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Mechanisms Of Inhibitory Transmission At Hippocampal Synapses
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Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Inhibitory Transmission at Hippocampal Synapses by : Quynh Anh Nguyen
Download or read book Mechanisms of Inhibitory Transmission at Hippocampal Synapses written by Quynh Anh Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The human brain contains billions of individual cells called neurons which are responsible for controlling all functions from breathing to complex thought. These neurons communicate with each other via the synapse, locations where signals from the presynaptic cell are relayed to the postsynaptic cell. Depending on the type of cell transmitting the signal and the receptors activated on the cell receiving the signal, each instance of communication either relays an excitatory or inhibitory response to increase or decrease the firing of the postsynaptic cell respectively. Each cell receives both excitatory and inhibitory connections from multiple different neurons. Cells that transmit inhibitory signals are much more diverse than the cells that transmit excitatory signals. Adding to this complexity is the vast diversity of proteins expressed at the synapse of inhibitory connections, varying from the composition of the receptors receiving the signal to the presence of multiple transsynaptic adhesion molecules stabilizing and mediating the line of communication. Recent advances have given us the molecular tools in which to probe the function of these proteins overall and with respect to particular connections they may be involved in. Here, I examine the function of two isoforms of the neuroligin family of cell adhesion molecules at inhibitory synapses. I find that one isoform, neuroligin 3, is unable to function at the inhibitory synapse without the presence of the other isoform, neuroligin 2, and that this difference could be attributed to a domain within the extracellular region. I also show that neuroligin 2 can function in both a gephyrin-dependent and gephyrin-independent manner and identify key residues mediating these interactions. I also characterize an autism-associated mutation in the neuroligin 4X isoform and show that it prevents the function of this neuroligin at excitatory synapses by blocking its phosphorylation by PKC. Lastly, I utilize CRISPR/Cas9 technology and optogenetic methods to characterize the function of the different beta subunit isoforms of the GABAA receptor in inhibitory transmission. I find that a functional GABAA receptor requires the beta subunit and that knockout of the beta3 subunit in particular significantly impairs inhibitory transmission coming from PV but not SOM interneurons.
Book Synopsis Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies by : Jeffrey Noebels
Download or read book Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies written by Jeffrey Noebels and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-06-29 with total page 1258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jasper's Basic Mechanisms, Fourth Edition, is the newest most ambitious and now clinically relevant publishing project to build on the four-decade legacy of the Jasper's series. In keeping with the original goal of searching for "a better understanding of the epilepsies and rational methods of prevention and treatment.", the book represents an encyclopedic compendium neurobiological mechanisms of seizures, epileptogenesis, epilepsy genetics and comordid conditions. Of practical importance to the clinician, and new to this edition are disease mechanisms of genetic epilepsies and therapeutic approaches, ranging from novel antiepileptic drug targets to cell and gene therapies.
Book Synopsis Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptors by : Adam C. Errington
Download or read book Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptors written by Adam C. Errington and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-22 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and acts via GABAA and GABAB receptors. Recently, a novel form of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition, termed “tonic” inhibition, has been described. Whereas synaptic GABAA receptors underlie classical “phasic” GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition (inhibitory postsynaptic currents), tonic GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition results from the activation of extrasynaptic receptors by low concentrations of ambient GABA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are composed of receptor subunits that convey biophysical properties ideally suited to the generation of persistent inhibition and are pharmacologically and functionally distinct from their synaptic counterparts. This book highlights ongoing work examining the properties of recombinant and native extrasynaptic GABAA receptors and their preferential targeting by endogenous and clinically relevant agents. In addition, it emphasizes the important role of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in GABAergic inhibition throughout the CNS and identifies them as a major player in both physiological and pathophysiological processes.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Synaptic and Non-synaptic Plasticity in the CA 1 Region of the Hippocampus by : Ann Emily Fink
Download or read book Mechanisms of Synaptic and Non-synaptic Plasticity in the CA 1 Region of the Hippocampus written by Ann Emily Fink and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release by : Zhao-Wen Wang
Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release written by Zhao-Wen Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-16 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurons in the nervous system organize into complex networks and their functions are precisely controlled. The most important means for neurons to communicate with each other is transmission through chemical synapses, where the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic nerve terminal of one neuron influences the function of a second neuron. Since the discovery of chemical neurotransmission by Otto Loewi in the 1920s, great progress has been made in our understanding of mol- ular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release. The last decade has seen an explosion of knowledge in this field. The aim of Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release is to provide up-to-date, in-depth coverage of essentially all major mole- lar mechanisms of neurotransmitter release. The contributors have made great efforts to write concisely but with sufficient background information, and to use figures/diagrams to present clearly key concepts or experiments. It is hoped that this book may serve as a learning tool for neuroscience students, a solid reference for neuroscientists, and a source of knowledge for people who have a general interest in neuroscience. I was fortunate to be able to gather contributions from a group of outstanding scientists. I thank them for their efforts. In particular, I want to thank Dr. Erik Jorgensen who offered valuable suggestions about the book in addition to contrib- ing an excellent chapter. I thank US National Science Foundation and National Institute of Health for their supports.
