Metal Recovery From Electronic Waste Biological Versus Chemical Leaching For Recovery Of Copper And Gold

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Biological Versus Chemical Leaching of Electronic Waste for Copper and Gold Recovery

Author : Arda Isildar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological Versus Chemical Leaching of Electronic Waste for Copper and Gold Recovery by : Arda Isildar

Download or read book Biological Versus Chemical Leaching of Electronic Waste for Copper and Gold Recovery written by Arda Isildar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The well-being of the society depends on a number of metals, including base metals, precious metals and increasingly rare earth elements (REE). The usage of these metals increased in numerous applications, including electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), and their interrupted supply is at stake. There is an increasing interest in the secondary sources of these metals, particularly waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in order to compensate their potential supply deficit. This PhD thesis demonstrates the advantages and bottlenecks of biological and chemical approaches, as well as the advances and perspectives in the development of sustainable processes for metal recovery from WEEE. Furthermore, a novel process for the recovery of metals from WEEE is described, and a techno-economic assessment is given. Discarded printed circuit boards (PCB) from personal computers (PC), laptops, mobile phones and telecom servers were studied. Following an extensive literature review, a novel characterization and total metal assay method is introduced and applied to waste board materials. Discarded PCB contained metals in the range of (%, by weight): copper (Cu) 17.6 - 39.0, iron (Fe) 0.7 - 7.5, aluminum (Al) 1.0 - 5.5, nickel (Ni) 0.2 - 1.1, zinc (Zn) 0.3 - 1.2, as well as gold (Au) (in ppm) 21 - 320. In addition, multi-criteria analysis (MCA) using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) methodology is applied for selection of the best-suited technology. A proof-of-concept for a two-step bioleaching extraction was given, in which 98.4% and 44.0% of the Cu and Au, respectively, were extracted. The two-step extraction concept was applied to the chemical leaching of metals from PCB. Cu leaching was carried in an acidic oxidative mixture of H2SO4 and H2O2, whereas Au leaching for carried out by S_2 O_3^(2-) in a NH_4^+ medium, catalyzed by CuSO4. Under the optimized parameters, 99.2% and 96.6% of Cu and Au, respectively, were extracted from the board material. Selective recovery of Cu from the bioleaching leachate using sulfidic precipitation and electrowinning was studied. Cu was selectively recovered on the cathode electrode at a 50 mA current density in 50 minutes, with a 97.8% efficiency and 65.0% purity. The techno-economic analysis and environmental sustainability assessment of the new technology at an early stage of development was investigated.

Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste: Biological Versus Chemical Leaching for Recovery of Copper and Gold

Author : Arda Işildar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429659466
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste: Biological Versus Chemical Leaching for Recovery of Copper and Gold by : Arda Işildar

Download or read book Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste: Biological Versus Chemical Leaching for Recovery of Copper and Gold written by Arda Işildar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-30 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generation is a global problem. Despite the growing awareness and deterring legislation, most of the WEEE is disposed improperly, i.e. landfilled or otherwise shipped overseas, and treated in sub-standard conditions. Informal recycling of WEEE has catastrophic effects on humans and the environment. WEEE contains considerable quantities of valuable metals such as base metals, precious metals and rare earth elements (REE). Metal recovery from WEEE is conventionally carried out by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. In this PhD research, novel metal recovery technologies from WEEE are investigated. Using acidophilic and cyanide-generating bacteria, copper and gold were removed from crushed electronic waste with removal efficiencies of 98.4 and 44.0%, respectively. The leached metals in solution were recovered using sulfidic precipitation and electrowinning separation techniques. Finally, a techno-economic assessment of the technology was studied. This research addresses the knowledge gap on two metal extraction approaches, namely chemical and biological, from a secondary source of metals. The essential parameters of the selective metal recovery processes, scale-up potential, techno-economic and sustainability assessment have been studied.

