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Mantle Melting And Heterogeneity Along Mid Ocean Ridges
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Book Synopsis Mantle Melting and Heterogeneity Along Mid-ocean Ridges by : Christopher J. Russo
Download or read book Mantle Melting and Heterogeneity Along Mid-ocean Ridges written by Christopher J. Russo and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This investigation focuses on gaining a better understanding of the complex relationship between melt generation, source variability and mid-ocean ridge morphology. The approach adopted here uses a variety of geochemical techniques to evaluate the ability of 'global' models to predict regional scale geochemical variability associated with axial depth and axial morphologic changes. Three separate regional scale studies were conducted along ridges characterized by intermediate spreading rates (where the system is very sensitive to variations in magma production). The first study focuses on the development of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD), an anomalously deep portion of the modern global ridge system located in the eastern Indian Ocean, over the period from 28 to 14 Ma during which the eastern Indian Ocean basin was in a relatively young stage of formation. Major and trace element results from this study suggest a more magmatically robust ridge was present during this period. The second study investigates the link between U-series disequilibria and axial ridge depth. In this study U and Th isotopic compositions and elemental concentrations were analyzed along the Southeast Indian Ridge. The results of this study suggest that a simple relationship, such as that predicted from global MORB variations, does not exist on a regional scale in this part of the Indian Ocean. Plausible explanations of this data set require the consideration of other intrinsic variables such as residual porosity and mantle melting rates. The third investigation focuses on the western Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC), an intermediate spreading ridge whose axial morphology is affected by the addition of heat and material from the nearby Galapagos hotspot. This study investigates the origin and nature of the transfer of this material through analysis of rare earth element concentrations in melt inclusions. The results from this study support a deep (_>60 km), strong lateral flow of hotspot-derived mantle toward the GSC. Collectively these studies support a strong link between axial morphology and melt generation and verify that geochemical investigations along regional morphologic gradients provide a meaningful 'window' into the underlying mantle, while demonstrating that although 'global' models succeed in providing a valid platform from which to evaluate regional-scale observations, they do not accurately describe the complex process of melt generation on a regional scale.
Book Synopsis Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-ocean Ridges by : Jason Phipps Morgan
Download or read book Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-ocean Ridges written by Jason Phipps Morgan and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mantle Xenoliths by : Peter H. Nixon
Download or read book Mantle Xenoliths written by Peter H. Nixon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1987 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The eruption of deep-seated xenoliths in basaltic, alnoitic, kimberlitic, etc volcanoes provides the geologist with an important direct means of examining the fragments of the earth's mantle and lower crust.
Book Synopsis Oceanic Hotspots by : Roger Hekinian
Download or read book Oceanic Hotspots written by Roger Hekinian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean Hotspots provides a comprehensive overview of recent and ongoing research on intraplate volcanism in the ocean basins with special emphasis on the Pacific Ocean. The geology of the seamounts and their associated seamount chains is described, along with detailed geophysical, geochemical and hydrothermal observations made by a multi-disciplinary group of marine geoscientists. These observations lead to a deeper understanding of how the ascending mantle melts, represented by hotspots, are able to penetrate the lithosphere, build seamounts, and enhance hydrothermal circulation. The "fixed" hotspot-generated seamount chains also provide key constraints on plate tectonic reconstructions on the Earth's crust.
Download or read book Noble Gases written by Donald P. Porcelli and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 47 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry introduces to Noble Gases. Although the mass spectrometry principles are not complex, the tricks involved in getting better data are often self taught or passed on by working with individuals who themselves are pushing the boundaries further. Furthermore, much of the exciting new science is linked with technical developments that allow us to move beyond the current measurement capabilities. Be they better crushing devices, laser resonance time of flight, multiple collection or compressor sources - the technical issues are central to progress. Contents: Noble Gases – Noble Science An Overview of Noble Gas Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry Noble Gases in the Solar System Noble Gases in the Moon and Meteorites: Radiogenic Components and Early Volatile Chronologies Cosmic-Ray-Produced Noble Gases in Meteorites Martian Noble Gases Origin of Noble Gases in the Terrestrial Planets Noble Gas Isotope Geochemistry of Mid-Ocean Ridge and Ocean Island Basalts: Characterization of Mantle Source Reservoirs Noble Gases and Volatile Recycling at Subduction Zones The Storage and Transport of Noble Gases in the Subcontinental Lithosphere Models for the Distribution of Terrestrial Noble Gases and the Evolution of the Atmosphere Production, Release and Transport of Noble Gases in the Continental Crust Tracing Fluid Origin, Transport and Interaction in the Crust Noble Gases in Lakes and Ground Waters Noble Gases in Ocean Waters and Sediments Cosmic-Ray-Produced Noble Gases in Terrestrial Rocks: Dating Tools for Surface Processes K-Ar and Ar-Ar Dating (U-Th)/He Dating: Techniques, Calibrations, and Applications
