgomery and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-19 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of the customs and traditions of employing household help in Morocco, and the evolving rural and urban views toward domestic servitude. Hired Daughters examines a fading tradition of domestic service in which rural girls familiar to ordinary Moroccan families were placed in their homes until marriage. In this tradition of “bringing up,” the girls are considered “daughters of the house,” and part of their role in the family is to help with the housework. Gradually, this tradition is transforming into one in which workers unfamiliar to their host families are paid a wage and may not stay long, but where the Islamic ethics of charity, religious reward, and gratitude still inform expectations on both sides. Mary Montgomery examines why Moroccans so often talk about their domestic workers as daughters, what this means for workers and employers, and how this is changing in contemporary Morocco. Prioritizing the experiences and perspectives of these women, Montgomery charts the tension that has developed between socially embedded, loyal domestic workers who operate within narratives of kinship and obligation and women who seek greater individualization, privacy, and self-empowerment. Hired Daughters offers a nuanced understanding of a world that bridges public and private, morality and money, family and outsiders. In doing so, it provides an intimate consideration of contemporary Moroccan households as economic enterprises and sites of navigation between the traditional and the global.

Encountering Morocco

Download Encountering Morocco PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253009197
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encountering Morocco by : David Crawford

Download or read book Encountering Morocco written by David Crawford and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encountering Morocco introduces readers to life in this North African country through vivid accounts of fieldwork as personal experience and intellectual journey. We meet the contributors at diverse stages of their careers–from the unmarried researcher arriving for her first stint in the field to the seasoned fieldworker returning with spouse and children. They offer frank descriptions of what it means to take up residence in a place where one is regarded as an outsider, learn the language and local customs, and struggle to develop rapport. Moving reflections on friendship, kinship, and belief within the cross-cultural encounter reveal why study of Moroccan society has played such a seminal role in the development of cultural anthropology.

Historical Dictionary of Morocco

Download Historical Dictionary of Morocco PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442262974
Total Pages : 1003 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of Morocco by : Aomar Boum

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of Morocco written by Aomar Boum and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2016-06-02 with total page 1003 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A historical reference work on Morocco must take as its subject al-maghrib al-aqsa (the far west) as the Arabic scholars have generally referred to the approximate region of present-day Morocco, roughly the north-west corner of Africa but at times including much of the Iberian peninsula, because the modern nation-state is a relatively recent creation owing much to events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. External influences on Morocco tend to come across the narrow straits of Gibraltar to the north, from the east along the Mediterranean litoral, or up from the Sahara. In each case, access is constrained by geography and continued control from outside the region has been difficult to manage over the long term. Although many of the dynasties that came to power in Morocco conquered much broader regions, history and topology have so conspired that there is still more coherence to an historical focus on al-maghrib al-aqsa than is the case for most modern nation-states. This third edition of Historical Dictionary of Morocco contains a chronology, an introduction, a glossary, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 600 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Morocco.

Arab Media Systems

Download Arab Media Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1800640625
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Arab Media Systems by : Carola Richter

Download or read book Arab Media Systems written by Carola Richter and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a comparative analysis of media systems in the Arab world, based on criteria informed by the historical, political, social, and economic factors influencing a country’s media. Reaching beyond classical western media system typologies, Arab Media Systems brings together contributions from experts in the field of media in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to provide valuable insights into the heterogeneity of this region’s media systems. It focuses on trends in government stances towards media, media ownership models, technological innovation, and the role of transnational mobility in shaping media structure and practices. Each chapter in the volume traces a specific country’s media – from Lebanon to Morocco – and assesses its media system in terms of historical roots, political and legal frameworks, media economy and ownership patterns, technology and infrastructure, and social factors (including diversity and equality in gender, age, ethnicities, religions, and languages). This book is a welcome contribution to the field of media studies, constituting the only edited collection in recent years to provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of Arab media systems. As such, it will be of great use to students and scholars in media, journalism and communication studies, as well as political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists with an interest in the MENA region.

