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Market And Social Welfare Effects Of The Renewable Fuels Standard
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Book Synopsis Market and Social Welfare Effects of the Renewable Fuels Standard by : Amy W. Ando
Download or read book Market and Social Welfare Effects of the Renewable Fuels Standard written by Amy W. Ando and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper evaluates the welfare and greenhouse-gas effects of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in the presence of biofuel subsidies. In our numerical model, demand for gasoline and ethanol stems from consumer demand for driving miles, but all fuels have congestion and environmental external costs. Our estimates of the effects of ethanol mandates on greenhouse gases and social welfare (relative to the status quo) are sensitive to assumptions about the gasoline supply elasticity. The impact of the mandate, by itself, on greenhouse gas emissions ranges from -0.5% to - 5% relative to the status quo; and is reduced when the mandate is accompanied by a tax credit. The welfare costs of the mandate relative to the socially optimal policy ranges from $60 B to $115 B depending on the elasticity of gasoline supply. The provision of a tax credit in addition to the mandate leads to additional deadweight losses that range from $1.1 to $12 billion. An ethanol mandate policy provides assured demand for ethanol and therefore supports the domestic ethanol industry, particularly the cellulosic biofuel industry. However, such policy may harm the well-being of the country as a whole, even relative to the ethanol support policy that was in place before the current mandate was passed.
Book Synopsis The Renewable Fuel Standard in Competitive Equilibrium by : Giancarlo Moschini
Download or read book The Renewable Fuel Standard in Competitive Equilibrium written by Giancarlo Moschini and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Welfare Effects of Biofuel Policies in the Presence of Environmental Externalities and Pre-existing Distortions by : Marie Christine D. Lasco
Download or read book Welfare Effects of Biofuel Policies in the Presence of Environmental Externalities and Pre-existing Distortions written by Marie Christine D. Lasco and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policy intervention in the biofuel market has led to a significant increase in biofuel production and use in the past several years. However, the welfare effect of biofuel policies, specifically the ethanol tax credit for corn ethanol, ethanol import tariff and renewable fuel standard (RFS) mandate has not been adequately examined. Moreover, the environmental impact of these policies, and their impact on fuel taxation has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. This dissertation examines the market and welfare effects of biofuel policies in the US, specifically those relating to corn and sugarcane ethanol, with the aim of determining the welfare implications of existing policies, and designing second-best optimal policies. In measuring welfare effects, changes in social surplus, as well as environmental externalities are taken into account. In addition, the interaction of fuel and biofuel policies with the broader fiscal system is also considered. This dissertation consists of three papers. In the first paper, a stylized model of the US miles and fuel market, including ethanol trade is developed to quantify the market and welfare effects of biofuel policies in the US. In order to examine the effect of the ethanol tax credit and import tariff, several market scenarios are simulated. The market outcome with the two policies in place are compared to a non-intervention scenario, and an optimal baseline where Pigouvian taxes are levied on fuel and miles. Results show that the effect of the tax credit on social surplus is clearly negative, while the impact of the tariff depends on the ability of the US to influence ethanol prices in the world market. Numerical simulations show that the existing ethanol tax credit and import tariff increase miles externalities and GHG emissions and decrease social welfare by $5.9 B relative to non-intervention and by $235 B relative to the optimal scenario. In the second paper, detailed production data on ethanol production costs in the US and Brazil are used together with a numerical model of US biofuel trade with Brazil to quantify the welfare effect of the US RFS mandate for traditional and advanced biofuel (excluding cellulosic and biomass biodiesel) under various scenarios on the currency exchange rate between the US dollar and Brazilian reais. Numerical results show that in 2015, the cost of the mandate is lower when the US currency is appreciated relative to the Brazilian currency, and when the excess supply elasticity of ethanol from Brazil is more elastic. Relative to a baseline without a mandate but with an ethanol subsidy and import tariff in place, GHG emissions decrease and the welfare effect of the mandate ranges from -$23 to +$5 Billion dollars as the exchange rate varies from US$1 = R$1.81 to US$1 = R$3.11. The third paper analyzes the impact of biofuel policies and biofuel use on the second-best optimal carbon tax for fuels in the presence of a labor