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Mdma Assisted Therapy For Treatment Of Ptsd And Beyond
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Book Synopsis MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Treatment of PTSD and Beyond by : Rick Doblin
Download or read book MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Treatment of PTSD and Beyond written by Rick Doblin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-31 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted breakthrough therapy designation for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Six phase 2 and one phase 3 trial of a standardized MDMA-AT protocol for PTSD have consistently shown that the treatment is both safe and efficacious. MDMA-AT may hold great promise as a novel treatment for individuals who suffer from PTSD, including those with severe and treatment-resistant diagnoses. Evidence-based studies are needed to guide widespread adoption and dissemination of MDMA-AT for PTSD. The untapped therapeutic potential of MDMA-AT also warrants further investigation of indications beyond PTSD, including comorbidities that often create greater challenges in treatment and long-term efficacy. The goal of this Research Topic is to broaden the scientific literature on MDMA-AT across disciplines. Specifically, studies are needed to provide (i) guidance on the dissemination of MDMA-AT for PTSD, (ii) future research directions for MDMA-AT including investigation of other indications, and (iii) theoretical frameworks and models of biological mechanisms to explain the therapeutic effects of MDMA-AT.
Download or read book Beyond Ecstasy written by Ben Sessa and published by . This book was released on 2024-08-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Breaking Through the Stigma: MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy and the Path to Healing The story of MDMA is one of remarkable transformation. Often known for its recreational use under the moniker 'ecstasy, ' this drug has garnered both cultural fascination and stigmatization. However, buried beneath the layers of controversy, lies an untapped therapeutic potential rapidly gaining scientific credence: the employment of MDMA in clinical settings, particularly for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health conditions. 'Beyond Ecstasy: The Hidden Therapeutic Potential of MDMA' is a thoughtfully curated collection of scientific journal articles that investigates this transformative journey from a synthesized molecule to a potential healing agent. The book reviews the neurobiological mechanisms that set MDMA apart, showcasing its ability to foster empathy and emotional connection, critical elements that enable profound therapeutic experiences. It examines the human stories of relief and reconnection emerging from clinical trials. From enhancing relational therapies by improving communication and intimacy, to demonstrating significant cost-effectiveness and long-term benefits, this compilation covers the multifaceted implications of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. Key articles spotlight randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, elucidating the promising clinical outcomes against PTSD and the safety concerns evaluated through extensive studies. The book takes an in-depth look at the broader societal impacts, including healthcare savings and quality of life improvements, urging a re-evaluation of how psychoactive substances are perceived and utilized within mental health treatment paradigms. As you journey through these compelling studies, 'Beyond Ecstasy' not only aims to educate but also to inspire hope. It presents a bold narrative that challenges conventional perceptions and opens doors to new beginnings for those underserved by current treatments, highlighting a path forward to dismantling long-held stigmas. Quality Research Publishing is dedicated to making knowledge more accessible to the general public by curating a topical compilation of the latest research on various subjects and providing plain language summaries. Each of the articles in this book is available individually and digitally without cost. However, we believe it is important for the contextualizing and sharing of educational and scientific work to curate this research in a way that is understandable and helpful to the average person seeking deeper knowledge of a particular subject. The research articles compiled for this book were published under a permissive Creative Commons license, are in the public domain, or have no copyright restrictions, permitting their use in this book. If you have questions about the licensing of any article, please visit qualityresearchpublishing.com.
