Margery Spring Rice: Pioneer of Women’s Health in the Early Twentieth Century

Download Margery Spring Rice: Pioneer of Women’s Health in the Early Twentieth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783748842
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (837 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Margery Spring Rice: Pioneer of Women’s Health in the Early Twentieth Century by : Lucy Pollard

Download or read book Margery Spring Rice: Pioneer of Women’s Health in the Early Twentieth Century written by Lucy Pollard and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book vividly presents the story of Margery Spring Rice, an instrumental figure in the movements of women’s health and family planning in the first half of the twentieth century. Margery Spring Rice, née Garrett, was born into a family of formidable female trailblazers – niece of physician and suffragist Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, and of Millicent Fawcett, a leading suffragist and campaigner for equal rights for women. Margery Spring Rice continued this legacy with her co-founding of the North Kensington birth control clinic in 1924, three years after Marie Stopes founded the first clinic in Britain. Engaging and accessible, this biography weaves together Spring Rice’s personal and professional lives, adopting a chronological approach which highlights how the one impacted the other. Her life unfolds against the turbulent backdrop of the early twentieth century – a period which sees the entry of women into higher education, and the upheaval and societal upshots of two world wars. Within this context, Spring Rice emerges as a dynamic figure who dedicated her life to social causes, and whose actions time and again bear out her habitual belief that, contrary to the Shakespearian dictum, ‘valour is the better part of discretion’. This is the first biography of Margery Spring Rice, drawing extensively on letters, diaries and other archival material, and equipping the text with family trees and photographs. It will be of great interest to a range of social historians, especially those researching the birth control movement; female friendships, female philanthropists, and feminist activism in the twentieth century; and the history of medicine and public health.

Margery Spring Rice

Download Margery Spring Rice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781783748853
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (488 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Margery Spring Rice by : Lucy Pollard

Download or read book Margery Spring Rice written by Lucy Pollard and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book vividly presents the story of Margery Spring Rice, an instrumental figure in the movements of women's health and family planning in the first half of the twentieth century. Margery Spring Rice, née Garrett, was born into a family of formidable female trailblazers - niece of physician and suffragist Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, and of Millicent Fawcett, a leading suffragist and campaigner for equal rights for women. Margery Spring Rice continued this legacy with her co-founding of the North Kensington birth control clinic in 1924, three years after Marie Stopes founded the first clinic in Britain. Engaging and accessible, this biography weaves together Spring Rice's personal and professional lives, adopting a chronological approach which highlights how the one impacted the other. Her life unfolds against the turbulent backdrop of the early twentieth century - a period which sees the entry of women into higher education, and the upheaval and societal upshots of two world wars. Within this context, Spring Rice emerges as a dynamic figure who dedicated her life to social causes, and whose actions time and again bear out her habitual belief that, contrary to the Shakespearian dictum, 'valour is the better part of discretion'. This is the first biography of Margery Spring Rice, drawing extensively on letters, diaries and other archival material, and equipping the text with family trees and photographs. It will be of great interest to a range of social historians, especially those researching the birth control movement; female friendships, female philanthropists, and feminist activism in the twentieth century; and the history of medicine and public health."--Publisher's website.

Margery Spring Rice

Download Margery Spring Rice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781013295348
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Margery Spring Rice by : Lucy Pollard