tax and a biofuel subsidy. Findings show that when biofuel is part of the fuel mix, the carbon tax has a commodity price effect which arises from tax-induced changes in land rent. The commodity price effect could exacerbate or attenuate the tax interaction effect caused by higher fuel prices, depending on the elasticity of substitution between gasoline and biofuel, the price elasticity of miles demand, and the relative emissions intensity of gasoline and biofuel. Numerical results show that the commodity price effect affects the value of the second-best optimal carbon tax, and that the effect is greater if the elasticity of substitution between gasoline and ethanol is higher, iii miles demand is more price inelastic, and the emissions intensity of biofuel is lower relative to gasoline. In addition, the existence of a fixed biofuel subsidy lead to a greater divergence between the value of the second-best optimal carbon tax with or without biofuels. A carbon tax policy decreases GHG emissions and increases welfare, in contrast to a biofuel subsidy, which also decreases GHG emissions but at a net welfare loss.
Book Synopsis Market and Welfare Effects of Renewable Portfolio Standard in the U.S. Compliance and Voluntary Green Power Markets by : Suparna Bhattacharya
Download or read book Market and Welfare Effects of Renewable Portfolio Standard in the U.S. Compliance and Voluntary Green Power Markets written by Suparna Bhattacharya and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) has been one of the popular policy instruments adopted by many states in the U.S. to combat climate change, emissions and higher energy prices. This paper develops an applied-theoretic model to analyze the economic effects of RPS while considering the empirically relevant (i) interaction of compliance with voluntary green power markets, (ii) differences in consumer preferences, and (iii) imperfect competition among the electricity suppliers. The market and welfare effects of RPS are shown to be case-specific and dependent on the relative magnitude of the associated cost and utility effects of RPS, the strength of consumer preference for green energy, the suppliers' costs before RPS, and the market power of the suppliers in compliance and voluntary markets. Simulation results indicate that regular power prices increase while green power prices decrease in NERC regions. The demand for regular and green power increase/decrease depending on the specific cases examined in the study. While welfare gains of green power consumers are evident from the study, welfare of regular power consumers is case sensitive and can increase/decrease with the policy. Green power suppliers (with/without market power) are always losers from the policy. Profits of regular power suppliers with market power are case dependent and likely to increase with higher consumer preference for regular power. Public utility firms, competitive firms or firms having Bertrand price competition, who are unable to exercise market power in the compliance market are likely to be losers from this policy. Voluntary market participation can increase with RPS. The higher the cost of the regular power with RPS, the higher is the likelihood that consumers will purchase green power and realize welfare gains from reduced price in the voluntary market.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy by : Madhu Khanna
Download or read book Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy written by Madhu Khanna and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerns about energy security, uncertainty about oil prices, declining oil reserves, and global climate change are fueling a shift towards bioenergy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Public policies and private investments around the globe are aiming to increase local capacity to produce biofuels. A key constraint to the expansion of biofuel production is the limited amount of land available to meet the needs for fuel, feed, and food in the coming decades. Large-scale biofuel production raises concerns about food versus fuel tradeoffs, about demands for natural resources such as water, and about potential impacts on environmental quality. The book is organized into five parts. The introductory part provides a context for the emerging economic and policy challenges related to bioenergy and the motivations for biofuels as an energy source. The second part of the handbook includes chapters that examine the implications of expanded production of first generation biofuels for the allocation of land between food and fuel and for food/feed prices and trade in biofuels as well as the potential for technology improvements to mitigate the food vs. fuel competition for land. Chapters in the third part examine the infrastructural and logistical challenges posed by large scale biofuel production and the factors that will influence the location of biorefineries and the mix of feedstocks they use. The fourth part includes chapters that examine the environmental implications of biofuels, their implications for the design of policies and the unintended environmental consequences of existing biofuel policies. The final part presents economic analysis of the market, social welfare, and distributional effects of biofuel policies.
