Measuring School Leaders Effectiveness

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Measuring School Leaders'

Author : Bing-ru Teh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring School Leaders' by : Bing-ru Teh

Download or read book Measuring School Leaders' written by Bing-ru Teh and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the accuracy of performance ratings from the Framework for Leadership (FFL), Pennsylvania's tool for evaluating the leadership practices of principals and assistant principals. The study analyzed three key properties of the FFL: internal consistency, score variation, and concurrent validity. To measure the internal consistency of the FFL, Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the full FFL and for each of its four categories of leadership practices. Score variation was characterized by the percentages of school leaders earning scores in different portions of the rating scale. Concurrent validity was assessed through a regression model for the relationship between school leaders' estimated contributions to student achievement growth and their FFL scores. Based on a pilot in which 336 principals and 69 assistant principals were rated by their supervisors in 2012/13, this interim report finds that the full FFL had good internal consistency for both principals and assistant principals. However, most scores for specific leadership practices were in the top two of four possible performance levels, and FFL scores were not associated with school leaders' contributions to student achievement growth. These findings suggest that more evidence is needed on the validity of using FFL scores to identify effective and ineffective school leaders. The following are appended: (1) Prior research on measuring principal effectiveness; (2) Structure of the Framework for Leadership; (3) Data used in the study; (4) Technical details and supplementary findings on the internal consistency of the Framework for Leadership; (5) Technical details and supplementary findings on variation in Framework for Leadership scores; (6) Technical details of school and leader value-added models; and (7) Technical details and supplementary findings on the relationships between Framework for Leadership scores and school leaders' value-added.

Measuring School Leaders' Effectiveness

Author : Moira McCullough
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring School Leaders' Effectiveness by : Moira McCullough

Download or read book Measuring School Leaders' Effectiveness written by Moira McCullough and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This "Stated Briefly" report is a companion piece that summarizes the results of another report of the same name. This study examines the accuracy of performance ratings from the Framework for Leadership (FFL), Pennsylvania's tool for evaluating the leadership practices of principals and assistant principals. The study analyzed four key properties of the FFL: score variation, internal consistency, year-to-year stability, and concurrent validity. Score variation was characterized by the percentages of school leaders earning scores in different portions of the rating scale. To measure the internal consistency of the FFL, Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the full FFL and for each of its four categories of leadership practices. Analyses of score stability used data on FFL scores of school years across two years to calculate Pearson's correlation coefficient. Concurrent validity was assessed through a regression model for the relationship between school leaders' estimated contributions to student achievement growth and their FFL scores. This report is based primarily on the 2013/14 pilot in which 517 principals and 123 assistant principals were rated by their supervisors; an interim report examined data from the 2012/13 pilot year. The study finds that the FFL is a reliable measure, with good internal consistency and a moderate level of year-to-year stability in scores. The study also finds evidence of the FFL's concurrent validity: principals with higher scores on the FFL, on average, make larger estimated contributions to student achievement growth. Higher total FFL scores and scores in two of the four FFL domains are significantly or marginally significantly associated with both value-added in all subjects combined and value-added in math specifically. This evidence of the validity of the FFL sets it apart from other principal evaluation tools: No other measures of principals' professional practice have been shown to be related to principals' effects on student achievement. However, in both pilot years, variation in scores was limited, with most school leaders scoring in the upper third of the rating scale. As the FFL is implemented statewide, continued examination of evidence on its statistical properties, especially the variation in scores, is important. The following are appended: (1) Structure of the Framework for Leadership; and (2) Study data and methods.

Measuring School Leaders' Effectiveness

Author : Moira McCullough
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 85 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring School Leaders' Effectiveness by : Moira McCullough

