Microalgal Production For Biomass And High Value Products

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Microalgal Production for Biomass and High-Value Products

Author : Stephen P. Slocombe
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315356236
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Microalgal Production for Biomass and High-Value Products by : Stephen P. Slocombe

Download or read book Microalgal Production for Biomass and High-Value Products written by Stephen P. Slocombe and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae are a particularly interesting source of products that range from currently marketed human nutritionals and food ingredients, to potential sources of biofuels and animal feeds. Rapid advances in technology and commercial development are taking place worldwide. Importantly, algal cultivation does not compete with agriculture for land, water, and in some cases, fertilizer resources. Microalgal Production for Biomass and High-Value Products covers the field from a variety of perspectives with 14 chapters contributed by recognized academic experts and industrial practitioners. The book presents the latest technologies and innovations in algal biomass production, from cultivation in open ponds and photobioreactors, to strain selection, synthetic biology, pest control, harvesting, and processing. It explores novel algal products and addresses key issues, including markets, supply chains, business strategies, legal issues, current products, and future prospects. This book brings together the latest advances of interest to those already working in the field while providing an introduction to those beginning to learn about the promise of microalgae as a sustainable source of both specialty and commodity products. It gives stimulating overviews from many different perspectives that describe how laboratory and applied research are creating advances in commercial microalgae production. It also addresses the still many open questions and challenges in this field.

Microalgal Production for Biomass and High-Value Products

Author : Stephen P. Slocombe
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482219719
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Microalgal Production for Biomass and High-Value Products by : Stephen P. Slocombe

Download or read book Microalgal Production for Biomass and High-Value Products written by Stephen P. Slocombe and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae are a particularly interesting source of products that range from currently marketed human nutritionals and food ingredients, to potential sources of biofuels and animal feeds. Rapid advances in technology and commercial development are taking place worldwide. Importantly, algal cultivation does not compete with agriculture for land, water, and in some cases, fertilizer resources. Microalgal Production for Biomass and High-Value Products covers the field from a variety of perspectives with 14 chapters contributed by recognized academic experts and industrial practitioners. The book presents the latest technologies and innovations in algal biomass production, from cultivation in open ponds and photobioreactors, to strain selection, synthetic biology, pest control, harvesting, and processing. It explores novel algal products and addresses key issues, including markets, supply chains, business strategies, legal issues, current products, and future prospects. This book brings together the latest advances of interest to those already working in the field while providing an introduction to those beginning to learn about the promise of microalgae as a sustainable source of both specialty and commodity products. It gives stimulating overviews from many different perspectives that describe how laboratory and applied research are creating advances in commercial microalgae production. It also addresses the still many open questions and challenges in this field.

Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production

Author : Abu Yousuf
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128175370
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production by : Abu Yousuf

Download or read book Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production written by Abu Yousuf and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production explores the technological opportunities and challenges involved in producing economically competitive algal-derived biofuel. The book discusses efficient methods for cultivation, improvement of harvesting and lipid extraction techniques, optimization of conversion/production processes of fuels and co-products, the integration of microalgae biorefineries to several industries, environmental resilience by microalgae, and a techno-economic and lifecycle analysis of the production chain to gain maximum benefits from microalgae biorefineries. Provides an overview of the whole production chain of microalgal biofuels and other bioproducts Presents an analysis of the economic and sustainability aspects of the production chain Examines the integration of microalgae biorefineries into several industries

Microalgae Biotechnology for Food, Health and High Value Products

Author : Md. Asraful Alam
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811501696
Total Pages : 479 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Microalgae Biotechnology for Food, Health and High Value Products by : Md. Asraful Alam

Download or read book Microalgae Biotechnology for Food, Health and High Value Products written by Md. Asraful Alam and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-22 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Microalgae Biotechnology for Food, Health and High Value Products” presents the latest technological innovations in microalgae production, market status of algal biomass-based products, and future prospects for microalgal applications. It provides stimulating overviews from different perspectives of application that demonstrate how rapidly the commercial production of microalgae-based food, health and high value products is advancing. It also addresses a range of open questions and challenges in this field. The book highlights the latest advances of interest to those already working in the field, while providing a comprehensive overview for those readers just beginning to learn about the promise of microalgae as a sustainable source of both specialty and commercial products. It offers a valuable asset for commercial algae producers, algae product developers, scientific researchers and students who are dedicated to the advancement of microalgae biotechnology for applications in health, diet, nutrition, cosmetics, biomaterials etc.

Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application

Author : Kalyan Gayen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429639880
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application by : Kalyan Gayen

Download or read book Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application written by Kalyan Gayen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-09-05 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae can be future resource for industrial biotechnology In current energy crisis era, microalgae are under tremendous research focus for the production of biodiesel due to their high photosynthetic efficiency, growth rate and high lipid content compared to territorial plants. However, the large-scale production of algal biomass and downstream processing of harvested algae towards bio-fuels are facing several challenges from economic viability perspective. Apart from bio-fuels, the microalgae synthesize number of bio-molecules such as pigments (e.g., chlorophyll, carotenoid), protein (e.g., lectin, phycobiliprotein), and carbohydrates (e.g., agar, carrageenan, alginate, fucodian) which are available in the various forms of microalgal products. Therefore, developing a strategy for large-scale production and use of algal biomass for the co-production of these value-added macromolecules is thus imperative for the improvement of the economics of algal biorefinery. In the above context, this book covers three major areas (i) commercial-scale production of bio-molecules from microalgae, (ii) sustainable approach for industrial-scale operation, and (iii) optimization of downstream processes. Each of these sections is composed of several chapters written by the renowned academicians/industry experts. Furthermore, in this book, a significant weightage is given to the industry experts (around 50%) to enrich the industrial perspectives. We hope that amalgamate of fundamental knowledge from academicians and applied research information from industry experts will be useful for forthcoming implementation of a sustainable integrated microalgal biorefinery. This book highlights following. Explores biomolecules from microalgae and their applications Discusses microalgae cultivations and harvesting Examines downstream processing of biomolecules Explores sustainable integrated approaches for industrial scale operations Examines purification techniques specific for microalgal proteins, Omega 3 fatty Acids, carbohydrates, and pigments

Biofuels from Algae

Author : F.G. Acién
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 0128083786
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Biofuels from Algae by : F.G. Acién

Download or read book Biofuels from Algae written by F.G. Acién and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-08-08 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae have been proposed as the potential source for a wide range of products, ranging from fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals to foods and feeds and as a biofuel source. However, only a few are successful on an industrial scale due to the high cost associated with the production of microalgae biomass. This chapter presents an economic analysis of various processes based on microalgae: from high-value products like astaxanthin to low-value products like biofuels. The target is to identify major factors contributing to production costs as a tool for the improvement of existing processes but also to assist in the design of new, more reliable processes. The results of our analysis demonstrate that for the production of high-value compounds, high-energy-demanding processes can be carried out, including with low productivity, whereas for the production of low-value compounds it is mandatory to minimize power consumption and improve productivity. More precisely, biomass productivity is the major factor impacting the unit production cost, whatever the product; therefore, to optimize the productivity of microalgae production systems, it is mandatory to improve the economic viability of microalgae-based processes.

Handbook of Microalgae-Based Processes and Products

Author : Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128185376
Total Pages : 938 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Microalgae-Based Processes and Products by : Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