Book Synopsis Welfare Implications of the Renewable Fuel Standards with a Revenue-neutral Tax by : Gregmar I. Galinato
Download or read book Welfare Implications of the Renewable Fuel Standards with a Revenue-neutral Tax written by Gregmar I. Galinato and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Economics of US Renewable Fuel Policies by : Gabriel E. Lade
Download or read book The Economics of US Renewable Fuel Policies written by Gabriel E. Lade and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable fuel mandates are increasingly common policy tools used in the transportation fuel sector. The policies seek to reduce carbon emissions by expanding production of low-carbon, renewable fuels. Given the threat of global climate change and that transportation fuels contribute to over a quarter of US greenhouse gas emissions, reducing emissions in the sector must play an important role in any comprehensive climate policy. This dissertation studies the effects and efficiency of the two largest renewable fuel mandates in the US to date: the federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). The work draws lessons from the RFS compliance credit market, as well as from conceptual and simulation models of the US fuel market in order to understand the impacts of alternative policy designs and market structures on the efficiency of the two policies. Overall, the work suggests that the fuel mandates in their current form are not well-suited to increase the penetration of renewable fuels beyond modest levels. In particular, both mandates are susceptible to high and volatile compliance costs due to constraints on the amount of renewable fuel that can be produced by upstream firms and consumed by end-users. As designed in the enacting legislation and rules, regulators can only respond to high compliance costs by reducing statutory mandates. Chapter 3 studies the market for compliance credits (RINs) under the RFS. The analysis focuses on the significant price volatility observed in the RIN market in 2013. Results from an econometric model studying RIN prices indicate that unexpected policy developments whereby the Environmental Protection Agency proposed large cuts to the RFS statutory mandates led to sudden and large decreases in RIN prices. This decreased the value of the subsidy (tax) that the RFS provides to the biofuel (fossil fuel) industry substantially. Furthermore, estimates from an econometric model of biofuel firm stock prices suggest that the loss in the RFS subsidy disproportionately harmed advanced biofuel producers. The findings are important as the future success of the RFS relies on the emergence of a viable advanced biofuel industry. Building on insights from the previous chapter, Chapter 4 develops a conceptual model to derive market effects and characterize the optimal design of two cost containment mechanisms that have been proposed or implemented under the RFS and LCFS. The results show that capping compliance costs with cost containment mechanisms may significantly improve the efficiency of fuel mandates. Simulations illustrate that in certain cases, the efficiency loss of an LCFS can nearly be eliminated by optimally setting a binding cap on compliance credit prices. Chapter 5 investigates the optimal design of renewable fuel mandates when either the conventional or renewable sector is imperfectly competitive. The chapter develops a two-sector model of firms facing a renewable fuel mandate that accommodates any degree of competition in either sector, including perfect competition as a special case. Simulations demonstrate that market power is important both in determining the optimal level of a fuel mandate and in determining whether fuel mandates are welfare improving. The increase in the share of renewable fuel under an optimal mandate increases in the degree of market power in the renewable sector, and decreases as the conventional sector becomes less competitive. Contrary to arguments from policy proponents, the findings suggest that fuel mandates are more desirable when the conventional sector is competitive and renewable firms have market power. Many of the issues discussed in this dissertation may be resolved through relatively simple amendments to existing regulations such as the inclusion of a cost-containment mechanism. Overall, however, the work suggests that a regulator seeking to reduce emissions in fuel markets may be better served enacting policies that price emission damages directly. Given the nascency of many advanced renewable fuel technologies and the high cost associated with expanding their production and consumption, an efficient carbon policy should allow for the possibility that reducing consumption of fossil fuels may be more efficient than increasing the market share of renewable fuels. Furthermore, if the fuel industry is imperfectly competitive, a regulator must account for both the presence of unpriced emissions and the market power distortion when choosing to enact a mandate and setting the policy stringency.