Book Synopsis Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity at Hippocampal and Cortical Synapses by : Roberto De Pasquale
Download or read book Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity at Hippocampal and Cortical Synapses written by Roberto De Pasquale and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-08-11 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regulatory Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission by : R. Tapia
Download or read book Regulatory Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission written by R. Tapia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, which originated in the presentations of a symposium sponsored by the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, held in Mexico City on April 14-16, 1980, represents an attempt to analyze some of the most relevant aspects of synaptic transmission. This topic was chosen on the strong belief that the progress of the neurosciences depends to a great extent on the understanding of the basic mechanisms of synaptic function. Rather than selecting only a specific approach or speciality, the book intends to cover this field in a multi disciplinary way. This means that neurochemical, neurophysiological and morphological studies are mingled throughout the book, which hopefully will help the reader to integrate the different faces of the same problem. Across the book the presynaptic component of synaptic transmission and its regulation is stressed much more than the postsynaptic phenomena. Although this might be a limitation, it has the advantage of increasing the focus of the book on a series of events which are gaining importance and interest every day.
Book Synopsis Building up the inhibitory synapse by : Enrico Cherubini
Download or read book Building up the inhibitory synapse written by Enrico Cherubini and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast inhibitory transmission exerts a powerful control on neuronal excitability and network oscillations thought to be associated with high cognitive functions. An alteration of inhibitory signaling is associated with major neurological and psychiatric disorders including epilepsy. Once released from presynaptic nerve terminals, GABA and glycine cross the synaptic cleft and bind to postsynaptic receptors localized in precise apposition to presynaptic release sites. The functional organization of inhibitory synapses consists in a dynamic process which relies on a number of highly specialized proteins that ensure the correct targeting, clustering, stabilization and subsequent fate of synaptic receptors. Among the proteins involved in this task, the tubulin-binding protein gephyrin plays a crucial role. Through its self-oligomerization properties, this protein forms hexagonal lattices that trap GABAA and glycine receptors and link them to the cytoskeleton. By directly interacting with cell-adhesion molecules of the neuroligin-neurexin families that connect presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at synapses, gephyrin ensures a backward control of presynaptic signaling. In addition, changes in clusters size is dynamically regulated by lateral diffusion of neurotransmitter receptors between the synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments and by their interaction with synaptic scaffold proteins. The aim of this Research Topic (research articles and reviews) is to bring together experts on the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the appropriate assembly, location and function of pre and postsynaptic specializations at inhibitory synapses. A particular emphasis will be on the role of receptor trafficking in synaptic stabilization and plasticity.