Download or read book Measuring School Leaders' Effectiveness written by Moira McCullough and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the accuracy of performance ratings from the Framework for Leadership (FFL), Pennsylvania's tool for evaluating the leadership practices of principals and assistant principals. The study analyzed four key properties of the FFL: score variation, internal consistency, year-to-year stability, and concurrent validity. Score variation was characterized by the percentages of school leaders earning scores in different portions of the rating scale. To measure the internal consistency of the FFL, Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the full FFL and for each of its four categories of leadership practices. Analyses of score stability used data on FFL scores of school years across two years to calculate Pearson's correlation coefficient. Concurrent validity was assessed through a regression model for the relationship between school leaders' estimated contributions to student achievement growth and their FFL scores. This report is based primarily on the 2013/14 pilot in which 517 principals and 123 assistant principals were rated by their supervisors; an interim report examined data from the 2012/13 pilot year. The study finds that the FFL is a reliable measure, with good internal consistency and a moderate level of year-to-year stability in scores. The study also finds evidence of the FFL's concurrent validity: principals with higher scores on the FFL, on average, make larger estimated contributions to student achievement growth. Higher total FFL scores and scores in two of the four FFL domains are significantly or marginally significantly associated with both value-added in all subjects combined and value-added in math specifically. This evidence of the validity of the FFL sets it apart from other principal evaluation tools: No other measures of principals' professional practice have been shown to be related to principals' effects on student achievement. However, in both pilot years, variation in scores was limited, with most school leaders scoring in the upper third of the rating scale. As the FFL is implemented statewide, continued examination of evidence on its statistical properties, especially the variation in scores, is important. The following are appended: (1) Prior research on measuring principal effectiveness; (2) Structure of the Framework for Leadership; (3) Data used in the study; (4) Technical details and supplementary findings on variation in Framework for Leadership scores; (5) Technical details and supplementary findings on the internal consistency of the Framework for Leadership; (6) Technical details and supplementary findings on year-to-year stability; (7) Technical details of school and principal value-added models; and (8) Technical details and supplementary findings on the relationships between Framework for Leadership scores and principals' value-added.

Professional Standards for Educational Leaders

Author : Joseph F. Murphy
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1506387055
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Professional Standards for Educational Leaders by : Joseph F. Murphy

Download or read book Professional Standards for Educational Leaders written by Joseph F. Murphy and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2016-12-21 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unpack the standards and build a plan for leading learning Professional Standards for Educational Leaders introduces the foundations of the recently revised professional educational leadership standards and provides an in-depth explanation and application of each one. Written by the primary architect of PSEL, educational leadership expert Joseph F. Murphy, this authoritative guide to understanding and applying the standards explores the new emphasis on: Leadership of learning, school culture, and diversity Values, ethics, and professional norms of educational leadership Teacher quality, instruction, and caring support Written for higher education faculty, professional development providers, and school and district leaders, the author truly brings the standards to life. This comprehensive manual will power the educational leadership profession through the challenges of the next decade and beyond. "Murphy offers an exploration of the kind of leadership that matters most for each and every student. Let us hope the thinking reflected in this book and the new PSEL standards redirects our attention to what it really means to lead in education." Michelle D. Young, UCEA Executive Director, Professor of Leadership University of Virginia "Joseph Murphy debunks myths about standards for educational leaders and skillfully unpacks the moral, foundational, and experiential basis for the revised professional standards to guide effective leadership of our nation’s schools. This book is a must read for those interested in leadership for learning and the academic success and wellbeing of students, because these standards will shape our field for the next quarter century as the ISLLC standards have done since 1996." Martha McCarthy, Presidential Professor Loyola Marymount University

Leadership and School Quality

Author : Michael DiPaola
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1681230402
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (812 download)

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Book Synopsis Leadership and School Quality by : Michael DiPaola

Download or read book Leadership and School Quality written by Michael DiPaola and published by IAP. This book was released on 2015-03-01 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leadership and School Quality is the twelfth in a series on research and theory dedicated to advancing our understanding of schools through empirical study and theoretical analysis. Hence, the chapters include analyses that investigate relationships between school organizations and leadership behaviors that have an impact on teacher and school effectiveness.

Assessing Educational Leaders

Author : Douglas B. Reeves
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1412951186
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Educational Leaders by : Douglas B. Reeves

Download or read book Assessing Educational Leaders written by Douglas B. Reeves and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2008-07-10 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As school systems search for ways to develop and retain effective leaders, a new vision for leadership assessment becomes increasingly vital. This revised edition... provides the information and tools necessary to successfully evaluate all types of educational leaders and improve both individual and organizational performance. Incorporating the 10 Dimensions of Leadership, this field-tested resource is based on research, theory, and best practices in leadership, organizational effectiveness, and personnel evaluation. The author, a national expert on educational leadership and accountability, focuses on three critical concepts of leadership: the dramatic impact of leadership on student achievement, equity, and staff morale; the role of both personal predispositions and acquired knowledge skills on effectiveness; and how evaluation can be used to improve performance instead of merely rendering an assessment...This updated edition includes new features such as: sample hallmarks of performance excellence; practical insights into the distinction between evaluating and assessing leaders; a new leadership assessment and coaching tool for providing confidential feedback to senior leaders; examples of real-world applications. By implementing this multidimensional leadership assessment system, school districts can improve teaching, learning, and leadership at every level!"--Publisher's website.

