Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Differentiation Of The Brain And Brain Behavior

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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Brain Behavior

Author : Tuck Cheong Ngun
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (847 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Brain Behavior by : Tuck Cheong Ngun

Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Brain Behavior written by Tuck Cheong Ngun and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brains of males and females are different anatomically and chemically. There are also sex differences in neurological disease, cognition and behavior that are presumed to be downstream consequences. Two main factors have been implicated in sexual differentiation of the brain: gonadal hormones and direct genetic effects. Here, we explore the role of sex chromosomes in the brain and behavior and the molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of these factors. We investigated the contribution of sex chromosomes to sex differences in brain and behavior by studying a novel mouse model of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) termed the Sex Chromosome Trisomy (SCT) model. KS is characterized by the presence of an additional X chromosome in men. We investigated the extent of feminization in XXY male mice. We found that partner preference in XXY males is feminized and that these differences are likely due to interactions of the additional X chromosome with the Y. We also found that expression of a small but highly significant proportion of genes is feminized in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis/preoptic area (BNST/POA) of XXY males, which represent strong candidates for dissecting the molecular pathways responsible for KS-specific phenotypes. We also investigated whether DNA methylation could be one of the molecular mechanisms that mediate the long-lasting, irreversible effects of perinatal testosterone in the BNST/POA. Using a genome-wide approach, we found that methylation at 45 genes was affected three days after the exposure. This number ballooned to 740 in adult animals. There was also a shift to a more masculine pattern of DNA methylation during adulthood in females that had seen perinatal testosterone. These results strongly suggest that perinatal testosterone confers an initial imprint that is amplified over postnatal development. We also observed sex differences in methylation at numerous genes. The interplay between gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes is a complex one. Collectively, our results provide further support for the theory of direct genetic effects in brain sexual differentiation and suggest that DNA methylation may be one mechanism that mediates not only the effects of gonadal hormones but also direct genetic effects.

Sexual Differentiation of the Brain (2000)

Author : Akira Matsumoto
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351357808
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Sexual Differentiation of the Brain (2000) by : Akira Matsumoto

Download or read book Sexual Differentiation of the Brain (2000) written by Akira Matsumoto and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sexual difference in the brain has long been one of the more intriguing research areas in the field of neuroscience. This thorough and comprehensive text uncovers and explains recent neurobiological and molecular biological studies in the field of neuroscience as they relate to the mechanisms underlying sexual differentiation of the brain. Attempts have been made to clarify sex differences in the human brain using noninvasive techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging. Sexual Differentiation of the Brain thoroughly examines these techniques and findings, providing an up-to-date, comprehensive overview written by leading researchers in the field. Just a few of the topics addressed include genetic contributions to the sexual differentiation of behavior; in-vitro studies of the effects of estrogen on estrogen receptor-transfected neuroblastoma cells; and the evolution of brain mechanisms controlling sexual behavior. Other topics include sexual differentiation of neural circuitry in the hypothalamus; structural sex differences in the mammalian brain; and sexual differentiation of cognitive functions in humans. With its revealing and informative chapters, as well as provocative treatment of the subject matter, Sexual Differentiation of the Brain helps shed new light on one of the most fascinating areas of brain research.

Neuroscience in the 21st Century

Author : Donald W. Pfaff
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781493934737
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroscience in the 21st Century by : Donald W. Pfaff

Download or read book Neuroscience in the 21st Century written by Donald W. Pfaff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.

Sexual Differentiation of the Brain

Author : Robert W. Goy
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
ISBN 13 : 9780262572071
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Sexual Differentiation of the Brain by : Robert W. Goy

Download or read book Sexual Differentiation of the Brain written by Robert W. Goy and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 1979-12-01 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigating the relative importance of genes, hormones, and environment in the formation of sexual behavior.