Download or read book Handbook of Microalgae-Based Processes and Products written by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-07-23 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Microalgae-based Processes and Products provides a complete overview of all aspects involved in the production and utilization of microalgae resources at commercial scale. Divided into four parts (fundamentals, microalgae-based processes, microalgae-based products, and engineering approaches applied to microalgal processes and products), the book explores the microbiology and metabolic aspects of microalgae, microalgal production systems, wastewater treatment based in microalgae, CO2 capture using microalgae, microalgae harvesting techniques, and extraction and purification of biomolecules from microalgae. It covers the largest number of microalgal products of commercial relevance, including biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, single-cell protein, single-cell oil, biofertilizers, pigments, polyunsaturated fatty acids, bioactive proteins, peptides and amino acids, bioactive polysaccharides, sterols, bioplastics, UV-screening compounds, and volatile organic compounds. Moreover, it presents and discusses the available engineering tools applied to microalgae biotechnology, such as process integration, process intensification, and techno-economic analysis applied to microalgal processes and products, microalgal biorefineries, life cycle assessment, and exergy analysis of microalgae-based processes and products. The coverage of a broad range of potential microalgae processes and products in a single volume makes this handbook an indispensable reference for engineering researchers in academia and industry in the fields of bioenergy, sustainable development, and high-value compounds from biomass, as well as graduate students exploring those areas. Engineering professionals in bio-based industries will also find valuable information here when planning or implementing the use of microalgal technologies. Covers theoretical background information and results of recent research. Discusses all commercially relevant microalgae-based processes and products. Explores the main emerging engineering tools applied to microalgae processes, including techno-economic analysis, process integration, process intensification, life cycle assessment, and exergy analyses.

Microalgal Biotechnology

Author : R Sarada
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1839160039
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Microalgal Biotechnology by : R Sarada

Download or read book Microalgal Biotechnology written by R Sarada and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-05-12 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae are a group of single-celled, photosynthetic microorganisms. They are of great commercial interest as they are capable of producing biomass (with a vast array of biochemical) using sunlight, CO2 and various other naturally occurring nutrients. Correctly utilised, they have the potential to provide sustainable supply of commercially relevant biochemicals, biofuels, nutraceuticals, food and feed supplements. The field of microalgal biotechnology is a fast-paced area of research, with technologies coming ever closer to commercial viability. Microalgal Biotechnology consolidates the latest research in the field together with a look at market potential and policy considerations. Highlighting the huge potential of microalgae as commercial commodities, it covers progress on various fronts including; bio-refinery and its technological challenges, genetic engineering, biosafety and regulatory issues, open and closed photo-bioreactors for biomass production, market space and sustainability for algal products. This book is a useful resource for researchers, academicians, postgraduate students, industries, policy makers and anyone interested in the status and future possibilities of microalgae commercialisation.

Biotechnological Applications of Microalgae

Author : Faizal Bux
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466515295
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Biotechnological Applications of Microalgae by : Faizal Bux

Download or read book Biotechnological Applications of Microalgae written by Faizal Bux and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae are an invaluable biomass source with potential uses that could lead to environmental and economic benefits for society. Biotechnological Applications of Microalgae: Biodiesel and Value Added Products presents the latest developments and recent research trends with a focus on potential biotechnologically related uses of microalgae. It gives an analysis of microalgal biology, ecology, biotechnology, and biofuel production capacity as well as a thorough discussion on the value added products that can be generated from diverse microalgae. The book provides a detailed discussion of microalgal strain selection for biodiesel production, a key factor in successful microalgal cultivation and generation of desired biofuel products. It also describes microalagal enumeration methods, harvesting and dewatering techniques, and the design, and the pros and cons, of the two most common methods for cultivation—open raceway ponds and photobioreactors. Chapters cover lipid extraction and identification, chemical and biological methods for transesterification of microalgal lipids, and procedures involved in life cycle analysis of microalgae. They also examine the importance of microalgal cultivation for climate change abatement through CO2 sequestration and microalgae involvement in phycoremediation of domestic and industrial wastewaters. The book concludes with a general discussion of microalgal biotechnology and its potential as a modern "green gold rush." The final chapter provides an overview of advanced techniques such as genetic engineering of microalgae to increase lipid yield. This book provides a one-stop benchmark reference on microalgal biotechnology, considering all aspects, from microalgal screening to production of biofuels and other value added products.