Download or read book Margery Spring Rice written by Lucy Pollard and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-09 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book vividly presents the story of Margery Spring Rice, an instrumental figure in the movements of women's health and family planning in the first half of the twentieth century. Margery Spring Rice, née Garrett, was born into a family of formidable female trailblazers - niece of physician and suffragist Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, and of Millicent Fawcett, a leading suffragist and campaigner for equal rights for women. Margery Spring Rice continued this legacy with her co-founding of the North Kensington birth control clinic in 1924, three years after Marie Stopes founded the first clinic in Britain.Engaging and accessible, this biography weaves together Spring Rice's personal and professional lives, adopting a chronological approach which highlights how the one impacted the other. Her life unfolds against the turbulent backdrop of the early twentieth century - a period which sees the entry of women into higher education, and the upheaval and societal upshots of two world wars. Within this context, Spring Rice emerges as a dynamic figure who dedicated her life to social causes, and whose actions time and again bear out her habitual belief that, contrary to the Shakespearian dictum, 'valour is the better part of discretion'.This is the first biography of Margery Spring Rice, drawing extensively on letters, diaries and other archival material, and equipping the text with family trees and photographs. It will be of great interest to a range of social historians, especially those researching the birth control movement; female friendships, female philanthropists, and feminist activism in the twentieth century; and the history of medicine and public health. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.

Eliza Orme’s Ambitions

Download Eliza Orme’s Ambitions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1805112368
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Eliza Orme’s Ambitions by : Leslie Howsam

Download or read book Eliza Orme’s Ambitions written by Leslie Howsam and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2024-03-08 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are some figures hidden from history? Eliza Orme, despite becoming the first woman in Britain to earn a university degree in Law in 1888, leading both a political organization and a labour investigation in 1892, and participating actively in the women’s suffrage movement into the early twentieth century, is one such figure. Framed as a ‘research memoir’, Eliza Orme’s Ambitions fills out earlier scant accounts of this intriguing life, while speculating about why it has been overlooked. Established historian Leslie Howsam shapes the story around her own persistent curiosity in the context of a transformed research landscape, where important letters and explosive newspaper accounts have only recently come to light. These materials show how Orme’s career ambitions brought her into conflict with the male-dominated legal community of her time, while her political ambitions were cut short by disputes with other women activists whose notions of political strategy she repudiated. In public, Orme was a formidable debater for the causes she supported and against opponents whose strategies—even for women’s suffrage—she repudiated. In private, she was generous, warm, and witty, close to friends, family, and her female partner. Howsam’s account of uncovering Orme’s professional and personal trajectory will appeal to academic and non-academic readers interested in the progress and setbacks women experienced in the late-Victorian and Edwardian decades.

Breaking Conventions

Download Breaking Conventions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1800648383
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Breaking Conventions by : Patricia Auspos

Download or read book Breaking Conventions written by Patricia Auspos and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2023-07-13 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This rich history illuminates the lives and partnerships of five married couples – two British, three American – whose unions defied the conventions of their time and anticipated social changes that were to come in the ensuing century. In all five marriages, both husband and wife enjoyed thriving professional lives: a shocking circumstance at a time when wealthy white married women were not supposed to have careers, and career women were not supposed to marry. Patricia Auspos examines what we can learn from the relationships of the Palmers, the Youngs, the Parsons, the Webbs, and the Mitchells, exploring the implications of their experiences for our understanding of the history of gender equality and of professional work. In expert and lucid fashion, Auspos draws out the interconnections between the institutions of marriage and professional life at a time when both were undergoing critical changes, by looking specifically at how a pioneering generation tried to combine the two. Based on extensive archival research and drawing on mostly unpublished letters, journals, pocket diaries, poetry, and autobiographical writings, Breaking Conventions tells the intimate stories of five path-breaking marriages and the social dynamics they confronted and revealed. This book will appeal to scholars, students, and anyone interested in women’s studies, gender studies, masculinity studies, histories of women in the professions, and the history of marriage.

Women, Their Lives, and the Law

Download Women, Their Lives, and the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509962093
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women, Their Lives, and the Law by : Victoria Barnes

Download or read book Women, Their Lives, and the Law written by Victoria Barnes and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-12-14 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays honours Rosemary Auchmuty, Professor of Law at the University of Reading, UK. She has fostered the study of women's academic careers and, more politically, advanced progress on gender and equality issues including same-sex marriage and property law. Her research promotes the case of feminist legal history as a way of revealing the place of women and challenging dominant historical narratives that cast them aside. Just as Rosemary's work does, the book seeks to end the marginalisation and exclusion of women in the legal world, by including them. The book begins fittingly with a discussion of Miss Bebb, the woman whose biography Auchmuty deployed to push feminist legal history into the mainstream. It turns then to a discussion of women known and unknown and their struggles within the legal profession offering within those chapters a critical appraisal of the role of history and biography as a methodology. From there it moves to consider feminist perspectives and critiques of the dominant structures of private law. This is followed by chapters that explore those who educate the legal profession within the academy. The chapters, and the collection as a whole, examine areas of law that have a deep significance for women's lives.