Book Synopsis The Welfare Economics of Renewable Electricity Policies in California by : Da Yea Oh
Download or read book The Welfare Economics of Renewable Electricity Policies in California written by Da Yea Oh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With one of the most complicated and ambitious renewable energy policies in the country, California's wholesale electricity market is severely understudied in terms of the interaction effects between different policies. We focus on two key policy measures: production and investment tax benefits received by renewable electricity producers, and the blend mandate, Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). The impact of each policy set on market distortions and GHG emissions and their interactions are analyzed. We simulate alternative policy scenarios in the market using a partial equilibrium model, and see how changing each policy affects the equilibrium prices and quantities. Furthermore, using standard welfare measures, we compute the welfare gains and losses of the scenarios and show how different groups are affected by them. We find that the existence of both policies are mutually detrimental relative to having a sole policy of either a blend mandate or a renewable production subsidy, as the mandate exacerbates the negative effect a subsidy has on the market and the subsidy mitigates the positive effect blend mandate has on reducing GHG emissions. Total social welfare declines with either the observed blend mandate alone or production subsidies alone, but the reductions accelerate when the two policies are combined. We conclude that having RPS by itself is best if our policy goal is to decrease GHG emissions to an efficient level, and that pricing carbon is best if our policy goal is to maximize social welfare in reducing GHG emissions, regardless of the amount.
Book Synopsis A Dynamic Analysis of U.S. Biofuels Policy Impact on Land Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Social Welfare by : Xiaoguang Chen
Download or read book A Dynamic Analysis of U.S. Biofuels Policy Impact on Land Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Social Welfare written by Xiaoguang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels have been promoted to achieve energy security and as a solution to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. This dissertation presents a framework to examine the extent to which biofuel policies reduce gasoline consumption and GHG emissions and their implications for land allocation among food and fuel crops, food and fuel prices and social welfare. It first develops a stylized model of the food and fuel sectors linked by a limited land availability to produce food and fuel crops. It then analyzes the mechanisms through which biofuel mandates and subsidies affect consumer choices and differ from a carbon tax policy. A dynamic, multi-market equilibrium model, Biofuel and Environmental Policy Analysis Model (BEPAM), is developed to estimate the welfare costs of these policies and to explore the mix of biofuels from corn and various cellulosic feedstocks that are economically viable over the 2007-2022 period under alternative policies. It distinguishes biofuels produced from corn and several cellulosic feedstocks including crop residues (corn stover and wheat straw) and bioenergy crops (miscanthus and switchgrass). A crop productivity model MISCANMOD is used to simulate the yields of miscanthus and switchgrass. The biofuel policies considered here include the biofuel mandate under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), various biofuel subsidies and import tariffs. The effects of these policies are compared to those of a carbon tax policy that is directly targeted to reduce GHG emissions. The stylized model shows that a carbon tax can reduce gasoline consumption and lower GHG emissions, and is likely to increase biofuel consumption with a higher elasticity of substitution between gasoline and biofuels and an elastic supply of gasoline. A biofuel mandate would reduce gasoline consumption, but the effects on GHG emissions depend on parameters in the fuel sector, such as the demand elasticity of miles, the elasticity of substitution between gasoline and biofuels and the supply elasticity of gasoline. A biofuel mandate accompanied with subsidies would create incentives to increase the consumption of the blended fuel by lowering its price. Gasoline consumption and GHG emissions would increase under the mandate and subsidy relative to a mandate alone. The numerical simulation is used to analyze the impacts of biofuel mandate and subsidies relative to a carbon tax. We find a biofuel mandate alone leads to a welfare gain of 0.1% while reducing GHG emissions by 1% relative to a carbon tax of $30 per ton of CO2e (Carbon dioxide equivalent). However, it would increase corn and soybean prices in 2022 by 19% and 20% relative to the carbon tax. The provision of biofuel