Migration and Asylum Policies System. Challenges and Perspectives

Download Migration and Asylum Policies System. Challenges and Perspectives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788893918954
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (189 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Migration and Asylum Policies System. Challenges and Perspectives by : G. Cataldi

Download or read book Migration and Asylum Policies System. Challenges and Perspectives written by G. Cataldi and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration

Download Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030338126
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration by : Kayvan Bozorgmehr

Download or read book Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration written by Kayvan Bozorgmehr and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forced migration has yet to be sufficiently addressed from the perspective of health policy and systems research, resulting in limited knowledge on system‐level interventions and policies to improve the health of forced migrants. The contributions within this edited volume seek to rectify this gap in the literature by compiling the existing knowledge on health systems and health policy responses to forced migration with a focus on asylum seekers, refugees, and internally displaced people. It also brings together the work of research communities from the fields of political science, epidemiology, health sciences, economics, psychology, and sociology to push the knowledge frontier of health research in the area of forced migration towards health policy and systems-level interventions, while also framing potential routes for further research in this area. Among the analyses within the chapters: The political economy of health and forced migration in Europe Innovative humanitarian health financing for refugees Understanding the resilience of health systems Health security in the context of forced migration Discrimination as a health systems response to forced migration Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration offers unique and interdisciplinary theoretical, empirical, and literature-based perspectives that apply a health policy and systems approach to health and healthcare challenges among forced migrants. It will find an engaged audience among policy makers and analysts, international organizations, scholars in academia, think tanks, and students in undergraduate programs or at the graduate level, for policy, practice, and educational purposes.

Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy

Download Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319721593
Total Pages : 968 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy by : Helmut Kury

Download or read book Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy written by Helmut Kury and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 968 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refugees and migration are not a new story in the history of humankind, but in the last few years, against a backdrop of huge numbers of migrants, especially from war-torn countries, they have again been a topic of intensive and contentious discussion in politics, the media and scientific publications. Two United Nations framework declarations on the sustainable development goals and on refugees and migrants adopted in 2016 have prompted the editors – who have a background in international criminology – to invite 60 contributors from different countries to contribute their expertise on civic education aspects of the refugee and migrant crisis in the Global North and South. Comprising 35 articles, this book presents an overview of the interdisciplinary issues involved in irregular migration around the world. It is intended for educationists, educators, diplomats, those working in mass media, decision-makers, criminologists and other specialists faced with questions involving refugees and migrants as well as those interested in improving the prospects of orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration in the context of promoting peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development. Rather than a timeline for migration policies based on “now”, with states focusing on “stopping migration now”, “sending back migrants now” or “bringing in technicians or low-skilled migrant workers now”, there should be a long-term strategy for multicultural integration and economic assimilation. This book, prefaced by François Crépeau, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, and William Lacy Swing, Director-General of the International Organization for Migration, addresses the question of the rights and responsibilities involved in migration from the academic and practical perspectives of experts in the field of social sciences and welfare, and charts the way forward to 2030 and beyond, and also beyond the paradigm of political correctness.

Refugee Migration and Health

Download Refugee Migration and Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030031551
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Refugee Migration and Health by : Alexander Krämer

Download or read book Refugee Migration and Health written by Alexander Krämer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-11 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the closely interlinked areas of refugee migration and health. It discusses the main challenges of the recent unprecedented, extremely diverse and mostly unregulated refugee migration wave for Germany and Europe, and offers a broader view of refugee health from a European perspective. Health issues can lead to several challenges for refugees as well as healthcare providers, and as such the book also examines the requirements for the management of migrant populations in terms of medical care and health system adaptations, and includes theoretical aspects of refugee migration and health as well as various perspectives on the latest developments. Lastly, it describes the healthcare system demands and responses for short- and long-term care of refugees.

Fortress Europe?

Download Fortress Europe? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3658170115
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (581 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fortress Europe? by : Annette Jünemann

Download or read book Fortress Europe? written by Annette Jünemann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An unprecedented number of people is currently on the move seeking refuge in Europe. Large parts of European societies respond with anxiety and mistrust to the influx of people. Nationalist, anti-migrant parties from Slovakia over Germany to the UK have gained increasing support among the electorate and challenge the political mainstream. Europe is struggling how to respond. While the search for solutions is ongoing one pattern seems to be emerging: Fortress Europe is in the making. Unfortunately, few of these discussions and measures consider the structural root causes and dynamics of migration, the motives of migrants or societal challenges more thoroughly. This book seeks to address this deficit. Taking migration and asylum policies as a starting point, it analyses the various dimensions underpinning migration. In doing so, it identifies why receiving countries are in many ways part of the problem. To eschew an overtly Euro-centric perspective and stimulate a debate between science and politics, it contains contributions by academics and practitioners alike from both shores of the Mediterranean.