Book Synopsis MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by : Terence Ching
Download or read book MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder written by Terence Ching and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MDMA-assisted psychotherapy was shown in previous clinical trials to be efficacious and safe for alleviating treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, due to low ethnoracial diversity, the question remains as to whether ethnoracial minority participants would benefit similarly. Thus, in Study 1, ethnoracial differences in PTSD symptoms, secondary outcomes, and suicidality were examined for a multisite, open-label trial of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. A total of 11 ethnoracial minority and 26 non-Hispanic White participants formed the modified intent-to-treat (ITT) set. General and generalized linear model analyses were used to test group differences. Correlational analyses were conducted to test relationships between changes in certain secondary outcomes/putative mechanisms of action and PTSD symptoms for the entire sample. Results indicated overall ethnoracial equivalence in efficacy and safety/suicidality, with majority large effect sizes in symptom improvement across groups. Ethnoracial minority participants seemed to self-report lower PTSD symptom reduction after the first dose, although this difference was erased after the second and third doses. Additionally, improved alexithymic tendencies, emotion regulation ability, and self-compassion were significantly correlated with reduced PTSD symptoms. These findings provided preliminary support for the efficacy and safety of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treating PTSD across ethnoracial groups, although more research needs to be conducted with larger, more diverse samples. In Study 2, a mixed-methods case study was conducted on an ethnoracial minority participant from the same open-label trial, to provide a culturally informed lens on recovery from PTSD in a participant of color with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. A case profile was provided, documenting quantitative symptom improvement on all measures from Study 1. This was followed by an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of effects and mechanisms of action for this participant, based on integration session transcripts. Lastly, linguistic variables inherent within the participant's transcripts were entered into exploratory correlational analysis with his PTSD symptom scores. Results of IPA indicated recurrent themes related to: mechanisms of change; reduced PTSD symptoms; additional effects beyond PTSD symptom reduction; and navigating interpersonal relationships. Correlational findings indicated meaningful relationships between several linguistic variables (e.g., increased authenticity) and PTSD symptom reduction. Lastly, recommendations for diversifying ongoing MDMA-assisted psychotherapy trials were provided.
Book Synopsis Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth by : Lawrence G. Calhoun
Download or read book Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth written by Lawrence G. Calhoun and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1999-07 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Calhoun and Tedeschi construct the first systematic framework for clinical efforts to enhance the processes they sum up as posttraumatic growth. Posttraumatic growth is the phenomenon of positive change through struggle with even the most horrible sets of circumstances. People who experience it tend to describe three general types of change: realistically stronger feelings of vulnerability that are nonetheless accompanied by stronger feelings of personal resilience, closer and deeper relationships with others, and a stronger sense of spirituality. Posttraumatic growth has only recently become an important focus of interest for researchers and practitioners. Drawing on a burgeoning professional literature as well as on their own extensive clinical experience, the authors present strategies for helping clients effect all three types of positive change--strategies that have been tested in a variety of groups facing a variety of crises and traumas. Their concise yet comprehensive practical guide will be welcomed by all those who counsel persons grappling with the worst life has to offer.
Download or read book A Dose of Hope written by Dan Engle and published by . This book was released on 2021-07-02 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD is in the final stages of FDA testing. Clinical trials are reporting a 70 percent cure rate for a condition that claims thousands of lives globally every day-hundreds in the US alone. But until it's fully legalized, MDMA is still a Schedule I drug, saddled with years of misunderstanding, misinformation, and misuse. In this groundbreaking, informative, and easy-to-read book, Dr. Dan Engle shows you the treatment through the eyes of a fictional patient so you can see how it works without ever setting foot in a doctor's office. Follow in-depth conversations between doctor and patient, learn about the history of MDMA-assisted therapy, understand how and why it helps, and experience the process for yourself-without ever having to take anything. The treatment presented here is a synthesis of the real experiences and stunning results happening today in trials around the world. Whether you or a loved one suffer from PTSD, or you just want to heal something that's keeping you from living your best life, don't miss A Dose of Hope.
Download or read book A Dose of Hope written by Dan Engle and published by Lioncrest Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-20 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD is in the final stages of FDA testing. Clinical trials are reporting a 70 percent cure rate for a condition that claims thousands of lives globally every day-hundreds in the US alone. But until it's fully legalized, MDMA is still a Schedule I drug, saddled with years of misunderstanding, misinformation, and misuse. In this groundbreaking, informative, and easy-to-read book, Dr. Dan Engle shows you the treatment through the eyes of a fictional patient so you can see how it works without ever setting foot in a doctor's office. Follow in-depth conversations between doctor and patient, learn about the history of MDMA-assisted therapy, understand how and why it helps, and experience the process for yourself-without ever having to take anything. The treatment presented here is a synthesis of the real experiences and stunning results happening today in trials around the world. Whether you or a loved one suffer from PTSD, or you just want to heal something that's keeping you from living your best life, don't miss A Dose of Hope.
Book Synopsis Human Caring Science by : Jean Watson
Download or read book Human Caring Science written by Jean Watson and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rev. ed. of: Nursing: human science and human care / Jean Watson. c1999.