Book Synopsis Melting and Melt Migration in Heterogeneous Mantle Beneath Mid-ocean Ridges by : Samuel Weatherley
Download or read book Melting and Melt Migration in Heterogeneous Mantle Beneath Mid-ocean Ridges written by Samuel Weatherley and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Deep Carbon written by Beth N. Orcutt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-17 with total page 687 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to carbon inside Earth - its quantities, movements, forms, origins, changes over time and impact on planetary processes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Book Synopsis The Heterogeneity and Volatile Content of Earth's Mantle, Magmas and Crust by : Benjamin Macy Urann
Download or read book The Heterogeneity and Volatile Content of Earth's Mantle, Magmas and Crust written by Benjamin Macy Urann and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores the volatile content of the mantle, subducted oceanic crust, and arc magmas as well as the structure of slow spreading ocean crust and the heterogeneity of Earth’s upper mantle. In Chapter 2, I directly explore the halogen (F and Cl) content of mantle minerals in situ, then use these measurements to assess the halogen content of the upper mantle. In Chapter 3, I investigate the volatile content of Raspas eclogites (SW Ecuador), a proxy for deeply subducted oceanic crust, to evaluate volatile transfer from crustal generation at divergent plate boundaries (e.g., mid-ocean ridges) to recycling of ocean crust at subduction zones. In Chapter 4, I use the H2O content of nominally anhydrous minerals in plutonic arc cumulates to elucidate the H2O content of the melts from which the rocks crystallized. In this way, I assert that primitive arc magmas may contain 4–10 wt.% H2O and through fractional crystallization up to ~20 wt.% H2O, making them far more hydrous than traditional methods (i.e., olivine-hosted melt inclusions) surmise. In Chapter 5, I show that mantle peridotite exposed along the 16°N region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge originated in an arc setting and has been remixed into subridge mantle, indicating that the sub-ridge mantle is more heterogeneous and depleted than inferences made from mid-ocean ridge basalts suggest. Chapter 6 surveys the life cycle of oceanic core complexes through zircon geochronology and posits an updated framework for understanding the termination of oceanic core complexes, and more broadly oceanic detachment faults. Together, this contribution highlights the chemical heterogeneity of the mantle, and quantifies the full extent of volatiles hosted by mantle and crustal reservoirs.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences by : Jan Harff
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences written by Jan Harff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 1000 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globally growing demand of energy and mineral resources, reliable future projection of climate processes and the protection of coasts to mitigate the threats of disasters and hazards require a comprehensive understanding of the structure, ongoing processes and genesis of the marine geosphere. Beyond the “classical” research fields in marine geology in current time more general concepts have been evolved integrating marine geophysics, hydrography, marine biology, climatology and ecology. As an umbrella the term “marine geosciences” has been broadly accepted for this new complex field of research and the solutions of practical tasks in the marine realm. The “Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences” comprises the current knowledge in marine geosciences whereby not only basic but also applied and technical sciences are covered. Through this concept a broad scale of users in the field of marine sciences and techniques is addressed from students and scholars in academia to engineers and decision makers in industry and politics.
Book Synopsis Mid-Ocean Ridges by : Johnson Robin Cann
Download or read book Mid-Ocean Ridges written by Johnson Robin Cann and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-07-22 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the most important problems that arise at mid-ocean ridges; for researchers working in the earth sciences.
Book Synopsis Interactions Between Mantle Plumes and Mid-ocean Ridges by : Jennifer E. Georgen
Download or read book Interactions Between Mantle Plumes and Mid-ocean Ridges written by Jennifer E. Georgen and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis studies interactions between mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes. Chapter 1 investigates the effects of the Marion and Bouvet hotspots on the ultra-slow spreading, highly-segmented Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). Gravity data indicate that Marion and Bouvet impart high-amplitude mantle Bouguer anomaly lows to the ridge axis, and suggest that long-offset transforms may diminish along-axis plume flow. Chapter 2 presents a series of 3D numerical models designed to quantify the sensitivity of along-axis plume-driven mantle flow to transform offset length, spreading rate, and mantle viscosity structure. The calculations illustrate that long-offset transforms in ultra-slow spreading environments may indeed significantly curtail plume dispersion. Chapter 3, an investigation of helium isotope systematics along the western SWIR (9 deg - 24 deg E), reports uniformly low 3He/He ratios of 6.3-7.3 RIRa, compared to values of 8+1 R for normal mid-ocean ridge basalt. There is no evidence for influence of the Bouvet plume on this section of the SWIR from elevated 3He/4He ratios. Chapter 4 studies 3D mantle flow and temperature patterns beneath oceanic ridge-ridge-ridge triple junctions (TJs). For the slowest-spreading ridge, model results for non-hotspot-affected TJs like the Rodrigues TJ predict (1) an increase of temperature and upwelling velocity within a few hundred kilometers of the TJ to approach those of the fastest-spreading ridge, and (2) a strong component of along-axis flow directed away from the TJ. For hotspot-affected TJs like the Azores TJ, this along-axis flow is predicted to advect a hotspot thermal anomaly away from its deep-seated source.
