Marxism Postcolonial Theory And The Future Of Critique

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Marxism, Postcolonial Theory, and the Future of Critique

Author : Sharae Deckard
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317287797
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Marxism, Postcolonial Theory, and the Future of Critique by : Sharae Deckard

Download or read book Marxism, Postcolonial Theory, and the Future of Critique written by Sharae Deckard and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-13 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using the aesthetic and political concerns of Parry’s oeuvre as a touchstone, this book explores new directions for postcolonial studies, Marxist literary criticism, and world literature in the contemporary moment, seeking to re-imagine the field, and alongside it, new possibilities for left critique. It is the first volume of essays focusing on the field-defining intellectual legacy of the literary scholar Benita Parry. As a leading critic of the post-structuralist turn within postcolonial studies, Parry has not only brought Marxism and postcolonial theory into a productive, albeit tense, dialogue, but has reinvigorated the field by bringing critical questions of resistance and struggle to bear on aesthetic forms. The book’s aim is two-fold: first, to evaluate Parry’s formative influence within postcolonial studies and its interface with Marxist literary criticism, and second, to explore new terrains of scholarship opened up by Parry’s work. It provides a critical overview of Parry’s key interventions, such as her contributions to colonial discourse theory; her debate with Spivak on subaltern consciousness and representation; her critique of post-apartheid reconciliation and neoliberalism in South Africa; her materialist critique of writers such as Kipling, Conrad, and Salih; her work on liberation theory, resistance, and radical agency; as well as more recent work on the aesthetics of "peripheral modernity." The volume contains cutting-edge work on peripheral aesthetics, the world-literary system, critiques of global capitalism and capitalist modernity, and the resurgence of Marxism, communism, and liberation theory by a range of established and new scholars who represent a dissident and new school of thought within postcolonial studies more generally. It concludes with the first-ever detailed interview with Benita Parry about her activism, political commitments, and her life and work as a scholar.

Marxism, Postcolonial Theory, and the Future of Critique

Author : Sharae Deckard
Publisher : Routledge Research in Postcolonial Literatures
ISBN 13 : 9781138186118
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (861 download)

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Book Synopsis Marxism, Postcolonial Theory, and the Future of Critique by : Sharae Deckard

Download or read book Marxism, Postcolonial Theory, and the Future of Critique written by Sharae Deckard and published by Routledge Research in Postcolonial Literatures. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using the aesthetic and political concerns of Parry¿s oeuvre as a touchstone, this book explores new directions for postcolonial studies, Marxist literary criticism, and world literature in the contemporary moment, seeking to re-imagine the field, and alongside it, new possibilities for Left critique. It is the first volume of essays focusing on the field-defining intellectual legacy of the literary scholar Benita Parry. As a leading dissident of the poststructuralist turn within postcolonial studies, Parry has not only brought Marxism and postcolonial theory into a productive, albeit tense, dialogue, but has reinvigorated the field by having critical questions of resistance and struggle to bear on aesthetic forms. The book¿s aim is two-fold: first, to evaluate Parry¿s formative influence within postcolonial studies and its interface with Marxist literary criticism, and second to explore new terrains of scholarship opened up by Parry¿s work. It provides a critical overview of Parry¿s key interventions, such as her contributions to colonial discourse theory; her debate with Spivak on subaltern consciousness and representation; her critique of post-apartheid reconciliation and neoliberalism in South Africa; her materialist critique of writers such as Kipling, Conrad, and Salih; her work on liberation theory, resistance, and radical agency; as well as more recent work on the aesthetics of "peripheral modernity". The volume contains cutting-edge work on peripheral aesthetics, the world-literary system, critiques of global capitalism and capitalist modernity, and the resurgence of Marxism, communism, and liberation theory by a range of established and new scholars who represent a dissident and new school of thought within postcolonial studies more generally. It concludes with the first-ever detailed interview with Benita Parry about her activism, political commitments, and her life and work as a scholar.

Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital

Author : Vivek Chibber
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1844679764
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital by : Vivek Chibber

Download or read book Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital written by Vivek Chibber and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Postcolonial theory has become enormously influential as a framework for understanding the Global South. It is also a school of thought popular because of its rejection of the supposedly universalizing categories of the Enlightenment. In this devastating critique, mounted on behalf of the radical Enlightenment tradition, Vivek Chibber offers the most comprehensive response yet to postcolonial theory. Focusing on the hugely popular Subaltern Studies project, Chibber shows that its foundational arguments are based on a series of analytical and historical misapprehensions. He demonstrates that it is possible to affirm a universalizing theory without succumbing to Eurocentrism or reductionism. Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital promises to be a historical milestone in contemporary social theory.

Marx at the Margins

Author : Kevin B. Anderson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022634570X
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis Marx at the Margins by : Kevin B. Anderson

Download or read book Marx at the Margins written by Kevin B. Anderson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2016-02-12 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Marx at the Margins, Kevin Anderson uncovers a variety of extensive but neglected texts by Marx that cast what we thought we knew about his work in a startlingly different light. Analyzing a variety of Marx’s writings, including journalistic work written for the New York Tribune, Anderson presents us with a Marx quite at odds with conventional interpretations. Rather than providing us with an account of Marx as an exclusively class-based thinker, Anderson here offers a portrait of Marx for the twenty-first century: a global theorist whose social critique was sensitive to the varieties of human social and historical development, including not just class, but nationalism, race, and ethnicity, as well. Through highly informed readings of work ranging from Marx’s unpublished 1879–82 notebooks to his passionate writings about the antislavery cause in the United States, this volume delivers a groundbreaking and canon-changing vision of Karl Marx that is sure to provoke lively debate in Marxist scholarship and beyond. For this expanded edition, Anderson has written a new preface that discusses the additional 1879–82 notebook material, as well as the influence of the Russian-American philosopher Raya Dunayevskaya on his thinking.

Postcolonial Theory

Author : Leela Gandhi
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231548567
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Postcolonial Theory by : Leela Gandhi

Download or read book Postcolonial Theory written by Leela Gandhi and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-08 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published twenty years ago, Leela Gandhi’s Postcolonial Theory was a landmark description of the field of postcolonial studies in theoretical terms that set its intellectual context alongside poststructuralism, postmodernism, Marxism, and feminism. Gandhi examined the contributions of major thinkers such as Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, and the subaltern historians. The book pointed to postcolonialism’s relationship with earlier anticolonial thinkers such as Frantz Fanon, Albert Memmi, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, and M. K. Gandhi and explained pertinent concepts and schools of thought—hybridity, Orientalism, humanism, Marxist dialectics, diaspora, nationalism, gendered subalternity, globalization, and postcolonial feminism. The revised edition of this classic work reaffirms its status as a useful starting point for readers new to the field and as a provocative account that opens up possibilities for debate. It includes substantial additions: A new preface and epilogue reposition postcolonial studies within evolving intellectual contexts and take stock of important critical developments. Gandhi examines recent alliances with critical race theory and Africanist postcolonialism, considers challenges from postsecular and postcritical perspectives, and takes into account the ontological, environmental, affective, and ethical turns in the changed landscape of critical theory. She describes what is enduring in postcolonial thinking—as a critical perspective within the academy and as an attitude to the world that extends beyond the discipline of postcolonial studies.

Gayatri Spivak

Author : Stephen Morton
Publisher : Polity
ISBN 13 : 074563284X
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Gayatri Spivak by : Stephen Morton

Download or read book Gayatri Spivak written by Stephen Morton and published by Polity. This book was released on 2007-02-12 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gayatri Chakravorty Spivaks seminal contribution to contemporary thought defies disciplinary boundaries. From her early translations of Derrida to her subsequent engagement with Marxism, feminism and postcolonial studies and her recent work on human rights, the war on terror and globalization, she has proved to be one of the most vital of present-day thinkers. In this book Stephen Morton offers a wide-ranging introduction to and critique of Spivaks work. He examines her engagements with philosophers and other thinkers from Kant to Paul de Man, feminists from Cixous to Helie-Lucas and literary texts by Charlotte Bronte, J. M. Coetzee, Mahasweta Devi and Jean Rhys. Spivaks thought is also situated in relation to subaltern studies. Throughout the book, Morton interrogates the materialist basis of Spivaks thought and demonstrates the ethical and political commitment which lies at the heart of her work. Stephen Morton provides an ideal introduction to the work of this complex and increasingly important thinker.