Book Synopsis Network Neuroscience by : Flavio Fröhlich
Download or read book Network Neuroscience written by Flavio Fröhlich and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-09-20 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studying brain networks has become a truly interdisciplinary endeavor, attracting students and seasoned researchers alike from a wide variety of academic backgrounds. What has been lacking is an introductory textbook that brings together the different fields and provides a gentle introduction to the major concepts and findings in the emerging field of network neuroscience. Network Neuroscience is a one-stop-shop that is of equal use to the neurobiologist, who is interested in understanding the quantitative methods employed in network neuroscience, and to the physicist or engineer, who is interested in neuroscience applications of mathematical and engineering tools. The book spans 27 chapters that cover everything from individual cells all the way to complex network disorders such as depression and autism spectrum disorders. An additional 12 toolboxes provide the necessary background for making network neuroscience accessible independent of the reader’s background. Dr. Flavio Frohlich wrote this book based on his experience of mentoring dozens of trainees in the Frohlich Lab, from undergraduate students to senior researchers. The Frohlich lab pursues a unique and integrated vision that combines computer simulations, animal model studies, human studies, and clinical trials with the goal of developing novel brain stimulation treatments for psychiatric disorders. The book is based on a course he teaches at UNC that has attracted trainees from many different departments, including neuroscience, biomedical engineering, psychology, cell biology, physiology, neurology, and psychiatry. Dr. Frohlich has consistently received rave reviews for his teaching. With this book he hopes to make his integrated view of neuroscience available to trainees and researchers on a global scale. His goal is to make the book the training manual for the next generation of (network) neuroscientists, who will be fusing biology, engineering, and medicine to unravel the big questions about the brain and to revolutionize psychiatry and neurology. Easy-to-read, comprehensive introduction to the emerging field of network neuroscience Includes 27 chapters packed with information on topics from single neurons to complex network disorders such as depression and autism Features 12 toolboxes serve as primers to provide essential background knowledge in the fields of biology, mathematics, engineering, and physics
Book Synopsis Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity by : Melanie A. Woodin
Download or read book Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity written by Melanie A. Woodin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-02 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume will explore the most recent findings on cellular mechanisms of inhibitory plasticity and its functional role in shaping neuronal circuits, their rewiring in response to experience, drug addiction and in neuropathology. Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity will be of particular interest to neuroscientists and neurophysiologists.
Book Synopsis Synaptic Adhesion Mechanisms in Inhibitory Synapse Development and Alzheimer's Disease by : Yusuke Naito
Download or read book Synaptic Adhesion Mechanisms in Inhibitory Synapse Development and Alzheimer's Disease written by Yusuke Naito and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Synapses are the minimal computational units of the brain, whose development is elegantly controlled by molecular coordination. One of the key molecular families directing this coordination is a group of synapse organizers with the ability to induce de novo synaptic assembly. In this thesis, we aim to understand the physiological and pathological roles of synapse organizers by using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. In Chapter 3, we report the identification of immunoglobulin superfamily member 21 (IgSF21) as a novel inhibitory synapse organizer that induces only inhibitory presynaptic differentiation. Through further proteomics screening, we isolated neurexin 2[alpha] (NRX2[alpha]) as an IgSF21-interacting presynaptic organizer. Interestingly, IgSF21 selectively binds to NRX2a but not any other NRX isoforms and recruits NRX2[alpha] to presynaptic sites in a trans-interaction manner, which is essential for the synaptogenic activity of IgSF21. To characterize the physiological function of IgSF21 in the central nervous system, we comprehensively characterized IgSF21 mutant mice. We found that IgSF21 positively regulates inhibitory synapse development and GABA-mediated synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and that IgSF21 is indispensable for normal sensorimotor gating. We concluded that IgSF21 selectively organizes inhibitory synapses via its trans-synaptic interaction with axonal NRX2[alpha] and that this is essential for normal brain function. This chapter thus uncovers a novel and unique molecular mechanism underlying inhibitory presynaptic development, providing molecular insights into how a synapse organizer regulates complex GABA-mediated synaptic circuitry.In Chapter 4, we screened synapse organizers for amyloid beta oligomer (A[beta]O) binding and identified a novel interaction between neurexins (NRXs) and A[beta]Os. A[beta]Os bind to NRXs via the N-terminal histidine-rich domain (HRD) of [beta]-NRX1/2/3 and alternatively-spliced inserts at splicing site 4 of NRX1/2. In artificial synapse-formation