Women, Privacy and Modernity in Early Twentieth-Century British Writing

Download Women, Privacy and Modernity in Early Twentieth-Century British Writing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 023023271X
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women, Privacy and Modernity in Early Twentieth-Century British Writing by : W. Gan

Download or read book Women, Privacy and Modernity in Early Twentieth-Century British Writing written by W. Gan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-01-15 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Privacy is not often thought of as a marker of modernity but a look at British women's writing of the early twentieth century suggests that it should be so. This book examines the female pursuit of privacy, particularly of the spatial kind, as women began to claim privacy as an entitlement of the modern, middle-class woman.

Pioneers in Public Health

Download Pioneers in Public Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1351671499
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pioneers in Public Health by : Jill Stewart

Download or read book Pioneers in Public Health written by Jill Stewart and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The public health movement involved numerous individuals who made the case for change and put new practices into place. However despite a growing interest in how we understand history to inform current evidence-based practice, there is no book focusing on our progressive pioneers in public health and environmental health. This book seeks to fill that gap. It examines carefully selected public and environmental health pioneers who made a real difference to the UK’s health, some with international influence. Many of these pioneers were criticised in their life-times, yet they had the strength of character to know what they were doing was fundamentally right and persevered, often against many odds. Including chapters on: Thomas Fresh John Snow Duncan of Liverpool Margaret McMillan George Cadbury Christopher Addison Margery Spring Rice and others. This book will help readers place pioneers in a wider context and to make more sense of their academic and practitioner work today; how evidence (and what was historically understood by it) underpins modern day practice; and how these visionary pioneers developed their ideas into practice, some not fully appreciated until after their own deaths. Pioneers in Public Health sets the tone for a renewed focus on research into evidence-based public and environmental health, which has become subject of growing international interest in recent years.

Serious Minds

Download Serious Minds PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hurst Publishers
ISBN 13 : 178738974X
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (873 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Serious Minds by : Richard McLauchlan

Download or read book Serious Minds written by Richard McLauchlan and published by Hurst Publishers. This book was released on 2022-10-06 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Times hailed Richard Burdon Haldane as ‘one of the most powerful … intellects’ British statesmanship had ever seen. His brother John, a great physiologist, invented the first gas masks used in World War One. Their sister Elizabeth was among the first women to become a senior public servant. Their mother Mary, friend and advisor to top politicians and churchmen, nurtured these exceptional minds. Mary’s grandchildren swapped her traditional roots for radical socialism, but continued the brilliant family legacy. Naomi Mitchison was a doyenne of Scottish literature; one Nobel prizewinner called her brother, the geneticist J.B.S. Haldane, ‘the cleverest man I ever knew’. Like the Darwins and Keyneses, this clan of thinkers lived in rapidly changing times, and helped to remake the world around them. Drawing on extensive family interviews and previously unseen private papers, Serious Mindsdetails scandal, tragedy and achievement within a dynasty that shaped modern Britain–from the welfare state, education system and military, to our understanding of energy, the human body, and the origins of life itself.