A Future for Criticism

Author : Catherine Belsey
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1405169575
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis A Future for Criticism by : Catherine Belsey

Download or read book A Future for Criticism written by Catherine Belsey and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-14 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Future for Criticism considers why fiction gives so much pleasure, and the neglect of this issue in contemporary criticism. Offers a brief, lively, and accessible account of a new direction for critical practice, from one of Britain's most prominent literary theorists and critics Proposes a new path for future criticism, more open to reflecting on the pleasures of fiction Written in a clear, jargon-free style, and illustrated throughout with numerous examples

World Literature, Neoliberalism, and the Culture of Discontent

Author : Sharae Deckard
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030054411
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis World Literature, Neoliberalism, and the Culture of Discontent by : Sharae Deckard

Download or read book World Literature, Neoliberalism, and the Culture of Discontent written by Sharae Deckard and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-30 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains neoliberalism as a phenomenon of the capitalist world-system. Many writers focus on the cultural or ideological symptoms of neoliberalism only when they are experienced in Europe and America. This collection seeks to restore globalized capitalism as the primary object of critique and to distinguish between neoliberal ideology and processes of neoliberalization. It explores the ways in which cultural studies can teach us about aspects of neoliberalism that economics and political journalism cannot or have not: the particular affects, subjectivities, bodily dispositions, socio-ecological relations, genres, forms of understanding, and modes of political resistance that register neoliberalism. Using a world-systems perspective for cultural studies, the essays in this collection examine cultural productions from across the neoliberal world-system, bringing together works that might have in the past been separated into postcolonial studies and Anglo-American Studies.

Genres of Transition: Literature and Economy in Portuguese-Speaking Southern Africa

Author : Thomas Waller
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1835534015
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (355 download)

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Book Synopsis Genres of Transition: Literature and Economy in Portuguese-Speaking Southern Africa by : Thomas Waller

Download or read book Genres of Transition: Literature and Economy in Portuguese-Speaking Southern Africa written by Thomas Waller and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2024-07-22 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that literary production in Portuguese-speaking southern Africa has developed distinctive aesthetic idioms that critically respond to crises of global capitalism and related failures of post-colonial governance. Drawing from recent research at the intersection of world-systems analysis and materialist theories of world literature, it identifies and evaluates two generic trends in the post-independence literatures of Mozambique and Angola. From the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, there is a marked tendency in Mozambican literary production towards fictional representations of ghosts, spectral effects and gothic narrative techniques. In Angola, there is an analogous outburst of literary expression from the mid-1990s onwards, in which writers increasingly turn towards dystopian images of apocalypse, ecological crisis, and the disintegration of existing modes of social reproduction. Away from a restricted focus on the decline of the post-independence Marxist-Leninist state, the book contends that the upswing in these two genres of writing functions to critically register a world-systemic horizon that both surpasses and includes locally determined, national realities. The patterned repetition of spectral and dystopian forms in Portuguese-speaking southern Africa occurred at a time of heightened capitalisation, in which the region was subjected to newly expropriative forms of accumulation and ecological enclosure via integration into a reconstellated world-system headed by neoliberal finance capital. Through close readings of texts by authors such as Mia Couto, Suleiman Cassamo, Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa, Pepetela, and Ondjaki, this book asks: What factors drove literary production towards the figure of the spectre in Mozambique and towards dystopia in Angola? What emerging energies and social contradictions found shape in these generic idioms in ways that existing vocabularies were unable to express? What does the geo-temporal passage from spectrality to dystopia tell us about the history of capitalist development in southern Africa, and about the restructuring of political-economic parameters across the globe?

Critical Theory

Author : Max Horkheimer
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 0826400833
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Theory by : Max Horkheimer

Download or read book Critical Theory written by Max Horkheimer and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 1972-01-01 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These essays, written in the 1930s and 1940s, represent a first selection in English from the major work of the founder of the famous Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt. Horkheimer's writings are essential to an understanding of the intellectual background of the New Left and the to much current social-philosophical thought, including the work of Herbert Marcuse. Apart from their historical significance and even from their scholarly eminence, these essays contain an immediate relevance only now becoming fully recognized.