Electronic Waste Management

Author : Sunil Kumar
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119891515
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Electronic Waste Management by : Sunil Kumar

Download or read book Electronic Waste Management written by Sunil Kumar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-01-24 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT Current knowledge on electronic waste management strategies, along with future challenges and solutions, supported by case studies Electronic Waste Management maps out numerous aspects of health and environmental impacts associated with electronic waste, thoroughly detailing what we can expect in terms of the use of electronic products and the management of electronic waste in the future. The book assists readers in grasping the fundamentals of the entire e-waste system by covering various factors related to the health and environmental impacts of electronic waste, as well as a perspective on the subject based on current global recycling strategies. Presented in a straightforward and scientific manner, the book also covers many electronic waste management process technologies. By inviting together, a diverse group of experts, including researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals who generously shared their knowledge and experiences in the field to tackling this global issue, Electronic Waste Management enables readers to foster a deeper understanding of the complex issues surrounding electronic waste and to explore innovative solutions that can help mitigate its adverse effects on the environment and health of human and animals. Sample topics covered in Electronic Waste Management include: Global electronic waste management strategies and different global waste models, including their social, ecological, and economical aspects Economic impacts of e-waste, including cleanup costs and global loss of valuable resources like metals and plastics Value creation from electronic waste (closing the loop) and future prospects in sustainable development Negative impacts of e-waste, including environmental pollution and human health risks, such as when harmful chemicals leach into water sources Electronic Waste Management serves as a highly valuable resource for anyone involved in the global e-waste arena, including producers, users, recyclers, policymakers, academics, researchers, and health workers, by increasing knowledge and awareness surrounding health and environmental impacts that electronic waste poses.

Recovery of Precious Metals from Electronic Scrap

Author : Raymond O. Dannenberg
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Recovery of Precious Metals from Electronic Scrap by : Raymond O. Dannenberg

Download or read book Recovery of Precious Metals from Electronic Scrap written by Raymond O. Dannenberg and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Recovery of Gold from Secondary Sources

Author : Syed Sabir
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 178326991X
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis The Recovery of Gold from Secondary Sources by : Syed Sabir

Download or read book The Recovery of Gold from Secondary Sources written by Syed Sabir and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016-06-29 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New discoveries of the properties of gold at a nanoscale, and its effective use in modern technologies, have been driving a virtual "gold rush". Depleting natural resources has meant that the recovery of gold continues to grow in importance and relevance. The Recovery of Gold from Secondary Sources analyses the most advanced technology in gold recovery and recycling from spent sources of mobile phones, unwanted electronic equipment and waste materials. State-of-the-art techniques of hydrometallurgical and bio-metallurgical processing, leaching, cementing, adsorbing and separation through bio-sorbents are all described in detail, providing a guide for students and researchers. Discussion of environmentally friendly methods of recovery are presented, in order to provide modern-day alternatives to previous techniques. For those interested in the study of gold recovery this book gives a comprehensive overview of current recovery, making it the ultimate source of information for students, researchers, chemists, metallurgists, environmental scientists and electronic waste recovery experts. Contents: Introduction (S Syed)Leaching of Gold from the Spent/End-of-Life Mobile Phone-PCBs using "Greener Reagents" (Jae-chun Lee and Rajiv R Srivastava)Electroless Displacement Deposition of Gold from Aqueous Source — Recovery from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) using Waste Silicon Powder (Kenji Fukuda and Shinji Yae)Adsorption of Gold on Granular Activated Carbons and New Sources of Renewable and Eco-Friendly Activated Carbons (Gerrard Eddy Jai Poinern, Shashi Sharma, and Derek Fawcett)Development of Novel Biosorbents for Gold and Their Application for the Recovery of Gold from Spent Mobile Phones (Katsutoshi Inoue, Manju Gurung, Hidetaka Kawakita, Keisuke Ohto, Durga Parajuli, Bimala Pangeni, and Shafiq Alam)Environmentally Friendly Processes for the Recovery of Gold from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE): A Review (Isabella Lancellotti, Roberto Giovanardi, Elena Bursi, and Luisa Barbieri)Study on the Influence of Various Factors in the Hydrometallurgical Processing of Waste Electronic Materials for Gold Recovery (I Birloaga and F Vegliò) Readership: Students, researchers, chemists, metallurgists, environmental scientists and electronic waste recovery experts.