Global Perspectives on Human Migration, Asylum, and Security

Download Global Perspectives on Human Migration, Asylum, and Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522528180
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Perspectives on Human Migration, Asylum, and Security by : Akrivopoulou, Christina M.

Download or read book Global Perspectives on Human Migration, Asylum, and Security written by Akrivopoulou, Christina M. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unstable social climates are causing the displacement of large numbers of people around the world. Thus, the issue of safe replacement arises causing the need for new policies and strategies regarding immigration. Global Perspectives on Human Migration, Asylum, and Security is a timely reference source for the latest research on the challenges, risks, and policies of current relocation and refugee flows, as well as address security problems in relation to these aspects of immigration. Featuring coverage on a wide variety of topics and perspectives such as terrorism, racism, and human rights, this publication is ideally designed for academicians, policy makers, researchers, and practitioners seeking current research on the current societal happenings of refugee integration around the world.

Refugees and Asylum Seekers

Download Refugees and Asylum Seekers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440854963
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Refugees and Asylum Seekers by : S. Megan Berthold

Download or read book Refugees and Asylum Seekers written by S. Megan Berthold and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2019-06-24 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume engages human rights, domestic immigration law, refugee policy in the United States, Canada, and Europe, and scholarship to examine forced migration, refugee resettlement, asylum seeker experiences, policies and programs for refugee well-being in North America and Europe. Given the recent "re-politicization" of forced migration and refugees in Europe and the U.S., this edited collection presents an in-depth, multi-dimensional analysis of the history of policies and laws related to the status of refugees and asylum seekers in the U.S., Canada, and Europe and the challenges and prospects of refugee and asylum seeker assistance and integration in the 21st century. The book provides rich insights on institutional perspectives critical to understanding the politics and practices of refugee resettlement and the asylum process in the U.S., Canada, and Europe, including international human rights and humanitarian law as well as domestic laws and policies related to forced migrants. Issues addressed include social welfare supports for resettled refugees; culturally responsive health and mental health approaches to working with refugees and asylum seekers; systemic failures in the asylum processing systems; and rights-based approaches to working with forced migrant children. The book also examines policy developments and strategies to advance the well-being and social inclusion of refugees in the U.S. and Europe.

International Migration Challenges in a New Era

Download International Migration Challenges in a New Era PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis International Migration Challenges in a New Era by : Doris M. Meissner

Download or read book International Migration Challenges in a New Era written by Doris M. Meissner and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes an in-depth look at a current social issue effecting many countries in the U.S. and abroad, and offers an exploratory analysis of policy choices for controlled migration and the recruitment of skilled labor.

Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Healthcare for Migrants

Download Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Healthcare for Migrants PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351676520
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Healthcare for Migrants by : Katja Kuehlmeyer

Download or read book Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Healthcare for Migrants written by Katja Kuehlmeyer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-13 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous important issues arise in relation to the health of, and healthcare for (and by), migrants. Much commentary on the migrant crisis and healthcare has focused on the allocation of resources, with less discussion of the needs of, and provision for, migrants. Presenting a comparative perspective on the UK and Germany, this volume increases knowledge of a broad spectrum of challenges in healthcare provision for migrants. ‘Migration’ is deliberately understood in its broadest sense and includes not only migrant patients but also migrant healthcare professionals. The book’s content is diverse, with insights from healthcare ethics, healthcare law, along with clinical perspectives as well as perspectives from the social sciences. The collection provides normative reflections on current issues, and presents data from empirical studies. By informing researchers, politicians and healthcare practitioners about approaches to challenges arising in healthcare provision for migrants, the collection seeks to inform the development of adequate and ethically appropriate strategies.

Immigration Regulation in Federal States

Download Immigration Regulation in Federal States PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401786046
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Immigration Regulation in Federal States by : Sasha Baglay

Download or read book Immigration Regulation in Federal States written by Sasha Baglay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book examines the phenomenon of immigration federalism: its main characteristics, why and how it has developed, its implications for immigration systems (in general) and non-citizens’ rights (in particular). The book introduces the reader to theoretical perspectives on immigration federalism through three sets of literature – federalism, governance and non-citizens’ rights – that provide a necessary framework for understanding immigration federalism’s multiple facets and impacts. It also offers an analysis of immigration federalism through case studies of six jurisdictions: Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, the EU and the US. Despite increased sub-national activity in immigration regulation in several federal states, very little research has been dedicated so far to comparing how federal states deal with immigration federalism. Comparative studies on the human rights implications of immigration federalism have received even less attention. This book seeks to fill the gap in this area and is an important contribution to the field, providing the reader with a better understanding of the complex issues surrounding immigration federalism and its impact on non-citizens.