Mary Warnock

Download Mary Warnock PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1800643411
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mary Warnock by : Philip Graham

Download or read book Mary Warnock written by Philip Graham and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2021-12-10 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This biography illuminates the life and thought of Baroness Mary Warnock, whose active years spanned the second half of the twentieth century, a period during which opportunities for middle-class women rapidly and vastly improved. Warnock was described as ‘probably the most celebrated philosopher in Britain.’ She began her career as an Oxford University philosophy don and went on to become headmistress of an independent girls’ school. Warnock subsequently chaired two select committees which produced reports of lasting significance, first to children with special needs, and second to childless couples. She then became Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge, and an active member of the House of Lords. Alongside these positions, Warnock wrote twenty books, ranging from the fields of philosophy to education and medical ethics. Her ideas were largely in tune with contemporary progressive thinking but late in life Warnock’s extreme championing of assisted dying for older people won her enemies even among progressives. This authorised biography, written by a friend of the subject, will be of great value to the general reader with an interest in philosophy, ethics, twentieth-century cultural history, and the changing role of women from the 1950s onwards.

Susan Isaacs

Download Susan Isaacs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1800647182
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Susan Isaacs by : Philip Graham

Download or read book Susan Isaacs written by Philip Graham and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2023-03-07 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised and expanded edition of Susan Isaacs: A Life Freeing the Minds of Children by Philip Graham, provides a comprehensive biography of a highly influential educationist and psychoanalyst. The book covers Isaacs’ childhood through to the end of her life, making it of great interest to historians of British education and of psychoanalysis as well as to practicing early years teachers and psychoanalysts. Graham describes the origins of the theories behind Isaacs’ work while also placing her contribution into context with other contemporary educationists. He draws on a range of sources including her own published and unpublished papers, multiple archives and intimate letters. Such wealth of information and anecdotes gives an insight into her childhood, marriage, and career creating a deeper understanding of both Isaacs’ personal life and her achievements. As only the second biography on Isaacs, this book is a valuable resource that shines a light on the life of a figure who has often been neglected in this field of study. It provides a shift away from the various male-dominated accounts currently prevalent within this area of research. Susan Isaacs is crucial reading to raise our awareness and appreciation of the person behind the work, while also highlighting and celebrating the impact she has made on today’s education and psychoanalytic practice.

Home in British Working-Class Fiction

Download Home in British Working-Class Fiction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131712135X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Home in British Working-Class Fiction by : Nicola Wilson

Download or read book Home in British Working-Class Fiction written by Nicola Wilson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-09 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Home in British Working-Class Fiction offers a fresh take on British working-class writing that turns away from a masculinist, work-based understanding of class in favour of home, gender, domestic labour and the family kitchen. As Nicola Wilson shows, the history of the British working classes has often been written from the outside, with observers looking into the world of the inhabitants. Here Wilson engages with the long cultural history of this gaze and asks how ’home’ is represented in the writing of authors who come from a working-class background. Her book explores the depiction of home as a key emotional and material site in working-class writing from the Edwardian period through to the early 1990s. Wilson presents new readings of classic texts, including The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, Love on the Dole and Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, analyzing them alongside works by authors including James Hanley, Walter Brierley, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Buchi Emecheta, Pat Barker, James Kelman and the rediscovered ’ex-mill girl novelist’ Ethel Carnie Holdsworth. Wilson's broad understanding of working-class writing allows her to incorporate figures typically ignored in this context, as she demonstrates the importance of home's role in the making and expression of class feeling and identity.

Metropolitan Maternity

Download Metropolitan Maternity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004418458
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metropolitan Maternity by : Lara V. Marks

Download or read book Metropolitan Maternity written by Lara V. Marks and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-01-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For centuries London has been at the centre of the social and economic fabric of British life, and its empire. London has not only been renowned for its pivotal role in the world of finance and politics, but also for its acute problems of overcrowding and social and economic dislocation. Starting in 1902 and ending just before the outbreak of the Second World War, Metropolitan Maternity highlights the distinct role London played in these years within the debates and policies concerning the economic and military future and physical welfare of the nation. Focusing on the expansion of maternal and child health and welfare services in the early twentieth century, this book shows that London mothers and children tended to be better served than those in provincial cities or rural areas. Yet even in London some areas were better served than others. A central theme of the book is the complexity of socio-economic and political forces that determined the differing levels of provision and health standards within the city. The book also examines the increasing emphasis placed on state sponsorship of health services in the early twentieth century and the growing willingness to involve and listen to mothers and their needs in the planning and development of services.