The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Differences in the Brain

Author : Negar Montakhab Ghahramani
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (847 download)

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Book Synopsis The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Differences in the Brain by : Negar Montakhab Ghahramani

Download or read book The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Differences in the Brain written by Negar Montakhab Ghahramani and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The major drivers underlying sexually dimorphic brain development are gonadal hormones, namely testosterone (T). During the perinatal sensitive period, a time when the embryonic brain is maximally sensitive to changes in the levels of gonadal hormones, exposure to T has permanent organizing effects on the brain, the molecular basis of which is not known. One potential mechanism for the long term permanence may be DNA methylation. To examine the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to both the establishment and maintenance of sex differences, I compared the methylomes of male, female, and female mice treated with testosterone. Methylation maps were generated for sexually dimorphic brain regions such as the striatum at postnatal day 4 (PN4) during the sensitive period and PN60 during adulthood using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. I found that testosterone altered the methylation of a few genes during the sensitive period but a much greater number in adulthood. I next investigated whether administration of a single dose of testosterone to females on the day of birth could induce a shift in DNA methylation from a female-typical to a more male-typical pattern. The results demonstrated that the masculinizing effect of testosterone was mostly evident at PN60 but not at PN4. This observation provided a new perspective on the mechanisms underlying organizational effects of testosterone because contrary to the expectation that testosterone leaves a strong, stable imprint shortly after exposure, testosterone effects on DNA methylation were not immediately evident but emerged later. Based on these data, I concluded that sex differences in methylation are not the result of the immediate early actions of testosterone on the brain. Rather, the neural molecular patterns found in adults are conditioned by early hormonal exposures, the effects of which might emerge over a period of time. Gene Ontology analysis on the set of genes whose methylation was altered by testosterone revealed a significant enrichment of genes belonging to signaling components associated with dopamine modulation as well as movement disorders that display a male-bias. These data are consistent with striatum's role in regulation of movement. In addition to assessing the contribution of hormones to brain sexual differentiation, I also investigated the impact of sex chromosomes on sex differences in brain and behavior. To test for sex chromosome effects, I used the four core genotypes mouse model and found sex differences in expression of a subset of striatal genes caused by XX vs. XY differences in mice with the same gonadal type. Moreover, comparison of animals with different numbers of sex chromosomes in a novel mouse model of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS), the Sex Chromosome Trisomy Model, indicated that presence of an additional X chromosome and/or its interaction with the Y in XXY male mice can contribute to some of the behavioral and molecular phenotypes observed in KS. Interestingly, analysis of striatal transcriptome in KS mice revealed a feminized molecular signature in the brain of KS male mice. Such information is crucial knowledge in elucidating not only the pathophysiology of KS, but also the origin of sex differences in brain and behavior. Altogether, my work demonstrates the significance of genetics and epigenetics in the process of brain development as it relates to sex. The results presented in this dissertation suggest that (1) the sex chromosomes carry genes that could influence brain function and behavior; and (2) the long lasting effects of steroid hormones on the brain could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation.

The Male and Female Brain: Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Differences

Author : Laura Musazzi
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889718875
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis The Male and Female Brain: Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Differences by : Laura Musazzi

Download or read book The Male and Female Brain: Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Differences written by Laura Musazzi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-12-30 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444536310
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications by :

Download or read book Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-12-03 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Progress in Brain Research documents recent developments and research findings in relation to sex and how the brain’s function and behavior differs from men to women. Specific areas include cerebral function, morphology and organization, sexual dimorphism, neural origins,and genetics and epigenetics, as well as potential causes/affects of stress, pain, sexual orientation and identity and other social issues such as distribution of disorders across the sexes and autism. Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field Highlights areas for future research Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts

Sex Differences in the Brain

Author : Jill B. Becker
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198042558
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Differences in the Brain by : Jill B. Becker

Download or read book Sex Differences in the Brain written by Jill B. Becker and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-12-04 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the basic and clinical biomedical research community, there is increasing recognition that differences between males and females across the lifespan affect an individual's health, his/her development of disease, signs and symptoms of pathophysiology, and response to therapy. This book is intended as a resource for scientists, clinicians, and students of the nervous system and behavior- a trove of practical information about how to study sex differences in the brain as well as a discussion of what is already known on the topic.

Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System

Author : Rebecca M. Shansky
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128021985
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System by : Rebecca M. Shansky

Download or read book Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System written by Rebecca M. Shansky and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-14 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System offers a comprehensive examination of the current state of sex differences research, from both the basic science and clinical research perspectives. Given the current NIH directive that funded preclinical research must consider both females and males, this topic is of interest to an increasing percentage of the neuroscience research population. The volume serves as an invaluable resource, offering coverage of a wide range of topics: sex differences in cognition, learning, and memory, sex hormone signaling mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions, epigenetics, social behavior, neurologic disease, psychological disorders, and stress. Discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations are included. Details how sex hormones have widespread effects on the nervous system and influence the way males and females function Assists readers in determining how sex impacts their research and practice, and assists in determining how to adjust research programs to incorporate sex influences Includes discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations, and at various developmental stages Features revised and updated chapters by leaders in the field around the globe—the broadest, most expert coverage available

Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease

Author : Maria Teresa Ferretti
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012819345X
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease by : Maria Teresa Ferretti

Download or read book Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease written by Maria Teresa Ferretti and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-07-23 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Women’s Brain Project offers for the first time a critical overview of the evidence documenting sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease neurobiology, biomarkers, clinical presentation, treatment, clinical trials and their outcomes, and socioeconomic impact on both patients and caregivers. This knowledge is crucial for clinical development, digital health solutions, as well as social and psychological support to Alzheimer’s disease families, in the frame of a precision medicine approach to Alzheimer’s disease.This book brings together up-to-date findings from a variety of experts, covering basic neuroscience, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, clinical trials development, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial support. Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, remains an unmet medical need for the planet. Wide interpersonal variability in disease onset, presentation, and biomarker profile make Alzheimer’s a clinical challenge to neuroscientists, clinicians, and drug developers alike, resulting in huge management costs for health systems and society. Not only do women represent the majority of Alzheimer’s disease patients, but they also represent two-thirds of caregivers. Understanding sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease will lead to novel insights into disease mechanisms, and will be crucial for personalized disease management strategies and solutions, involving both the patient and their family. Endorsements/Reviews: "There is a clear sex and gender gap in outcomes for brain health disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, with strikingly negative outcomes for women. This understanding calls for a more systematic way of approaching this issue of inequality. This book effectively highlights and frames inequalities in all areas across the translational spectrum from bench-to-bedside and from boardroom-to-policy and economics. Closing the Brain Health Gap will help economies create recovery and prepare our systems for future global shocks." Harris A. Eyre MBBS, PhD, co-lead, Neuroscience-inspired Policy Initiative, OECD and PRODEO Institute. Instructor in Brain Health Diplomacy, Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF and TCD. "Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's disease is the most important title to emerge on Alzheimer's disease in recent years.This comprehensive, multidisciplinary book is a must read for anyone with a serious interest in dementia prevention, diagnosis, treatment, care, cure and research. Precision medicine is the future of healthcare and this book represents an incredible and necessary resource to guide practice, policy and research in light of the fact that Alzheimer's disease disproportionately affects women. The combination of contributions from the most eminent experts and the most up-to-date research makes this an invaluable resource for clinicians, care providers, academics, researchers and policy makers. Given the complex nature of dementia and the multiple factors that influence risk and disease trajectory the scope of the book is both impressive and important covering sex differences in neurobiological processes, sex and gender differences in clinical aspects and gender differences linked to socioeconomic factors relevant to Alzheimer's disease. If you work in Alzheimer's disease, or indeed other dementias, then Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's disease is a must have for your bookshelf." -- Sabina Brennan, PhD., C.Psychol.,PsSI., National representative for Ireland on Alzheimer Disease International's Medical and Scientific Advisory Panel

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309132975
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-02 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

Brain Gender

Author : Melissa Hines
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199731004
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Brain Gender by : Melissa Hines

Download or read book Brain Gender written by Melissa Hines and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-04-14 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do biological factors, such as gonadal hormones, determine our sexual destiny after our genes are in place? Do they make men aggressive, or women nurturing? Do they cause boys and girls to play differently or to have different interests? Do they explain differences in sexual orientation within each sex group? Do they contribute to the preponderance of men in science or women at home? Scientists working from a psychosocial perspective would answer these questions differently than those working from a behavioral neuroscience or neuroendocrinological perspective. This book brings both of these perspectives to bear on the questions, tracing the factors that influence the brain, beginning with testosterone and other hormones during prenatal life, and continuing through changing life situations and experiences that can sculpt the brain and its activity, even in adulthood. This influence has important implications for understanding the social roles of men and women in society, the different educational and emotional issues that confront males and females, the legal rights of those whose sexual orientation or gender identity do not correspond to norms, and even standards of clinical care for people born with physical intersex conditions that make it difficult to classify a person as male or female at birth. This original and accessible book will be of interest to psychologists, neuroscientists, pediatricians, and educators, as well as the general public. It is also suitable for use in graduate and undergraduate courses on the psychology of gender or on hormones and behavior.