Girls of the Factory

Download Girls of the Factory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813059135
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Girls of the Factory by : M. Laetitia Cairoli

Download or read book Girls of the Factory written by M. Laetitia Cairoli and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2011-06-01 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Morocco today, the idea of female laborers is generally frowned upon. Yet despite this, many women are beginning to find work in factories. Laetitia Cairoli spent a year in the ancient city of Fes; Girls of the Factory tells the story of what life is like for working women. Forced to find a factory job herself so that she could speak more intimately with working women, she was able to learn firsthand why they work, what working means to them, and how important earning a wage is to their sense of self. Cairoli conveys a general sense of the working life of women in Morocco by describing daily life inside a Moroccan sewing factory. She also reveals the additional work they face inside their homes. More than an ethnography, this volume is also for those who want to better understand what life is like for a new generation of young women just entering the workforce.

Ethnologia Europaea vol. 46:1

Download Ethnologia Europaea vol. 46:1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Museum Tusculanum Press
ISBN 13 : 8763544873
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (635 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethnologia Europaea vol. 46:1 by : Laura Stark

Download or read book Ethnologia Europaea vol. 46:1 written by Laura Stark and published by Museum Tusculanum Press. This book was released on 2016-05-30 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Special issue: Muslim Intimacies In every society, individual choice and freedom are shaped at least to some degree by the needs of familial and marital institutions. Currently, negotiations between individuals and families are undergoing transformations due to late modern processes such as recent waves of mass migration, the increasing transnationalism of everyday practices, global commerce in ideas and images, and the expansion of information technology into all corners of people’s lives. Some of the greatest challenges are experienced by Muslim families; the majority of the world’s Muslims live in extreme poverty, and in Europe, anti-Muslim sentiment has found a firm foothold in public attitudes and debates. This special issue explores the dilemmas facing transnational Muslim families as well as those who feel the impact of late modern transformations in societies where they have lived for generations. Five scholarly articles address family dynamics among Muslims in Finland (Anne Häkkinen), Ethiopia (Outi Fingerroos), Italy and Sweden (Pia Karlsson Minganti), Morocco (Raquel Gil Carvalheira), and Tanzania (Laura Stark); these are complemented by the insightful commentary by Garbi Schmidt. The aim of this theme issue is to develop new ways of talking about the links between Islam, family and the individual, which move away from the ethnocentrism of Western concepts and pay greater attention to the desires and goals of those studied. This volume includes two open issue contributions: Magdalena Elchinova scrutinizes identity construction among Orthodox Bulgarians based in Istanbul, and in the context of the post- Fordist “creative city” Ove Sutter analyses the playful and performative protests of activists following the declaration of the so-called Danger Zone 2014 in Hamburg, Germany.

Mohammed VI's Strategies for Moroccan Economic Development

Download Mohammed VI's Strategies for Moroccan Economic Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351065963
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mohammed VI's Strategies for Moroccan Economic Development by : Eve Sandberg

Download or read book Mohammed VI's Strategies for Moroccan Economic Development written by Eve Sandberg and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-08-01 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the economic development choices initiated by Morocco’s King Mohammed VI since he ascended the throne in 1999 and situates those choices in the political economy development literature. Examining the policies enacted by the King, the authors argue that over the past twenty years Mohammed VI has achieved some outstanding successes in modernizing the foundational economic sectors of Morocco, but the benefits of this development have not reached all Moroccans. With its focus on economic development, this book explores the way in which Mohammed VI’s development strategies have, in part, resembled the neoliberal model advocated by Western powers and institutions, as well as how the King also adopted some of the European practices of state intervention found in the "varieties of capitalism" models across Europe. Additionally, Mohammed VI’s Strategies for Moroccan Economic Development looks at the way in which the King has sought to utilize "leap frog" technologies so that Morocco has become a leader in certain productive sectors and is not just catching up to rival producers. The book also examines the extent to which Moroccan citizens have benefited from the economic transformations, arguing that not all Moroccans have benefited; many Moroccan citizens in 2019 echo the same economic concerns that were voiced in 1999 when King Mohammed VI first assumed the throne. With its focus on economic development, this book will be of interest not only to scholars and students of Middle East and North African Studies, but also Economics, International Development, and Politics.