Women and Citizenship in Britain and Ireland in the 20th Century

Download Women and Citizenship in Britain and Ireland in the 20th Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1441149007
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women and Citizenship in Britain and Ireland in the 20th Century by : Esther Breitenbach

Download or read book Women and Citizenship in Britain and Ireland in the 20th Century written by Esther Breitenbach and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2010-05-06 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The continuing under-representation of women in political and public life remains a matter of concern across a wide range of countries, including the UK and Ireland. Within the UK it is a topical issue as political parties currently debate strategies, often controversial, which will increase women's representation. At the same time, devolution has ushered in significant change in the level of women's representation in Scotland and Wales and improved representation for women in Northern Ireland. That such increases in women's representation in political institutions have been slow in coming is indisputable, given that full enfranchisement of women on equal terms with men was achieved in Ireland in 1921 and in the UK in 1928.

The social world of the school

Download The social world of the school PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526150743
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The social world of the school by : Hester Barron

Download or read book The social world of the school written by Hester Barron and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2022-08-02 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows why the study of schooling matters to the history of twentieth-century Britain, integrating the history of education within the wider concerns of modern social history. Drawing on a rich array of archival and autobiographical sources, it captures in vivid detail the individual moments that made up the minutiae of classroom life. It focuses on elementary education in interwar London, arguing that schools were grounded in their local communities as lynchpins of social life and drivers of change. Exploring crucial questions around identity and belonging, poverty and aspiration, class and culture, behaviour and citizenship, it provides vital context for twenty-first century debates about education and society, showing how the same concerns were framed a century ago.

Splendidly Victorian

Download Splendidly Victorian PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351788183
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Splendidly Victorian by : Michael H. Shirley

Download or read book Splendidly Victorian written by Michael H. Shirley and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title was first published in 2001. The eminent historian of Victorian Britain, Walter L. Arnstein has, over the course of a career spanning more than 40 years, arguably introduced more students to British history than any other American historian. This collection of essays by some of his former students celebrates Arnstein's inspirational teaching and writing with surveys and analyses of various aspects of the social, cultural, economic and political history of nineteenth and early twentieth-century Britain. Nineteenth-century topics covered in the volume include early Victorian caricatures and the thin legal lines that they often trod; British Army fashion and its contribution to Royal spectacles; Free Trade Radicals and how they viewed educational reform and moral progress; the persistence of Chartist ideology following the failure of the movement in 1848; Disraeli and Derby's involvement with the Navy's administration; religious periodicals and their influence; the myth of Bismarck as an honest broker of peace and the subsequent collapse of the myth as a later source of enmity in Anglo-German relations; the powerful mystique evoked back in England by the London missionary societies Mongolian; missions; Victorian urban planning and the re-introduction of the market place.

The Family Planning Association and Contraceptive Science and Technology in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain

Download The Family Planning Association and Contraceptive Science and Technology in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030813002
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Family Planning Association and Contraceptive Science and Technology in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain by : Natasha Szuhan

Download or read book The Family Planning Association and Contraceptive Science and Technology in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain written by Natasha Szuhan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-18 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers the first in-depth investigation into the relationship between the National Birth Control Association, later the Family Planning Association, and contraceptive science and technology in the pre-Pill era. It explores the Association’s role in designing and supporting scientific research, employment of scientists, engagement with manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies, and use of its facilities, patients, staff, medical, scientific, and political networks to standardise and guarantee contraceptive technology it prescribed and produced. By taking a micro-history approach to the archives of the Association, this book highlights the importance of this organisation to the history of science, technology, and medicine in twentieth-century Britain. It examines the Association’s participation within Western family planning networks, working particularly closely with its American counterparts to develop chemical and biological means of testing contraception for efficacy, quality, and safety.