Book Synopsis Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems by : Jun-ichiro Ishibashi
Download or read book Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems written by Jun-ichiro Ishibashi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-10 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the comprehensive volume of the TAIGA (“a great river ” in Japanese) project. Supported by the Japanese government, the project examined the hypothesis that the subseafloor fluid advection system (subseafloor TAIGA) can be categorized into four types, TAIGAs of sulfur, hydrogen, carbon (methane), and iron, according to the most dominant reducing substance, and the chemolithoautotrophic bacteria/archaea that are inextricably associated with respective types of TAIGAs which are strongly affected by their geological background such as surrounding host rocks and tectonic settings. Sub-seafloor ecosystems are sustained by hydrothermal circulation or TAIGA that carry chemical energy to the chemosynthetic microbes living in an extreme environment. The results of the project have been summarized comprehensively in 50 chapters, and this book provides an overall introduction and relevant topics on the mid-ocean ridge system of the Indian Ocean and on the arc-backarc systems of the Southern Mariana Trough and Okinawa Trough.
Book Synopsis Constraints on Mantle Melting from Major and Trace Element Systematics in Residual Abyssal Peridotites by :
Download or read book Constraints on Mantle Melting from Major and Trace Element Systematics in Residual Abyssal Peridotites written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AbstractThe generation of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) is one of the most important mass transfer processes on Earth. Each year, more than twenty km3 of magmatic crust is produced along 75,000 km of ocean ridge, which is over ninety percent of the global magma production. Although ocean ridges and MORB are among the most studied geological features, several interlocking issues concerning melt generation at mid-ocean ridges are still not well understood. The most important of these are the role of geodynamic boundary conditions, such as spreading rate or vicinity to plumes and large transform offsets, as well as the absolute extent of melting or the depth at which melting initiates. This thesis examines these issues on the basis of mineral major and trace element compositions of oceanic mantle rocks. Geochemical characteristics of MORB suggest that melting begins in the stability field of garnet peridotite, at depths exceeding 80 km. Recent experiments, however, have shown that heavy rare earth elements (REE) are compatible in clinopyroxene (cpx) at the lherzolite solidus. This garnet-like partitioning behavior of cpx implies that garnet is no longer needed and that melting begins at significantly lower pressures. Therefore it is important to know, whether this hypothesis is consistent with compositional variations of abyssal peridotites. These fragments of the oceanic mantle are the residues of MORB melting and are now exposed on the ocean floor. Their mineral chemistry preserved the conditions at which melts were created in the mantle. Major and trace element data obtained by electron and ion microprobe on residual abyssal peridotite samples from the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) are compared to published data. Cpx in the CIR peridotites have very fractionated REE patterns, i.e. low Sm/Yb ratios, but high absolute Yb concentrations. Fractional melting models (which simulate the most extreme fractionation theoretically possible) of a spinel peridotite using commonly a.
Book Synopsis Subduction Zone Magmatism by : Yashiyuki Tatsumi
Download or read book Subduction Zone Magmatism written by Yashiyuki Tatsumi and published by Wiley. This book was released on 1995-06-15 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Subduction zones are major sites of volcanism on the Earth. As one crustal plate sinks or is pushed beneath another, hot magma is produced and the resultant magma flux is fundamental to both the thermal evolution and chemical differentiation of the mantle and the Earth itself. To understand these evolutionary processes, we need to understand the physical and chemical consequences of all aspects of the subduction process. In this book, the authors present a simple, current and comprehensive model that explains the dominant geological processes at work in subduction zones. Structuring the book around the model, the authors describe the physical characteristics and geochemical dynamics of subduction zones, arc magma generation, and the dynamics and flow in the mantle. Students and researchers alike will find this book of immense value in understanding this most complex of subjects.
Book Synopsis Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes by : Gillian R. Foulger
Download or read book Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes written by Gillian R. Foulger and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2007 with total page 1012 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a collection of papers discussing various hypotheses and models of planetary plumes.
Book Synopsis Mantle Convection and Surface Expressions by : Hauke Marquardt
Download or read book Mantle Convection and Surface Expressions written by Hauke Marquardt and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-07-07 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multidisciplinary perspective on the dynamic processes occurring in Earth's mantle The convective motion of material in Earth's mantle, powered by heat from the deep interior of our planet, drives plate tectonics at the surface, generating earthquakes and volcanic activity. It shapes our familiar surface landscapes, and also stabilizes the oceans and atmosphere on geologic timescales. Mantle Convection and Surface Expressions brings together perspectives from observational geophysics, numerical modelling, geochemistry, and mineral physics to build a holistic picture of the deep Earth. It explores the dynamic processes occurring in the mantle as well as the associated heat and material cycles. Volume highlights include: Perspectives from different scientific disciplines with an emphasis on exploring synergies Current state of the mantle, its physical properties, compositional structure, and dynamic evolution Transport of heat and material through the mantle as constrained by geophysical observations, geochemical data and geodynamic model predictions Surface expressions of mantle dynamics and its control on planetary evolution and habitability The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Book Synopsis Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges by : W. Roger Buck
Download or read book Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges written by W. Roger Buck and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1998-02-04 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book can benefit the nonspecialist who wants to keep up with work on magmatism and tectonics, as well as researchers working on mid-ocean ridges."--BOOK JACKET.