assays, A[beta]Os diminish excitatory presynaptic differentiation induced by NRX-interacting proteins such as neuroligin1/2 (NLG1/2) and the leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein LRRTM2. As a cellular mechanism, our time-lapse imaging revealed that A[beta]O treatment reduces the surface expression of NRX1[beta] on axons and that this reduction depends on the NRX1[beta] HRD. In transgenic mice with mutated human amyloid precursor protein, synaptic expression of [beta]-NRXs, but not [alpha]-NRXs, specifically decreases. In summary, our results indicate that A[beta]Os interact with NRXs and that this interaction inhibits NRXs-mediated presynaptic differentiation by reducing surface expression of axonal [beta]-NRXs. These findings shed light on pathological roles of synapse organizers in Alzheimer's disease and will help to develop new therapeutic strategies targeting A[beta]O-NRXs interaction." --
Book Synopsis Neurotransmitter Release by : Hugo J. Bellen
Download or read book Neurotransmitter Release written by Hugo J. Bellen and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1999 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the reader with background information on neurotransmitter release. Emphasis is placed on the rationale by which proteins are assigned specific functions rather than just providing facts about function.
Book Synopsis Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Inhibitory Synapse Formation in Developing Rat Hippocampal Neurons by : Frederick Andrew Dobie
Download or read book Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Inhibitory Synapse Formation in Developing Rat Hippocampal Neurons written by Frederick Andrew Dobie and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Neural Plasticity and Memory by : Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
Download or read book Neural Plasticity and Memory written by Federico Bermudez-Rattoni and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-17 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq
Book Synopsis The Hippocampus Book by : Per Andersen
Download or read book The Hippocampus Book written by Per Andersen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hippocampus is one of a group of remarkable structures embedded within the brain's medial temporal lobe. Long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience research for many years. The Hippocampus Book promises to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together, for the first time, contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about hippocampal anatomy, physiology, and function. This authoritative volume offers the most comprehensive, up-to-date account of what the hippocampus does, how it does it, and what happens when things go wrong. At the same time, it illustrates how research focusing on this single brain structure has revealed principles of wider generality for the whole brain in relation to anatomical connectivity, synaptic plasticity, cognition and behavior, and computational algorithms. Well-organized in its presentation of both theory and experimental data, this peerless work vividly illustrates the astonishing progress that has been made in unraveling the workings of the brain. The Hippocampus Book is destined to take a central place on every neuroscientist's bookshelf.
Author :International Symposium on Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission, Einsiedeln, 1968 Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages : pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (844 download)
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of synaptic transmission, ed by : International Symposium on Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission, Einsiedeln, 1968
Download or read book Mechanisms of synaptic transmission, ed written by International Symposium on Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission, Einsiedeln, 1968 and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Glutamate-Related Biomarkers in Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Glutamate-Related Biomarkers in Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-08-05 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glutamate is the most pervasive neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite this fact, no validated biological markers, or biomarkers, currently exist for measuring glutamate pathology in CNS disorders or injuries. Glutamate dysfunction has been associated with an extensive range of nervous system diseases and disorders. Problems with how the neurotransmitter glutamate functions in the brain have been linked to a wide variety of disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, substance abuse, and traumatic brain injury. These conditions are widespread, affecting a large portion of the United States population, and remain difficult to treat. Efforts to understand, treat, and prevent glutamate-related disorders can be aided by the identification of valid biomarkers. The Institute of Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders held a workshop on June 21-22, 2010, to explore ways to accelerate the development, validation, and implementation of such biomarkers. Glutamate-Related Biomarkers in Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System: Workshop Summary investigates promising current and emerging technologies, and outlines strategies to procure resources and tools to advance drug development for associated nervous system disorders. Moreover, this report highlights presentations by expert panelists, and the open panel discussions that occurred during the workshop.