Book Synopsis Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis by : Michel Hersen
Download or read book Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis written by Michel Hersen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-01-19 with total page 833 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most up-to-date coverage on adult psychopathology Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis, Fifth Edition offers comprehensive coverage of the major psychological disorders and presents a balanced integration of empirical data and diagnostic criteria to demonstrate the basis for individual diagnoses. The accessible format and case study approach provide the opportunity to understand how diagnoses are reached. Updated to reflect the rapid developments in the field of psychopathology, this Fifth Edition encompasses the most current research in the field including: A thorough introduction to the principles of the DSM-IV-TR classification system and its application in clinical practice The biological and neurological foundations of disorders and the implications of psychopharmacology in treatment Illustrative case material as well as clinical discussions addressing specific disorders, diagnostic criteria, major theories of etiology, and issues of assessment and measurement Coverage of the major diagnostic entities and problems seen in daily clinical work by those in hospitals, clinics, and private practice A new chapter on race and ethnicity by renowned expert Stanley Sue
Book Synopsis Psychedelics and Psychotherapy by : Tim Read
Download or read book Psychedelics and Psychotherapy written by Tim Read and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2021-09-07 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: • Examines the therapeutic potential of expanded states, underground psychedelic psychotherapy, harm reduction, new approaches for healing individual and collective trauma, and training considerations • Addresses challenging psychedelic experiences, spiritual emergencies, and the central importance of the therapeutic relationship • Details the use of cannabis as a psychedelic tool, spiritual exploration with LSD, micro-dosing with Iboga, and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD Exploring the latest developments in the flourishing field of modern psychedelic psycho-therapy, this book shares practical experiences and insights from both elders and newer research voices in the psychedelic research and clinical communities. The contributors examine new findings on safe and skillful work with psychedelic and expanded states for therapeutic, personal, and spiritual growth. They explain the dual process of opening and healing. They explore new approaches for individual inner work as well as for the healing of ancestral and collective trauma. They examine the power of expanded states for reparative attachment work and offer insights on the integration process through the lens of Holotropic Breathwork. The contributors also examine the use of cannabis as a psychedelic tool, spiritual exploration with LSD, microdosing with Iboga, treating depression with psilocybin, and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD. Revealing diverse ways of working with psychedelics in terms of set, setting, and type of substance, the book concludes with discussions of ethics and professional development for those working in the field as well as explores considerations for training the next generation of psychedelic therapists.
Author :Joshua K. Swift Publisher :American Psychological Association (APA) ISBN 13 :9781433818011 Total Pages :0 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (18 download)
Book Synopsis Premature Termination in Psychotherapy by : Joshua K. Swift
Download or read book Premature Termination in Psychotherapy written by Joshua K. Swift and published by American Psychological Association (APA). This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Premature termination is a significant yet often neglected problem in psychotherapy with significant consequences for clients and therapists alike. According to some estimates, as many as 20% of adult clients terminate psychotherapy prematurely. Even experienced practitioners using the best evidence-based techniques cannot successfully promote positive, long-term change in clients who do not complete the full course of treatment. This book helps therapists and clinical researchers identify the common factors that lead to premature termination, and it presents eight strategies to address these factors and reduce client dropout rates. Such evidence-based techniques will help therapists establish proper roles and behaviors, work with client preferences, educate clients on patterns of change, and plan for appropriate termination within the first few sessions. Additional strategies can be used throughout therapy to help strengthen and reinforce clients' feelings of hope, enhance their motivation to create change, develop and maintain the therapeutic alliance, and continually evaluate overall treatment progress. Case examples demonstrate how these strategies can be employed in real-life scenarios.
Book Synopsis 02 - EFFICACY OF MDMA-ASSISTED PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS by : Dianne Groll
Download or read book 02 - EFFICACY OF MDMA-ASSISTED PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS written by Dianne Groll and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background and Aims:Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder that involves multiple domains of sustained psychopathology following a significant traumatic experience. Despite the range of therapies to treat PTSD, response to antidepressants is limited. A growing body of clinical research suggests the efficacy of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in individuals with treatment-refractory PTSD. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the efficacy of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD is explored.Methods:Relevant randomized controlled trials were identified from a systematic search of five online databases. Five studies were included in this meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.3.Results:The overall response rate to PTSD was 59% (n = 52/88, and the risk of non-response was significantly higher in the control group (RR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.57), indicating higher efficacy in the MDMA group (Figure 1). The standardized mean difference in PTSD scores following treatment was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.29, 1.42), indicating a large effect size.Conclusions:MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is an effective, safe, and powerful treatment for chronic, treatment-refractory PTSD.