Marxism and African Literature

Author : Georg M. Gugelberger
Publisher : Africa World Press
ISBN 13 : 9780865430310
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Marxism and African Literature by : Georg M. Gugelberger

Download or read book Marxism and African Literature written by Georg M. Gugelberger and published by Africa World Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Marx, Marxism and the Question of Eurocentrism

Author : Kolja Lindner
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030818233
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Marx, Marxism and the Question of Eurocentrism by : Kolja Lindner

Download or read book Marx, Marxism and the Question of Eurocentrism written by Kolja Lindner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-04-13 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book mediates between postcolonial positions that criticize Marxist approaches (and Marx’s writings) for their Eurocentrism and defenders of Marx, who claim that this accusation is a myth. In different contributions to this volume, Kolja Lindner pleads for a differentiated assessment of the whole of Marx’s work, including less known manuscripts, and a theoretical reconstruction of various elements that have come into the focus of postcolonial critique: ethnocentrism, Orientalism, false universalism and the oblivion of modernity’s global entanglement. Against this background, two opportunities simultaneously arise: Marx’s Eurocentrism can be deconstructed and his growing awareness of global developments and cosmopolitan struggles established.

A Critique of Postcolonial Reason

Author : Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674177649
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (741 download)

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Book Synopsis A Critique of Postcolonial Reason by : Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

Download or read book A Critique of Postcolonial Reason written by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1999-06-28 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are the “culture wars” over? When did they begin? What is their relationship to gender struggle and the dynamics of class? In her first full treatment of postcolonial studies, a field that she helped define, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, one of the world’s foremost literary theorists, poses these questions from within the postcolonial enclave. “We cannot merely continue to act out the part of Caliban,” Spivak writes; and her book is an attempt to understand and describe a more responsible role for the postcolonial critic. A Critique of Postcolonial Reason tracks the figure of the “native informant” through various cultural practices—philosophy, history, literature—to suggest that it emerges as the metropolitan hybrid. The book addresses feminists, philosophers, critics, and interventionist intellectuals, as they unite and divide. It ranges from Kant’s analytic of the sublime to child labor in Bangladesh. Throughout, the notion of a Third World interloper as the pure victim of a colonialist oppressor emerges as sharply suspect: the mud we sling at certain seemingly overbearing ancestors such as Marx and Kant may be the very ground we stand on. A major critical work, Spivak’s book redefines and repositions the postcolonial critic, leading her through transnational cultural studies into considerations of globality.

Towards a Transcultural Future: Literature and Society in a ‘Post’-Colonial World 1

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9401200076
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Towards a Transcultural Future: Literature and Society in a ‘Post’-Colonial World 1 by :

Download or read book Towards a Transcultural Future: Literature and Society in a ‘Post’-Colonial World 1 written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection has one central theoretical focus, viz. stock-taking essays on the present and future status of postcolonialism, transculturalism, nationalism, and globalization. These are complemented by ‘special’ angles of entry (e.g. ‘dharmic ethics’) and by considerations of the global impress of technology (African literary studies and the Internet). Further essays have a focus on literary-cultural studies in Australia (the South Asian experience) and New Zealand (ecopoetics; a Central European émigrée perspective on the nation; the unravelling of literary nationalism; transplantation and the trope of translation). The thematic umbrella, finally, covers studies of such topics as translation and interculturalism (the transcendental in Australian and Indian fiction; African Shakespeares; Canadian narrative and First-Nations story templates); anglophone / francophone relations (the writing and rewriting of crime fiction in Africa and the USA; utopian fiction in Quebec); and syncretism in post-apartheid South African theatre. Some of the authors treated in detail are: Janet Frame; Kapka Kassabova; Elizabeth Knox; Annamarie Jagose; Denys Trussell; David Malouf; Patrick White; Yasmine Gooneratne; Raja Rao; Robert Kroetsch; Thomas King; Chester Himes; Julius Nyerere; Ayi Kwei Armah; Léopold Sédar Senghor; Simon Njami; Abourahman Waberi; Lueen Conning; Nuruddin Farah; Athol Fugard; Frantz Fanon; Julia Kristeva; Shakespeare. The collection is rounded off by creative writing (prose, poetry, and drama) by Bernard Cohen, Jan Kemp, Vincent O’Sullivan, Andrew Sant, and Sujay Sood.

Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism

Author : Alex Callinicos
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351370014
Total Pages : 722 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism by : Alex Callinicos

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism written by Alex Callinicos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past two decades, Marxism has enjoyed a revitalization as a research program and a growth in its audience. This renaissance is connected to the revival of anti-capitalist contestation since the Seattle protests in 1999 and the impact of the global economic and financial crisis in 2007–8. It intersects with the emergence of Post-Marxism since the 1980s represented by thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas, Chantal Mouffe, Ranajit Guha and Alain Badiou. This handbook explores the development of Marxism and Post-Marxism, setting them in dialogue against a truly global backdrop. Transcending the disciplinary boundaries between philosophy, economics, politics and history, an international range of expert contributors guide the reader through the main varieties and preoccupations of Marxism and Post-Marxism. Through a series of framing and illustrative essays, readers will explore these traditions, starting from Marx and Engels themselves, through the thinkers of the Second and Third Internationals (Rosa Luxemburg, Lenin and Trotsky, among others), the Tricontinental, and Subaltern and Post-Colonial Studies, to more contemporary figures such as Huey Newton, Fredric Jameson, Judith Butler, Immanuel Wallerstein and Samir Amin. The Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism will be of interest to scholars and researchers of philosophy, cultural studies and theory, sociology, political economics and several areas of political science, including political theory, Marxism, political ideologies and critical theory.

Communism, Subaltern Studies and Postcolonial Theory

Author : Nissim Mannathukkaren
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000422917
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Communism, Subaltern Studies and Postcolonial Theory by : Nissim Mannathukkaren

Download or read book Communism, Subaltern Studies and Postcolonial Theory written by Nissim Mannathukkaren and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-08-05 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a thematic history of the communist movement in Kerala, the first major region (in terms of population) in the world to democratically elect a communist government. It analyzes the nature of the transformation brought about by the communist movement in Kerala, and what its implications could be for other postcolonial societies. The volume engages with the key theoretical concepts in postcolonial theory and Subaltern Studies, and contributes to the debate between Marxism and postcolonial theory, especially its recent articulations. The volume presents a fresh empirical engagement with theoretical critiques of Subaltern Studies and postcolonial theory, in the context of their decades-long scholarship in India. It discusses important thematic moments in Kerala’s communist history which include — the processes by which it established its hegemony, its cultural interventions, the institution of land reforms and workers’ rights, and the democratic decentralization project, and, ultimately, communism’s incomplete national-popular and its massive failures with regard to the caste question. A significant contribution to scholarship on democracy and modernity in the Global South, this volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of politics, specifically political theory, democracy and political participation, political sociology, development studies, postcolonial theory, Subaltern Studies, Global South Studies, and South Asia Studies.

Combined and Uneven Development

Author : Warwick Research Collective
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1781381895
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (813 download)

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Book Synopsis Combined and Uneven Development by : Warwick Research Collective

Download or read book Combined and Uneven Development written by Warwick Research Collective and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ambition of this book is to resituate the problem of 'world literature', considered as a revived category of theoretical enquiry, by pursuing the literary-cultural implications of the theory of combined and uneven development. This theory has a long pedigree in the social sciences, where it continues to stimulate debate. But its implications for cultural analysis have received less attention, even though the theory might be said to draw attention to a central -perhaps the central - arc or trajectory of modern(ist) production in literature and the other arts worldwide. It is in the conjuncture of combined and uneven development, on the one hand, and the recently interrogated and expanded categories of 'world literature' and 'modernism', on the other, that this book looks for its specific contours. In the two theoretical chapters that frame the book, the authors argue for a single, but radically uneven world-system; a singular modernity, combined and uneven; and a literature that variously registers this combined unevenness in both its form and content to reveal itself as, properly speaking, world-literature. In the four substantive chapters that then follow, the authors explore a selection of modern-era fictions in which the potential of their method of comparativism seems to be most dramatically highlighted. They treat the novel paradigmatically, not exemplarily, as a literary form in which combined and uneven development is manifested with particular salience, due in no small part to its fundamental association with the rise of capitalism and its status in peripheral and semi-peripheral societies as a 'modernising' import. The peculiar plasticity and hybridity of the novel form enables it to incorporate not only multiple literary levels, genres and modes, but also other non-literary and archaic cultural forms - so that, for example, realist elements might be mixed with more experimental modes of narration, or older literary devices might be reactivated in juxtaposition with more contemporary frames.