Biofuels from Algae

Author : Kuan-Yeow Show
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 0128083697
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Biofuels from Algae by : Kuan-Yeow Show

Download or read book Biofuels from Algae written by Kuan-Yeow Show and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-08-08 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive effort is being made globally to develop various biofuels as an inexhaustible and renewable energy source. Biofuels are viewed as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels because they have the potential to eliminate major environmental problems such as global warming and climate change created by fossil fuels. Among the still-developing biofuel technologies, biodiesel production from algae offers a good prospect for large-scale practical use, considering the fact that algae are capable of producing much more yield than other biofuels such as corn and soybean crops. Although research on algae-based biofuel is still in its developing stage, extensive work on laboratory- and pilot-scale algae-harvesting systems with promising prospects has been reported. This chapter presents a discussion of the literature review of recent advances in algal biomass harvesting. The chapter focuses on stability and separability of algae and algae-harvesting methods. Challenges and prospects of algae harvesting are also outlined. The review aims to provide useful information for future development of efficient and commercially viable algal biodiesel production.

Sustainable Industrial Processes Based on Microalgae

Author : Tomas Lafarga
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443192146
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Industrial Processes Based on Microalgae by : Tomas Lafarga

Download or read book Sustainable Industrial Processes Based on Microalgae written by Tomas Lafarga and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-11-01 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Industrial Processes based on Microalgae addresses the current applications and potential uses of microalgae for processing waste and wastewater streams, along with potential applications of the produced biomass. Each chapter explores the different steps of the subject, from the importance of selecting a robust strain that is able to adapt to harsh and changing environmental conditions, to production and harvesting technologies, and end applications of the produce biomass, namely agriculture and feed production. It covers microalgae biology, common microalgal strains used for waste and wastewater treatment, cultivation strategies, novel extraction techniques, safety issues, and current market opportunities and challenges. Moreover, the book explores the potential utilization of the produced biomass focusing on industries that show higher potential such as agriculture and feed production. Gives insights in sustainable, energy sufficient and economically-viable microalgae-based processes Applies microalgal biomass to produce high value biopesticides, bio-stimulants and animal feeds/feed ingredients Discusses current challenges such as the need for large surface areas and provides suggestions to overcome these challenges

Advancements in Algal Biofuels Research – Recent Evaluation of Algal Biomass Production and Conversion Methods of into Fuels and High Value Co-products

Download Advancements in Algal Biofuels Research – Recent Evaluation of Algal Biomass Production and Conversion Methods of into Fuels and High Value Co-products PDF Online Free

Author : Umakanta Jena
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889451984
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Advancements in Algal Biofuels Research – Recent Evaluation of Algal Biomass Production and Conversion Methods of into Fuels and High Value Co-products by : Umakanta Jena

Download or read book Advancements in Algal Biofuels Research – Recent Evaluation of Algal Biomass Production and Conversion Methods of into Fuels and High Value Co-products written by Umakanta Jena and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-05-18 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Algae biomass has enormous potential to produce fuels and value-added products. Algae-derived biofuels and bioproducts offer great promise in contributing to U.S. energy security and in mitigating the environmental concerns associated with conventional fuels. Algae’s ability to grow in low quality water/wastewater and to accumulate lipids has encouraged scientists to investigate algae as a medium for wastewater treatment and a potential source of fuel and bioproducts. There are growing demands for biomass-based transportation fuels, including biodiesel, bio-oil, biomethane, biohydrogen, and other high-value products (nutraceuticals, proteins, omega-3 etc.). Algae can help address these needs. The topic of algae energy includes the production and characterization of algae cultures, conversion into fuel feedstocks and high value products, and optimization of product isolation and use. In view of the increasing efforts in algae biomass production and conversion into energy and high-value products, the current research topic covers important aspects of algal strain selection, culture systems, inorganic carbon utilization, lipid metabolism and quality, biomass harvesting, extraction of lipids and proteins, and thermochemical conversion of algal feedstocks into biocrude.