Book Synopsis New Interdisciplinary Perspectives On and Beyond Autonomy by : Christopher Watkin
Download or read book New Interdisciplinary Perspectives On and Beyond Autonomy written by Christopher Watkin and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-15 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does ‘autonomy’ mean today? Is the Enlightenment understanding of autonomy still relevant for contemporary challenges? How have the limits and possibilities of autonomy been transformed by recent developments in artificial intelligence and big data, political pressures, intersecting oppressions and the climate emergency? The challenges to autonomy today reach across society with unprecedented complexity, and in this book leading scholars from philosophy, economics, linguistics, literature and politics examine the role of autonomy in key areas of contemporary life, forcefully defending a range of different views about the nature and extent of resistance to autonomy today. These essays are essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the predicament and prospects of one of modernity’s foundational concepts and one of our most widely cherished values. Chapter 5.6 and 9 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.
Book Synopsis Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD by : Edna Foa
Download or read book Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD written by Edna Foa and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-03-22 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An estimated 70% of adults in the United States have experienced a traumatic event at least once in their lives. Though most recover on their own, up to 20% develop chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. For these people, overcoming PTSD requires the help of a professional. This guide gives clinicians the information they need to treat clients who exhibit the symptoms of PTSD. It is based on the principles of Prolonged Exposure Therapy, the most scientifically-tested and proven treatment that has been used to effectively treat victims of all types of trauma. Whether your client is a veteran of combat, a victim of a physical or sexual assault, or a casualty of a motor vehicle accident, the techniques and strategies outlined in this book will help. In this treatment clients are exposed to imagery of their traumatic memories, as well as real-life situations related to the traumatic event in a step-by-step, controllable way. Through these exposures, your client will learn to confront the trauma and begin to think differently about it, leading to a marked decrease in levels of anxiety and other PTSD symptoms. Clients are provided education about PTSD and other common reactions to traumatic events. Breathing retraining is taught as a method for helping the client manage anxiety in daily life. Designed to be used in conjunction with the corresponding client workbook, this therapist guide includes all the tools necessary to effectively implement the prolonged exposure program including assessment measures, session outlines, case studies, sample dialogues, and homework assignments. This comprehensive resource is an exceptional treatment manual that is sure to help you help your clients reclaim their lives from PTSD. TreatmentsThatWorkTM represents the gold standard of behavioral healthcare interventions! · All programs have been rigorously tested in clinical trials and are backed by years of research · A prestigious scientific advisory board, led by series Editor-In-Chief David H. Barlow, reviews and evaluates each intervention to ensure that it meets the highest standard of evidence so you can be confident that you are using the most effective treatment available to date · Our books are reliable and effective and make it easy for you to provide your clients with the best care available · Our corresponding workbooks contain psychoeducational information, forms and worksheets, and homework assignments to keep clients engaged and motivated · A companion website (www.oup.com/us/ttw) offers downloadable clinical tools and helpful resources · Continuing Education (CE) Credits are now available on select titles in collaboration with PsychoEducational Resources, Inc. (PER)
Book Synopsis Psychiatry Morning Report: Beyond the Pearls by : Tammy Duong
Download or read book Psychiatry Morning Report: Beyond the Pearls written by Tammy Duong and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychiatry Morning Report: Beyond the Pearls is a case-based reference that covers the key material included on the USMLE Step 2 and Step 3, as well as the psychiatry clerkship. Focusing on the practical information you need to know, it teaches how to analyze a clinical vignette in the style of a morning report conference, sharpening your clinical decision-making skills and helping you formulate an evidence-based approach to realistic patient scenarios. Each case has been carefully chosen and covers scenarios and questions frequently encountered on the USMLE/psychiatry boards, shelf exams, and clinical practice, integrating both basic science and clinical pearls. "Beyond the Pearls" tips and secrets (all evidence-based with references) provide deep coverage of core material. "Morning Report"/"Grand Rounds" format begins with the chief complaints to the labs, relevant images, and includes a "pearl" at the end of the case. Questions are placed throughout the case to mimic practical decision making both in the hospital and on the board exam. Introductory chapters discuss practical psychiatry skills for daily functioning including taking a history, presenting and writing a note, briefly reviewing psychopharmacology, and ethical considerations. Written and edited by experienced teachers and clinicians; each case has been reviewed by board certified attending/practicing physicians.