How School Leaders Contribute to Student Success

Author : Kenneth Leithwood
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319509802
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis How School Leaders Contribute to Student Success by : Kenneth Leithwood

Download or read book How School Leaders Contribute to Student Success written by Kenneth Leithwood and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-15 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While considerable evidence indicates that school leaders are able to make important contributions to the success of their students, much less is known about how such contributions are made. This book provides a comprehensive account of research aimed at filling this gap in our knowledge, along with guidelines about how school leaders might use this knowledge for their own school improvement work. Leadership practices known to be effective for improving student success are outlined in the first section of the book while the remaining sections identify four “paths” along which the influence of those practices “flow” to exercise an influence on student success. Each of the Rational, Emotional, Organizational and Family paths are populated by conditions or variables known to have relatively direct effects on student success and also open to influence by effective leadership practices. While the Four Path framework narrows the attention of school leaders to a still-considerable number conditions known to contribute to student success, it leaves school leaders the autonomy to select, for improvement efforts, the sub-set of conditions that make the most sense in their own local circumstances. The approach to leadership described in this book provides evidence-based guidance on what to lead and flexibility on how to lead for purposes of improving student learning.

School and District Leadership in an Era of Accountability

Author : Bruce G. Barnett
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1623963842
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis School and District Leadership in an Era of Accountability by : Bruce G. Barnett

Download or read book School and District Leadership in an Era of Accountability written by Bruce G. Barnett and published by IAP. This book was released on 2013-09-01 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our fourth book in the International Research on School Leadership series focuses on school leadership in an era of high stakes accountability. Fueled by sweeping federal education accountability reforms, such as the United States’ No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and Race to the Top (R2T) and Australia’s Performance Measurement and Reporting Taskforce, school systems around the world are being forced to increase academic standards, participate in high-stakes testing, and raise evaluation standards for teachers and principals. These results-driven reforms are intended to hold educators “accountable for student learning and accountable to the public” (Anderson, 2005, p. 2, emphasis in original). While policymakers and the public debate the merits of student achievement accountability measures, P-12 educational leaders do not have the luxury to wait for clear guidance and resources to improve their schools and operating systems. Instead, successful leaders must balance the need to create learning communities, manage the organizational climate, and encourage community involvement with the consequences testing has on teacher morale and public scrutiny. The chapters in this volume clearly indicate that as school leaders attend to these potentially competing forces, this affects their problem-solving strategies, ability to facilitate change, and encourage community involvement. We were delighted with the responses from colleagues around the world who were eager to share their research dealing with how leaders are functioning effectively within a high-accountability environment. The nine chapters in this volume provide empirical evidence of the strategies school leaders use to cope with problems and negotiate external demands while improving student performance. In particular, the voices and actions of principals, superintendents, and school board members are captured in a blend of quantitative and qualitative studies. The breadth of studies is impressive, ranging from case studies of individual principals to cross-district comparisons to national data from the National Center for Education Statistics. To highlight important findings, we have organized the book into five sections. The first section (Chapters 2, 3, and 4) highlights the problem-solving strategies used by principals and superintendents when pressured to turn around low-performing schools. In the second section (Chapters 5 and 6), attention is devoted to ways in which school leaders act as “buffers” by reducing the impact of external demands within their local school contexts. Next, Chapters 7 and 8 explore creative ways in which financial analyses can be used to assess the cost effectiveness of programs and services. Chapters 9 and 10 examine how principals enact their instructional leadership roles in managing curriculum reforms and evaluating teachers. Finally, in the last section (Chapter 11), Kenneth Leithwood synthesizes the major themes and ideas emerging across these chapters, paying particular attention to practical issues influencing school leaders in this era of school reform and accountability as well as promising areas for future research.