Immigration and the welfare state - A comparative perspective of asylum and highly-skilled migration in Britain and Germany

Download Immigration and the welfare state - A comparative perspective of asylum and highly-skilled migration in Britain and Germany PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3638573699
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (385 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Immigration and the welfare state - A comparative perspective of asylum and highly-skilled migration in Britain and Germany by : Susanne Taron

Download or read book Immigration and the welfare state - A comparative perspective of asylum and highly-skilled migration in Britain and Germany written by Susanne Taron and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2006-11-26 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Politics - Region: Western Europe, grade: 1,0, University of Münster (Politikwissenschaft - European Studies), course: European Social Policies, language: English, abstract: Armed conflict, economic despair, and systematic violations of human rights have produced unprecedented challenges to today’s international system. It is thus; the post-Cold War era has become witness to significant alterations in global politics that has subsequently generated acute increases in the number of worldwide migrants. Consequently, it is the relationship staggered between immigration and welfare that continues to become an increasingly salient European affair. Immigration continues to remain a contentious issue spawning vigorous debates intensely focused on welfare and social rights. Areimmigrants likely to make positive contributions to welfare states? Or are immigrants rather liable to be a threat, posingfinancial, social and political burdens, and an overall risk to the survival of these welfare states? Underpinning these ubiquitousquestions has been a realignment of debates about the needs and resources of European welfare states, with the renewed interest in immigration as a means of offsetting skills and labour market shortages, while countering the effects of a demographicallyaging European population.1Immigration additionally has beenviewed as a means in achieving the European Union’s ambitious Lisbon targets, in that Europe “would become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion”.2Yet as with most social issues, the simple term ‘immigration’ fails to do justice to the wide range of issues that this policy area entails. In fact, there is much to be said about the composition of immigrants, and it would be a huge oversight to classify immigration as though it were homogenous. An acute distinction must be drawn between ‘desired’ and ‘undesired’ forms of immigration, in the ways in which debates about needs and resources have been recast in Europe. Indeed, it seems that through this differentiation, European welfare states have pursued a janus-headed approach to immigration, in that European welfare states continue to open their doors, to highly-skilled immigrants, deemed as positive, but on the otherhand have continued to vigorously close their doors, particularly to asylum immigrants, which have become increasingly unwanted and the source of restrictive polices.

The Health of Refugees

Download The Health of Refugees PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192546341
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Health of Refugees by : Daniel Reidpath

Download or read book The Health of Refugees written by Daniel Reidpath and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-03 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the moment, over 65 million people are forcibly displaced from their homes. The reasons for movement range from extreme weather conditions and environmental disasters, to war, civil and political crises, to the need for basic economic survival. Amongst these 65 million people are those that have been forced to leave a country that is no longer willing or able to offer protection and those who are displaced within their own country's borders. In order to improve conditions for displaced people all over the globe, we need to look at the reason behind their move as this defines their migration status under international law. In its turn, the migration status affects the requirements of other countries to grant asylum, and the individual's right to protection and support. The definition of migration status and its implications has created tension in the public debate on refugees for decades and is today more relevant than ever. In The Health of Refugees: Public Health Perspectives from Crisis to Settlement, the challenges and vulnerabilities created from this debate are addressed by public health policy makers, clinical practitioners, and researchers. An analysis of public health, international law, the history of migration, and the media's role in refugee health, it is a comprehensive and critical work with a strong message in favour of international and interdisciplinary cooperation. With a focus on what international obligations entail when it comes to refugees and migrants, the authors present a reinforced take on our collective responsibility to leave no one behind. The Health of Refugees: Public Health Perspectives from Crisis to Settlement traces the health repercussions on individuals and populations from the moment of forced mass movement due to conflict and other disasters, through to the process of resettlement in other countries. These issues are addressed within the context of other global public health priorities, and are part of the book's critical analysis not only of the particular vulnerabilities created by mobility, but also how these interact and intersect with existing considerations across gender and age in health systems and international law. With a wider geographical area and case studies from all over the globe as a basis for the studies presented, this is a fully updated edition with new material discussing the current political landscape. A truly multidisciplinary book, The Health of Refugees is ideal for public health practitioners, researchers, and postgraduate students. It is also an important work for those involved in non-governmental organisations, international aid, and international development. Furthermore, it provides a critical background for clinicians, mental health workers, and policymakers from health, welfare and migration.