Hydrometallurgy

Author : Michael L. Free
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118230779
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrometallurgy by : Michael L. Free

Download or read book Hydrometallurgy written by Michael L. Free and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-10-07 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book provides a college-level overview of chemical processing of metals in water-based solutions, in the field that is known as hydrometallurgy"--

Biohydrometallurgical Recycling of Metals from Industrial Wastes

Author : Hong Hocheng
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351764373
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Biohydrometallurgical Recycling of Metals from Industrial Wastes by : Hong Hocheng

Download or read book Biohydrometallurgical Recycling of Metals from Industrial Wastes written by Hong Hocheng and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-11 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although many available metal recycling methods are simple and fast, they are also expensive and cause environmental pollution. Biohydrometallurgical processing of metals offers an alternative to overcome these issues, as the use of biological means not only helps to conserve dwindling ore resources but also fulfills the need for the unambiguous need to extract metals in nonpolluting, low-energy, and low-cost way. This book covers biohydrometallurgy and its application in the recovery of metals from secondary sources like wastes. It aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of different wastes for metal recovery and biological treatment methods that are both environmentally friendly and economically viable.

Waste Bioremediation

Author : Sunita J. Varjani
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811074135
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Waste Bioremediation by : Sunita J. Varjani

Download or read book Waste Bioremediation written by Sunita J. Varjani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the bioremediation of both solid and liquid waste, including regional solutions for India as well as globally relevant applications. The topics covered include pollutant reduction through composting, solutions for petroleum refinery waste, use of microorganisms in the bioremediation of industrial waste and toxicity reduction, microbial fuel cells, and microbial depolymerisation. The book also explores the biosorption of metals and the bioremediation of leachates, especially with regard to soil and groundwater remediation. It is a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and policy makers alike.

Emerging Innovative Trends in the Application of Biological Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Author : Maulin P. Shah
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443135622
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Innovative Trends in the Application of Biological Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment by : Maulin P. Shah

Download or read book Emerging Innovative Trends in the Application of Biological Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment written by Maulin P. Shah and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-05-24 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Innovative Trends in the Application of Biological Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment discusses new and emerging innovative trends in the application of biological processes in industrial wastewater treatment. It also includes the fate of chemicals produced after the treatment process both at the laboratory scale and at the industrial scale. This book explores the unique biological aspects of the wastewater treatment process and highlights the advantages they provide for engineering applications in the industries. Each chapter covers a different biological-based approach and examines the basic principles, practical applications, recent breakthroughs, and associated limitations. Emerging Innovative Trends in the Application of Biological Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment also provides in-depth knowledge on the biological process for application in wastewater research which presents an array of cutting-edge wastewater treatment research and thereafter its applications in treatment, remediation, sensing, and pollution prevention processes which has a significant impact on maintaining the long-term quality, availability, and viability of water. Serves as an easy-to-use guider manual for all the enlisted smart techniques Describes and discusses the emerging futuristic technologies in industrial pollutants removal from wastewater Covers advancements in biological treatments, advanced oxidation techniques, and membrane technology to remove water pollutants

Principles of Extractive Metallurgy

Author : Fathi Habashi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 479 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (258 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles of Extractive Metallurgy by : Fathi Habashi

Download or read book Principles of Extractive Metallurgy written by Fathi Habashi and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials

Author : Waseem S. Khan
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128224622
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials by : Waseem S. Khan