School Leadership That Works

Author : Robert J. Marzano
Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 141660314X
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis School Leadership That Works by : Robert J. Marzano

Download or read book School Leadership That Works written by Robert J. Marzano and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2005 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide to the 21 leadership responsibilities that influence student achievement will help school leaders focus on changes that really make a difference.

School Leadership That Works

Author : Robert J. Marzano
Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 1416612300
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis School Leadership That Works by : Robert J. Marzano

Download or read book School Leadership That Works written by Robert J. Marzano and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2001-09-09 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does research tell us about the effects of school leadership on student achievement? What specific leadership practices make a real difference in school effectiveness? How should school leaders use these practices in their day-to-day management of schools and during the stressful times that accompany major change initiatives? Robert J. Marzano, Timothy Waters, and Brian A. McNulty provide answers to these and other questions in School Leadership That Works. Based on their analysis of 69 studies conducted since 1970 that met their selection criteria and a recent survey of more than 650 building principals, the authors have developed a list of 21 leadership responsibilities that have a significant effect on student achievement. Readers will learn * the specific behaviors associated with the 21 leadership responsibilities; * the difference between first-order change and second-order change and the leadership responsibilities that are most important for each; * how to work smart by choosing the right work to focus on to improve student achievement; * the advantages and disadvantages of comprehensive school reform models for improving student achievement; * how to develop a site-specific approach to improving student achievement, using a framework of 11 factors and 39 action steps; and * a five-step plan for effective school leadership. Combining rigorous research with practical advice, School Leadership That Works gives school administrators the guidance they need to provide strong leadership for better schools.

Measuring School Performance & Efficiency

Author : Leanna Steifel
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317929896
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring School Performance & Efficiency by : Leanna Steifel

Download or read book Measuring School Performance & Efficiency written by Leanna Steifel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-02 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This yearbook focuses on alternative ways to measure how well schools are educating their students, delivering what parents want, and using resources efficiently.

A Guide to Effective School Leadership Theories

Author : Matthew Lynch
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113658904X
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis A Guide to Effective School Leadership Theories by : Matthew Lynch

Download or read book A Guide to Effective School Leadership Theories written by Matthew Lynch and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-03-22 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educational administrators know that leadership requires hundreds of judgments each day that require a sensitivity and understanding of various leadership strategies. Bridging the gap between the academic and practical world, A Guide to Effective School Leadership Theories provides an exploration of ten dominant leadership strategies to give school leaders a solid basis in theory and practical application. Demonstrating the advantages and drawbacks of each theory, readers are encouraged to discover the most appropriate strategy, or combination of strategies, that will best enable their school to achieve positive results. Each Chapter Includes: Introductory vignettes grounding the leadership theory in practice Discussion of the history, development, and utility of the strategy Research findings for further exploration of the theory End-of-chapter questions and activities designed to connect theory to practice This book is essential reading for aspiring and practicing school leaders who wish to have a better understanding of their leadership role. Providing a focused, up-to-date introduction to the current themes and dimensions of educational leadership, A Guide to Effective School Leadership Theories presents all the tools necessary to analyze and implement effective leadership in readers’ own settings.

Assessing Instructional Leadership with the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale

Author : Philip Hallinger
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319155334
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Instructional Leadership with the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale by : Philip Hallinger

Download or read book Assessing Instructional Leadership with the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale written by Philip Hallinger and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-22 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a succinct up-to-date summary of global research on principal instructional leadership as it has evolved over the past 50 years. The book’s particular focus is on the development and use of the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS). The PIMRS is the most widely used survey instrument designed for assessing instructional leadership for research and practice. It has been used in more than 250 studies in more than 30 countries around the world. The authors provide a detailed conceptual and data-based description of the rationale and development of the instrument as well as the ways in which it has been used in practice. The book also provides, for the first time, a comprehensive assessment of the scale’s measurement properties. This represents essential information for future users of the instrument across different national contexts. Finally, the volume outlines an agenda for improving future research on the role of principal instructional leadership in student learning and school effectiveness.