From the Couch to the Lab

Author : Aikaterini Fotopoulou
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019960052X
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis From the Couch to the Lab by : Aikaterini Fotopoulou

Download or read book From the Couch to the Lab written by Aikaterini Fotopoulou and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-17 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can the psychodynamics of the mind be correlated with neurodynamic processes in the brain? The book revisits a question that scientists and psychoanalysts have been asking for more than a century. It brings together experts from Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Psychiatry and Neurology to consider this question.

Behavioral Endocrinology

Author : Jill B. Becker
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262523219
Total Pages : 812 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis Behavioral Endocrinology by : Jill B. Becker

Download or read book Behavioral Endocrinology written by Jill B. Becker and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of a popular introduction to the field of behavioral endocrinology.

Hormones, Brain, and Behavior

Author : Carl Gans
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226281247
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (812 download)

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Book Synopsis Hormones, Brain, and Behavior by : Carl Gans

Download or read book Hormones, Brain, and Behavior written by Carl Gans and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 18.

The Female Brain

Author : Louann Brizendine, MD
Publisher : Harmony
ISBN 13 : 0767928415
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (679 download)

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Book Synopsis The Female Brain by : Louann Brizendine, MD

Download or read book The Female Brain written by Louann Brizendine, MD and published by Harmony. This book was released on 2007-08-07 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since Dr. Brizendine wrote The Female Brain ten years ago, the response has been overwhelming. This New York Times bestseller has been translated into more than thirty languages, has sold nearly a million copies between editions, and has most recently inspired a romantic comedy starring Whitney Cummings and Sofia Vergara. And its profound scientific understanding of the nature and experience of the female brain continues to guide women as they pass through life stages, to help men better understand the girls and women in their lives, and to illuminate the delicate emotional machinery of a love relationship. Why are women more verbal than men? Why do women remember details of fights that men can’t remember at all? Why do women tend to form deeper bonds with their female friends than men do with their male counterparts? These and other questions have stumped both sexes throughout the ages. Now, pioneering neuropsychiatrist Louann Brizendine, M.D., brings together the latest findings to show how the unique structure of the female brain determines how women think, what they value, how they communicate, and who they love. While doing research as a medical student at Yale and then as a resident and faculty member at Harvard, Louann Brizendine discovered that almost all of the clinical data in existence on neurology, psychology, and neurobiology focused exclusively on males. In response to the overwhelming need for information on the female mind, Brizendine established the first clinic in the country to study and treat women’s brain function. In The Female Brain, Dr. Brizendine distills all her findings and the latest information from the scientific community in a highly accessible book that educates women about their unique brain/body/behavior. The result: women will come away from this book knowing that they have a lean, mean, communicating machine. Men will develop a serious case of brain envy.

Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases

Author : Gorazd Drevensek
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789230144
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases by : Gorazd Drevensek

Download or read book Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases written by Gorazd Drevensek and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides chapters on sex hormones and their modulation in neurodegenerative processes and pathologies, from basic molecular mechanisms, physiology, gender differences, to neuroprotection and clinical aspects for potential novel pharmacotherapy approaches. The book contains 14 chapters written by authors from various biomedical professions, from basic researchers in biology and physiology to medicine and veterinary medicine, pharmacologists, psychiatrist, etc. Chapters sum up the past and current knowledge on sex hormones, representing original new insights into their role in brain functioning, mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The book is written for a broad range of audience, from biomedical students to highly profiled medical specialists and biomedical researchers, helping them to expand their knowledge on sex hormones in neurodegenerative processes and opening new questions for further investigation.