Download or read book Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials written by Waseem S. Khan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-06-02 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials: Recycling for Sustainable Developments covers the latest research and developments in recycling and reusing processes, including new fundamental concepts, techniques, methods and process flows. The book provides applications of these novel technologies to recycling processes and analyzes new and modern ways of recycling techniques. It provides a comprehensive literature review on fundamental aspects of recycling processes, recycling goals, characterization of waste streams, legislative policies and evaluation, electronic recycling, aircraft recycling, recycling processes, energy savings and issues, environmental issues, societal issues, recycled materials, market development for recycling, processing facilities, and awareness and importance of recycling safety. The book is an indispensable reference for researchers in academia and industry. Scientists can use this book for literature reviews and experimental details, and the industry can use its comprehensive detail for literature reviews and to upgrade their processes and systems. Provides the latest information on recycling and reusing processes Includes the results of laboratory experiments from the recycling of electronic waste, recycling of composites, and of aircraft and plastics Covers radioactive waste treatment and biological waste disposal Written by a team of authors with teaching and industrial experience

Electronic Waste

Author : Maria E. Holuszko
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 352734490X
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Electronic Waste by : Maria E. Holuszko

Download or read book Electronic Waste written by Maria E. Holuszko and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-21 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the latest technologies in the pursuit of zero-waste solutions in the electronics industry In Electronic Waste: Recycling and Reprocessing for a Sustainable Future, a team of expert sustainability researchers delivers a collection of resources that thoroughly examine methods for extracting value from electronic waste while aiming for a zero-waste scenario in industrial production. The book discusses the manufacturing and use of materials in electronic devices while presenting an overview of separation methods for industrial materials. Readers will also benefit from a global overview of various national and international regulations related to the topic of electronic and electrical waste. A must-read resource for scientists and engineers working in the production and development of electronic devices, the authors provide comprehensive overviews of the benefits of achieving a zero-waste solution in electronic and electrical waste, as well as the risks posed by incorrectly disposed of electronic waste. Readers will enjoy: An introduction to electronic waste, including the opportunities presented by zero-waste technologies and solutions Explorations of e-waste management and practices in developed and developing countries and e-waste transboundary movement regulations in a variety of jurisdictions Practical discussions of approaches for estimating e-waste generation and the materials used in electronic equipment and manufacturing perspectives In-depth treatments of various recycling technologies, including physical separation, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and biohydrometallurgy Perfect for materials scientists, electronic engineers, and metal processing professionals, Electronic Waste: Recycling and Reprocessing for a Sustainable Future will also earn a place in the libraries of industrial chemists and professionals working in organizations that use large amounts of chemicals or produce electronic waste.

Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation

Author : Ram Chandra
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000732975
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation by : Ram Chandra

Download or read book Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation written by Ram Chandra and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-12-13 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbes are the predominant form of life on the planet due to their broad range of adaptation and versatile nutritional behavior. The ability of some microbes to inhabit hostile environment incompatible with most forms of life means that their habitat defines the extent of the biosphere and delineates the barrier between the biosphere and geosphere. The direct and indirect role of microbes that include bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, viruses, mycoplasma, and protozoans are very much important in development of modern human society for food, drugs, textiles, agriculture, and environment. Furthermore, microorganisms and their enzyme system are responsible for the degradation of various organic matters. Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation emphasizes the role of microbes for sustainable development of ecosystem. Environmental microbiology role in biogeochemical cycle and bioremediation of environmental waste is major theme, which comprises the following aspects: Bacterial phytoextraction mechanism of heavy metals by native hyperaccumulator plants from complex waste-contaminated site for eco-restoration Role of microbial enzyme for eco-friendly recycling of industrial waste Field-scale remediation of crude oil–contaminated desert soil and treatment technology Microbial technology for metal recovery from e-waste printed circuit board Impact of genomic data on sustainability of ecosystem Methane monooxygenases: their regulations and applications Role of microbes in environmental sustainability and food preservation This book will be directly beneficial to researchers and classroom students, in areas of biotechnology, environmental microbiology, molecular biology, and environmental engineering with specialized collection of cutting-edge knowledge.

Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World

Author : Pardeep Singh
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323904645
Total Pages : 872 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World by : Pardeep Singh

Download or read book Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World written by Pardeep Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-12-08 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World provides a unique perspective on the state of waste management and resource recycling in the developing world, offering practical solutions based on innovative tools and technologies, along with examples and case studies. The book is organized by waste type, including electronic, industrial and biomedical/hazardous, with each section covering advanced techniques, such as remote sensing and GIS, as well as socioeconomic factors, transnational transport and policy implications. Waste managers, environmental scientists, sustainability practitioners, and engineers will find this a valuable resource for addressing the challenges of waste management in the developing world. There is high potential for waste management to produce energy and value-added products. Sustainable waste management based on a circular economy not only improves sanitation, it also provides economic and environmental benefits. In addition to waste minimization, waste-to-economy and waste-to-energy have become integral parts of waste management practices. A proper waste management strategy not only leads to reduction in environmental pollution but also moves toward generating sufficient energy for improving environmental sustainability in coming decades. Presents case studies in every section to illustrate practical applications across the globe Includes lessons learned from developed regions that can be applied to developing regions Organized by type of waste, with consistent coverage in each section to promote ease of navigation

Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management

Author : Rangabhashiyam S
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000777804
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management by : Rangabhashiyam S

Download or read book Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management written by Rangabhashiyam S and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-11-14 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste generation from industrial and domestic sectors is imposing a very challenging environment and the intervention of biotechnology offers a viable solution for their effective management. This book deals with the employment of biotechnological aspects for waste treatment including the basic concepts, biochemical processes, and various technologies for pollutant reduction and production of value-added products for a cleaner environment. It covers different aspects of biotechnology in the conservation of environment dealing with the sustainable management of waste through the concept of waste-to-economy along with the management of environmental pollutants and natural resource conservation. Focuses on ecological approaches i.e., the use of biocatalysts and biotechnological approaches for waste management Explores the different biotechnology-based solutions for the removal of environmental pollutants Covers various microbiological routes, technological options for waste to energy, removal of contaminants, and the production of value-added products Reviews the bioremediation potential of microbial strains and enzymes Explores the significant routes of biotechnological means of obtaining eco-friendly products substituting the hazardous chemical-based products This volume is aimed at researchers and professionals in environmental, biotechnology, and chemical engineering.

Recovery of Copper and Associated Precious Metals from Electronic Scrap

Author : H. B. Salisbury
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Recovery of Copper and Associated Precious Metals from Electronic Scrap by : H. B. Salisbury

Download or read book Recovery of Copper and Associated Precious Metals from Electronic Scrap written by H. B. Salisbury and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants

Author : Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119737591
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants by : Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian

Download or read book Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants written by Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-25 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollution due to various anthropogenic activities continues to increase. In terms of water pollutants, organic and inorganic pollutants are the most problematic. Although several measures have been proposed and implemented to prevent or reduce contamination, their increased concentration in water bodies has created serious concerns. Over the years, the problem has been aggravated by industrialization, urbanization and the exploitation of natural resources. The direct discharge of wastewater contaminants and their geographical mobilization have caused an increase in concentration in ground, surface, fluvial and residual waters. Extensive information about detection and disposal methods is needed in order to develop technological solutions for a variety of environments, both urban and rural. This book provides up-to-date information on wastewater contaminants, aimed at researchers, engineers and technologists working in this field. Conventional physicochemical techniques used to remove contaminants from wastewater include ion exchange, precipitation, degradation, coagulation, coating, membrane processes and adsorption. However, these applications have technological and economic limitations, and involve the release of large amounts of chemical reagents and by-products that are themselves difficult to remove. Biosorption - the use of organically generated material as an adsorbent – is attracting new research and scholarship. Thermally-treated calcined biomaterials may be treated to remove heavy metals from wastewater. To ensure the elimination of these contaminants, existing solutions must be integrated with intelligent biosorption functions. Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants will find an appreciative audience among academics and postgraduates working in the fields of environmental biotechnology, environmental engineering, wastewater treatment technology and environmental chemistry.