Reframing Transformational Leadership

Author : Issa M. Saleh
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9462096384
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Reframing Transformational Leadership by : Issa M. Saleh

Download or read book Reframing Transformational Leadership written by Issa M. Saleh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-05 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the more common causes of school system failure is the absence of effective leadership. Ideally, school leaders are supposed to be the change agents and facilitators whose primary mission is to improve school culture and bring about the effective transformation that leads to a model Professional Learning Community (PLC). School leaders must focus on developing human capital by working collaboratively with teachers, students, and all who are involved within the system. Effective school leadership has been examined from a variety of perspectives, with the focus ranging from the principles of servant leadership to moral imperatives and distributed perspectives. The debate on what constitutes effective school leadership continues to be wide-ranging and complex. Today’s research scholarship will be the groundwork for how tomorrow’s schools develop a new breed of leadership. Upcoming leaders will face new, unforeseen challenges, so they must re-evaluate strategies and re-work standard processes, in order to promote sustainable development within their respective school systems. Tomorrow’s leaders will be expected to lead a diverse collective of students and teachers, to foster an enduring and empowering culture among students, teachers and other stakeholders committed to build a successful learning community.

Effectiveness of School Leadership and Management Development in Cameroon

Author : Frederick Ebot Ashu
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443857440
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Effectiveness of School Leadership and Management Development in Cameroon by : Frederick Ebot Ashu

Download or read book Effectiveness of School Leadership and Management Development in Cameroon written by Frederick Ebot Ashu and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-03-17 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book considers a number of key epistemological, ontological and methodological questions exploring the effectiveness of school leadership and management development training programmes for school leaders in a range of settings and for a range of people. Consideration is also given to practical concerns associated with this topic, such as the importance of management and Leadership Development programmes supporting school leaders to become effective leaders supporting school effectiveness. Effectiveness of School Leadership and Management Development in Cameroon addresses key methodological issues including the rationale for adopting a qualitative mixed-methodology research approach with elements of literature and documental analysis; surveys; ethical considerations and challenges with sampling techniques in considering the impact that school leaders in Cameroon have on researchers’ findings; and the production of knowledge. In addressing such topics, it answers important questions about how reliability can be ensured, how rigour can be safeguarded and what impact documental analysis and school leaders’ views have on the validity and interpretation of research findings. This book is the first of its kind to combine practical leadership theories in developing leadership development frameworks reflections with clearly presented recommendations about how the approach can be used. It will be invaluable to academics, practitioners and other agencies wishing to adopt participatory research methods which place school leaders and their schools at the centre of this research. This book is also an essential read for academics and students with an interest in qualitative mixed methodologies on leadership development of school leaders, and will become a key text for school leadership research methods courses, given its concern with practical leadership models as well as more complex leadership development theories.

Beyond Test Scores

Author : Jack Schneider
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674981162
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond Test Scores by : Jack Schneider

Download or read book Beyond Test Scores written by Jack Schneider and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-14 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test scores are the go-to metric of policy makers and anxious parents looking to place their children in the best schools. Yet standardized tests are a poor way to measure school performance. Using the diverse urban school district of Somerville MA as a case study, Jack Schneider’s team developed a new framework to assess educational effectiveness.

School Leadership Effects Revisited

Author : Jaap Scheerens
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400727674
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis School Leadership Effects Revisited by : Jaap Scheerens

Download or read book School Leadership Effects Revisited written by Jaap Scheerens and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-05 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly detailed study maps four decades of evolution of the concept of what constitutes effective school leadership. It analyses the theoretical background to these developments and advocates the utility of thinking of a ‘lean’ form of school leadership that is comparable to the concept of ‘meta-control’. A wide-ranging survey of the empirical research literature on leadership effects includes the presentation of results from earlier meta-analyses as well as a new meta-analysis on some 25 studies carried out between 2005 and 2010. This survey demonstrates that older reviews and meta-analyses were predominantly based on so-called ‘direct effect’ studies, while more recent studies have tried to quantify the indirect effects of leadership, mediated by other school variables. While acknowledging the relatively small total effect of leadership on student outcomes, the study does identify promising intermediary factors which, stimulated by specific leadership behaviours, impact on student performance. The book ends by drawing out wider implications for educational practice and policy, presented under headings such as ‘schools need leadership’, ‘the toolkit of the school leader as a meta-controller’, ‘the special case of turning around failing schools’ and ‘efficiency of school leadership’. In passing, the authors make several suggestions about potentially fruitful next steps in researching the effects of school leadership.