subsidies that accompany the mandate under the RFS significantly changes the mix of bofuels in favor of cellulosic biofuels produced from high yielding perennial grasses and reduces the adverse impact of RFS alone on food prices. Biofuel mandates and subsidies also reduce GHG emissions by 3% relative to the carbon tax but at a welfare cost of $106 B relative to the tax. To meet the cellulosic biofuel mandates, a mix of feedstocks (corn stover, wheat straw, switchgrass and miscanthus) is used, where the mix differs over time, with biofuels from miscanthus meeting about 90% of the cellulosic ethanol produced between 2007- 2022. Corn stover comes primarily from the plain states while wheat straw is collected mainly in the central and northern plains and western mountain states. Production of miscanthus is more concentrated in the Great Plains and in the Midwest and along lower reaches of the Mississippi river. Switchgrass, though not as competitive as miscanthus in terms of yields and costs of production in most parts of the country, is still produced in a significant amount in northern and central Texas and Wisconsin where miscanthus yields are relatively low. We then analyze the implications of imposing import tariffs on biofuels for social welfare and GHG emissions in an open economy considering trade in biofuels. When biofuel mandates and subsidies are in place, the imposition of import tariffs would significantly reduce the imports of sugarcane ethanol by 28% relative to biofuel mandates and subsidies. It also results in a higher GHG intensity of the blended fuel and marginally increases GHG emissions but raises social welfare by 0.01% relative to biofuel mandates and subsidies.
Book Synopsis The Intended and Unintended Effects of U.S. Agricultural and Biotechnology Policies by : Joshua S. Graff Zivin
Download or read book The Intended and Unintended Effects of U.S. Agricultural and Biotechnology Policies written by Joshua S. Graff Zivin and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using economic models and empirical analysis, this volume examines a wide range of agricultural and biofuel policy issues and their effects on American agricultural and related agrarian insurance markets. Beginning with a look at the distribution of funds by insurance programs—created to support farmers but often benefiting crop processors instead—the book then examines the demand for biofuel and the effects of biofuel policies on agricultural price uncertainty. Also discussed are genetically engineered crops, which are assuming an increasingly important role in arbitrating tensions between energy production, environmental protection, and the global food supply. Other contributions discuss the major effects of genetic engineering on worldwide food markets. By addressing some of the most challenging topics at the intersection of agriculture and biotechnology, this volume informs crucial debates.
Book Synopsis The Green Paradox by : Hans-Werner Sinn
Download or read book The Green Paradox written by Hans-Werner Sinn and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2012-02-03 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A leading economist develops a supply-side approach to fighting climate change that encourages resource owners to leave more of their fossil carbon underground. The Earth is getting warmer. Yet, as Hans-Werner Sinn points out in this provocative book, the dominant policy approach—which aims to curb consumption of fossil energy—has been ineffective. Despite policy makers' efforts to promote alternative energy, impose emission controls on cars, and enforce tough energy-efficiency standards for buildings, the relentlessly rising curve of CO2 output does not show the slightest downward turn. Some proposed solutions are downright harmful: cultivating crops to make biofuels not only contributes to global warming but also uses resources that should be devoted to feeding the world's hungry. In The Green Paradox, Sinn proposes a new, more pragmatic approach based not on regulating the demand for fossil fuels but on controlling the supply. The owners of carbon resources, Sinn explains, are pre-empting future regulation by accelerating the production of fossil energy while they can. This is the “Green Paradox”: expected future reduction in carbon consumption has the effect of accelerating climate change. Sinn suggests a supply-side solution: inducing the owners of carbon resources to leave more of their wealth underground. He proposes the swift introduction of a “Super-Kyoto” system—gathering all consumer countries into a cartel by means of a worldwide, coordinated cap-and-trade system supported by the levying of source taxes on capital income—to spoil the resource owners' appetite for financial assets. Only if we can shift our focus from local demand to worldwide supply policies for reducing carbon emissions, Sinn argues, will we have a chance of staving off climate disaster.