Microalgal Biotechnology: Potential and Production

Author : Clemens Posten
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110225026
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Microalgal Biotechnology: Potential and Production by : Clemens Posten

Download or read book Microalgal Biotechnology: Potential and Production written by Clemens Posten and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the high interest in renewable resources, the field of algal biotechnology has undergone a huge leap in importance in recent years. The book treats the biological fundamentals of microalgal biotechnology in physiology and molecular biology and provides an overview of applications and products. It furthermore includes a survey of the state-of-the-art in process engineering of algae cultivation starting with mass production in open ponds and leading you to advanced technologies in closed photobioreactors. Thus crucial enabling technologies reaching from genetic manipulation to bioprocess engineering are reviewed. Contributions from academia and industrial case studies make this book a comprehensive survey of current progress in microalgae biotechnology. So this book will be of interest to active people in biology, biotechnology, and engineering in the area of sustainable production of high value products or mass production of food and fuel for the future.

Biomass Production and Uses

Author : Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535121812
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass Production and Uses by : Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

Download or read book Biomass Production and Uses written by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2015-10-14 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass presents an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the possibilities for production and use of biomasses of agricultural and industrial importance. Issues related to environment, food, chemicals and energy present serious challenges to the success and stability of nations. The challenge to provide commodities to a rapidly increasing global population has made it imperative to find new technological routes to increase production of consumables while also considering the biospheres ability to regenerate resources. Plant and microbial biomasses are bioresources that may provide solutions to these critical challenges. Divided into five discreet parts, the book covers topics on production of unconventional biomasses and improving of conventional cultures, summarizing a range of useful products derived by biomass. This book provides an insight into future developments in each field and extensive bibliography. It will be an essential resource for researchers and academic and industry professionals in the life sciences.

Microalgae as a Source of Bioenergy: Products, Processes and Economics

Author : José Carlos Magalhães Pires
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1681085224
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Microalgae as a Source of Bioenergy: Products, Processes and Economics by : José Carlos Magalhães Pires

Download or read book Microalgae as a Source of Bioenergy: Products, Processes and Economics written by José Carlos Magalhães Pires and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2017-09-27 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae could play an important role in the achievement of sustainability goals related to the generation of renewable energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These photosynthetic microorganisms are able to capture CO2 and, therefore, can be used to produce biofuels such as ethanol, methane and green diesel. Other factors, such as their high growth rate, ability to use wastewater as a culture medium and the ability to grow on non-arable land makes them a potentially economical source of biofuel production on a large scale. This monograph introduces the reader to the basic and applied science of microalgal biofuel production. Chapters in the volume give information about bioethanol and biogas production from microalgal sources, the fermentation process, optimization of culture parameters and industrial applications of biomass projects. The book is a useful reference for biotechnology and environmental science graduates and professionals interested in biofuel production.

Biotechnological Processes for Green Energy, and High Value Bioproducts by Microalgae, and Cyanobacteria Cultures

Author : Alfredo de Jesús Martínez-Roldán
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031439694
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis Biotechnological Processes for Green Energy, and High Value Bioproducts by Microalgae, and Cyanobacteria Cultures by : Alfredo de Jesús Martínez-Roldán

Download or read book Biotechnological Processes for Green Energy, and High Value Bioproducts by Microalgae, and Cyanobacteria Cultures written by Alfredo de Jesús Martínez-Roldán and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals

Author : Ashok Pandey
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444642145
Total Pages : 603 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals by : Ashok Pandey

Download or read book Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals written by Ashok Pandey and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass, Biofuels and Biochemicals: Biofuels from Algae, Second Edition provides information on strategies for commercial microalgae based biofuel production, including their cultivation, pre-treatment and conversion methods. The book discusses methods for producing microalgal biomass in large scale by outdoor culturing and outlines new technologies for their use. In addition, it explains how modern genetic engineering enables the generation of recombinant strains that generate higher quantities of feedstock. The complete utilization of microalgal biomass, which can also be obtained from valorizing nutrients from wastewater and industrial exhaust gases, can be efficiently converted to energy rich biofuels and high value pharmaceuticals in a well-defined biorefinery. Includes the current technologies for the cultivation and conversion of energy rich microalgal biomass into biofuels Provides information on all the conversion methods – biochemical and thermochemical conversions Covers other high value products from microalgae and less conventional applications, such as fine chemical production and aviation fuel generation Discusses the economics of microalgal biofuel production and how to accomplish cost competitive results