Migration and Health in the European Union

Download Migration and Health in the European Union PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN 13 : 0335245684
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (352 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Migration and Health in the European Union by : Bernd Rechel

Download or read book Migration and Health in the European Union written by Bernd Rechel and published by McGraw-Hill Education (UK). This book was released on 2011-12-16 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book can be read by anyone with an interest in migration and health, whether as an advocate for migrants´ health, as a student in a health profession, researcher or policy maker. It provides an ample orientation to the field in the European context. Among other important raised issues, it underlines an all too often neglected fact; health is a human right. By involving broad issues and problem areas from a variety of perspectives, the volume illustrates that migration and health is a field that can not be allocated to a single discipline." Carin Björngren Cuadra, Senior Lecturer, Malmö University, Sweden Migrants make up a growing share of European populations. However, all too often their situation is compounded by problems with accessing health and other basic services. There is a need for tailored health policies, but robust data on the health needs of migrants and how best these needs can be met are scarce. Written by a collaboration of authors from three key international organisations (the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, the EUPHA Section on Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health, and the International Organization for Migration), as well as leading researchers from across Europe, the book thoroughly explores the different aspects of migration and health in the EU and how they can be addressed by health systems. Structured into five easy-to-follow sections, the volume includes: Contributions from experts from across Europe Key topics such as: access to human rights and health care; health issues faced by migrants; and the national and European policy response so far Conclusions drawn from the latest available evidence Comprehensive information on different aspects of health and migration and how they can best be addressed by health systems is still not easy to find. This book addresses this shortfall and will be of major value to researchers, students, policy-makers and practitioners concerned with migration and health in an increasingly diverse Europe.

Educational Development and Infrastructure for Immigrants and Refugees

Download Educational Development and Infrastructure for Immigrants and Refugees PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522533265
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Educational Development and Infrastructure for Immigrants and Refugees by : Erçetin, ?efika ?ule

Download or read book Educational Development and Infrastructure for Immigrants and Refugees written by Erçetin, ?efika ?ule and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-08-11 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education is a pivotal influence on all members of society. However, in the case of immigrants and refugees integrating into a new country, allowing proper learning opportunities can offer specific challenges that must be overcome. Educational Development and Infrastructure for Immigrants and Refugees is an innovative source of scholarly research on the role of education for refugees and immigrants, and it examines methods to develop effective learning processes for these students. Highlighting a range of perspectives on topics such as lifelong learning, legal considerations, and multiculturalism, this book is ideally designed for teachers, policy makers, researchers, academics, and professionals actively involved in the education sector.

Nordic Perspectives on the European Asylum System

Download Nordic Perspectives on the European Asylum System PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nordic Perspectives on the European Asylum System by : Wolfram Hilz

Download or read book Nordic Perspectives on the European Asylum System written by Wolfram Hilz and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU

Download Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer VS
ISBN 13 : 9783658245375
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (453 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU by : Elisabeth Wacker

Download or read book Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU written by Elisabeth Wacker and published by Springer VS. This book was released on 2019-01-07 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The so-called ‘refugee crisis’ represents one of the biggest contemporary political and social challenges. Although many African countries have been dealing with forced migratory and refugee movements for decades, their experiences have so far largely been neglected in the predominantly Eurocentric public debate. The present volume aims to bridge this gap by providing comparative African and European perspectives from different disciplines, highlighting the challenges but also potential mutual benefits of social diversification, and offering an insight into possible solution strategies.

Europe, Refugees and International Migration

Download Europe, Refugees and International Migration PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Europe, Refugees and International Migration by :

Download or read book Europe, Refugees and International Migration written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refugees, displaced persons and international humanitarian law / François Bugnion. European traditions and the search for comprehensive solutions to displacement / Constanza Adinolfi. Refugees, internally displaced persons and migrants : Europe as a source and a sanctuary / Irene Khan. An immigration policy for the European Union / Richard Lewis. Is a new European refugee regime emerging? / Jean-François Durieux. The challenge posed by displaced persons / Marguerite Contat Hicked. Global migration factors and the evolution of migration policies in Europe / R.K. Jenny. Asylum in Europe : States, the European Union and the international system / Andrew Geddes. European values and interests : the need for liberal asylum and immigration policies / Otto Hieronymi. Current migration flows : the task of protection / Volker Turk. Human traffincking in Europe / Marco Gramegna. The impact of EU migration policies on Central-Eastern European countries / Judit Toth. Red Cross co-operation on refugees, asylum seekers and migrants in Europe / Markus Reisle. Former Yugoslavia and Kosovo / John Maresca. Kosovo 1999 : from multilateral humanitarian response to bilateral, and back again - a UNHCR perspective / Neill Wright. ICRC experience in Kosovo / Edith Baeriswyl. Return and reintegration : the Swiss experience in Kosovo / Urs von Arb. How temporary is temporary protection? / Yann Golay. The challenge of European Identity / Chiara Jasson. Asylum : a perspective on current policy challenges / Gervaise Appave. U.S. refugee admissions history and policy / Linda Thomas-Greenfield. Asylum and migration : the role of the presidency of the European Union / Jean-Marie Noirfalisse. The outlook in the ICRC perspective / Jean-Philippe Lavoyer. The management of international migration : between utopia and realism / Richard Perruchoud. Europe and the worldwide issue of involuntary migration / Gesche Karrenbrock. UNHCR global consultations / Tayo Ayinia.