Book Synopsis Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods by : Ståle Navrud
Download or read book Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods written by Ståle Navrud and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-11 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a snapshot of the research that is ongoing in the area of value transfer. It provides relevant input for increasing the quality of cost-benefit analyses of projects with environmental and health impacts. The volume includes papers by some of the most influential authors in the area and covers the latest developments in the field.
Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Agricultural Economics by : Gail L. Cramer
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Agricultural Economics written by Gail L. Cramer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-07-17 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook offers an up-to-date collection of research on agricultural economics. Drawing together scholarship from experts at the top of their profession and from around the world, this collection provides new insights into the area of agricultural economics. The Routledge Handbook of Agricultural Economics explores a broad variety of topics including welfare economics, econometrics, agribusiness, and consumer economics. This wide range reflects the way in which agricultural economics encompasses a large sector of any economy, and the chapters present both an introduction to the subjects as well as the methodology, statistical background, and operations research techniques needed to solve practical economic problems. In addition, food economics is given a special focus in the Handbook due to the recent emphasis on health and feeding the world population a quality diet. Furthermore, through examining these diverse topics, the authors seek to provide some indication of the direction of research in these areas and where future research endeavors may be productive. Acting as a comprehensive, up-to-date, and definitive work of reference, this Handbook will be of use to researchers, faculty, and graduate students looking to deepen their understanding of agricultural economics, agribusiness, and applied economics, and the interrelationship of those areas.
Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation by : Ottmar Edenhofer
Download or read book Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation written by Ottmar Edenhofer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-21 with total page 1088 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SRREN) assesses the potential role of renewable energy in the mitigation of climate change. It covers the six most important renewable energy sources - bioenergy, solar, geothermal, hydropower, ocean and wind energy - as well as their integration into present and future energy systems. It considers the environmental and social consequences associated with the deployment of these technologies, and presents strategies to overcome technical as well as non-technical obstacles to their application and diffusion. SRREN brings a broad spectrum of technology-specific experts together with scientists studying energy systems as a whole. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, it presents an impartial assessment of the current state of knowledge: it is policy relevant but not policy prescriptive. SRREN is an invaluable assessment of the potential role of renewable energy for the mitigation of climate change for policymakers, the private sector, and academic researchers.
Book Synopsis Renewable Fuel Standard by : National Research Council
Download or read book Renewable Fuel Standard written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-01-29 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report.
Book Synopsis A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies by : Walter Short
Download or read book A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies written by Walter Short and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies provides guidance on economic evaluation approaches, metrics, and levels of detail required, while offering a consistent basis on which analysts can perform analyses using standard assumptions and bases. It not only provides information on the primary economic measures used in economic analyses and the fundamentals of finance but also provides guidance focused on the special considerations required in the economic evaluation of energy efficiency and renewable energy systems.
Book Synopsis Modeling, Dynamics, Optimization and Bioeconomics I by : Alberto Adrego Pinto
Download or read book Modeling, Dynamics, Optimization and Bioeconomics I written by Alberto Adrego Pinto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-20 with total page 749 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the emerging and current, cutting-edge theories and methods of modeling, optimization, dynamics and bio economy. It provides an overview of the main issues, results and open questions in these fields as well as covers applications to biology, economy, energy, industry, physics, psychology and finance. The majority of the contributed papers for this volume come from the participants of the International Conference on Modeling, Optimization and Dynamics (ICMOD 2010), a satellite conference of EURO XXIV Lisbon 2010, which took place at Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Portugal and from the Berkeley Bio economy Conference 2012, at the University of California, Berkeley, USA.