Book Synopsis Psychedelic Medicine [2 Volumes] by : Michael J. Winkelman
Download or read book Psychedelic Medicine [2 Volumes] written by Michael J. Winkelman and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2007-06-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of essays examining the current status of the therapeutic potential of hallucinogenic substances, exploring how the drugs can be used to effectively treat a wide range of conditions.
Download or read book PTSD written by Allan V. Horwitz and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive history of PTSD. Post-traumatic stress disorder—and its predecessor diagnoses, including soldier’s heart, railroad spine, and shell shock—was recognized as a psychiatric disorder in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The psychic impacts of train crashes, wars, and sexual shocks among children first drew psychiatric attention. Later, enormous numbers of soldiers suffering from battlefield traumas returned from the world wars. It was not until the 1980s that PTSD became a formal diagnosis, in part to recognize the intense psychic suffering of Vietnam War veterans and women with trauma-related personality disorders. PTSD now occupies a dominant place in not only the mental health professions but also major social institutions and mainstream culture, making it the signature mental disorder of the early twenty-first century. In PTSD, Allan V. Horwitz traces the fluctuations in definitions of and responses to traumatic psychic conditions. Arguing that PTSD, perhaps more than any other diagnostic category, is a lens for showing major historical changes in conceptions of mental illness, he surveys the conditions most likely to produce traumas, the results of those traumas, and how to evaluate the claims of trauma victims. Illuminating a number of central issues about psychic disturbances more generally—including the relative importance of external stressors and internal vulnerabilities in causing mental illness, the benefits and costs of mental illness labels, and the influence of gender on expressions of mental disturbance—PTSD is a compact yet comprehensive survey. The book will appeal to diverse audiences, including the educated public, students across the psychological and social sciences, and trauma victims who are interested in socio-historical approaches to their condition. Praise for Allan V. Horwitz’s Anxiety: A Short History “The definitive overview of the history of anxiety.”—Bulletin of the History of Medicine “A lucid, erudite and brisk intellectual history driven by a clear and persuasive central argument.”—Social History of Medicine “An enlightening tour of anxiety, set at a sensible pace, with an exceptional scholar and writer leading the way.”—Library Journal
Book Synopsis What Is the Lived Experience of Fully Integrating the Benefits of MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD? by : James Norwood
Download or read book What Is the Lived Experience of Fully Integrating the Benefits of MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD? written by James Norwood and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a serious problem for U.S. veterans and military personnel, often accompanied by a myriad of comorbid mental health issues that have persisting effects for the individual, the family, and society at large. This study examines the experience of integration for a veteran with combat-induced treatment-resistant PTSD in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) phase II clinical trials of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. U.S. veterans rarely seek mental health services even though a high percentage of them report symptoms of substantial mental health challenges. High drop-out rates are reported for those who do seek treatment. Integration is a concept employed in literature on MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to refer to a participant's post-MDMA reflections, practices, and experiences which serve to consolidate and retain lasting change. While widely considered essential to MDMA and other psychedelic forms of therapy, integration has neither been clearly defined nor has its corresponding experience been studied, leaving a gap in clinical understanding of a primary component of this treatment approach. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy consists of preparatory, experimental, and integration therapy sessions (psychotherapy following ingestion of MDMA). The study uses an exemplar case study method to examine the experience of integration as discussed by an expert in interviews conducted in this study, and reflected in three integration sessions, and one long-term follow up session. The study's qualitative approach provides richer descriptions of the healing process as it proceeds from the ingestion of MDMA onwards. Findings are organized into two code groups, which deal with expert discussion and participant expressions, respectively: "About Integration" and "The Direct Experience of Integration." These findings suggest that integration-related processes are articulated in terms referring to intrapsychic, interpersonal and prosocial, and transpersonal and somatic phenomena. Ways that the participant's integration was facilitated by their activities or by the therapists are described. Obstacles, difficulties, and experiences of regression after the treatment are also organized into themes. Finally, the implications of these findings for future research are discussed. Critical suggestions for future research that might better define the topic are provided and proposals for alternative concepts that address other aspects of therapeutic processes of transformation are proposed.
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