Mallarme And Circumstance

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Mallarmé and Circumstance

Author : Roger Pearson
Publisher : Clarendon Press
ISBN 13 : 9780199266746
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (667 download)

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Book Synopsis Mallarmé and Circumstance by : Roger Pearson

Download or read book Mallarmé and Circumstance written by Roger Pearson and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following his Unfolding Mallarme: The Development of a Poetic Art, this book is the second in Roger Pearson's authoritative two-volume study of the work of Stephanie Mallarme (1842-1898), and the first comprehensive study of Mallarme's 'poetry of circumstance' in any language. For Mallarme,in a world without God, the role of the poet is to break the silence with language and to confer upon the contingency of circumstance a therapeutic semblance of formal and semantic pattern. Literature provides a 'translation of silence', 'intimate galas' in which the mysterious drama of the humancondition is performed for and by the reader on the stage of the verse poem, the prose poem, and what Mallarme calls the 'poeme critique'. In Part 1, Pearson examines the prose poems within the context of Mallarme's writing about the theatre. In Part II, he focuses on the 'circumstanzas' - thefamous 'Tombeaux', 'Hommages', 'Eventails', and 'vers de circonstance' - in which Mallarme invests the quotidian with the 'glorious lie' of poetry. In a series of close readings Pearson demonstrates how complex poetic structures, and especially the sonnet, may serve to guide the human search formeaning and shape our anguish in a 'ceremony of the Book.'

The Poetics of the Occasion

Author : Marian Zwerling Sugano
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780804719469
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis The Poetics of the Occasion by : Marian Zwerling Sugano

Download or read book The Poetics of the Occasion written by Marian Zwerling Sugano and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Although Mallarme is commonly viewed as the high priest of the autonomous work of art, by far the bulk of his actual poetic writing was occasional verse. With few exceptions the works written after 1873 manifest a reinvestment in the world subsequent to the metaphysical crises of the 1860's. In addition to the "Tombeaux," the toasts, and certain of the "Eventails," Mallarme composed the Vers de circonstance, more than 450 quatrains and distichs inscribed on envelopes, postcards, calling cards, Easter eggs, small stones, photographs, and jugs of Calvados. This is the first comprehensive reading and analysis of the neglected late poetry, heretofore dismissed as of marginal interest." "This book has a dual purpose. By exploring the occasional verse of Mallarme, which itself thematizes the problematics of the occasion, the author seeks to rehabilitate such writing for critical study. She does this not by proclaiming its high seriousness, but by insisting on its casual, amenable, public nature. Unlike previous critics, who have often apologized for straying into the fringes of the canon, the author delights in the marginal, insisting that in a poetics of the occasion, traditional oppositions such as center/margin become skewed and break down." "The author's second purpose is to come to a better understanding of Mallarme in light of what he actually wrote, rather than the work projected in his correspondence and prose articles, which has claimed so much critical attention. Each of the chapters of the book highlights one aspect of occasional poetry through an investigation of representative texts, both canonical and occasional. The author also discusses the relationship between Mallarme's poetics and the plastic arts, tracing the changing conception of the representation of the monument from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, as well as the correspondences between the more radical aspects of Mallarme's practice of writing and the contemporary arts." "Far more than a study of a single writer, this book is the first to propose a pragmatic definition of occasional literature, to undertake a broad study of the problem of occasion in literature, and to trace the historical trajectory of occasional writing as a specific discourse. The book is illustrated with 27 halftones."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Mallarmé and Circumstance

Author : Roger Pearson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780191708923
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Mallarmé and Circumstance by : Roger Pearson

Download or read book Mallarmé and Circumstance written by Roger Pearson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive study of Mallarmé's 'poetry of circumstance', a series of lucid and accessible readings of Mallarmé's verse and prose writings

Stéphane Mallarmé

Author : Roger Pearson
Publisher : Reaktion Books
ISBN 13 : 1861897278
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (618 download)

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Book Synopsis Stéphane Mallarmé by : Roger Pearson

Download or read book Stéphane Mallarmé written by Roger Pearson and published by Reaktion Books. This book was released on 2010-05-15 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise biography of Stéphane Mallarmé (1842–98) blends an account of the poet’s life with a detailed analysis of his evolving poetic theory and practice. “A poet on this earth must be uniquely a poet,” he declared at the age of twenty-two—but what is a poet’s life and what isa poet’s function? In his poems and prose statements and by the example of his life, Mallarmé provided answers to these questions. In Stéphane Mallarmé, Roger Pearson explores the relationship among Mallarmé’s life, his philosophy, and his writing. To Mallarmé, being a poet consists of a continuous, lifelong investigation of language and its expressive potential. It represents, argues Pearson, a fundamental response to the metaphysical mystery of the human condition and the desire to make sense of it for others. A poet turns everyday banality into prospects of mystery; and a poet, in Mallarmé’s conception, is able to bring all human beings together in heightened awareness and understanding of the “magnificent act of living.” This concise and engaging biography tells the story of a fascinating and utterly unique voice in French poetry, one that was often overshadowed by other Symbolist writers. It is an essential read for students of literature and nineteenth-century France.

Frameworks for Mallarmé

Author : Gayle Zachmann
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 0791477673
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (914 download)

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Book Synopsis Frameworks for Mallarmé by : Gayle Zachmann

Download or read book Frameworks for Mallarmé written by Gayle Zachmann and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2008-11-05 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Countering the conventional image of the deliberately obscure "ivory-tower poet," Frameworks for Mallarmé presents Stéphane Mallarmé as a journalist and critic who was actively engaged with the sociocultural and technological shifts of his era. Gayle Zachmann introduces a writer whose aesthetic was profoundly shaped by contemporary innovations in print and visual culture, especially the nascent art of photography. She analyzes the preeminence of the visual in conjunction with Mallarmé's quest for "scientific" language, and convincingly links the poet's production to a nineteenth-century understanding of cognition that is articulated in terms of optical perception. The result is a distinctly modern recuperation of the Horatian doctrine of ut pictura poesis in Mallarmé's poetry and his circumstantial writings.

Untimely Beggar

Author : Patrick Greaney
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 145291351X
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Untimely Beggar by : Patrick Greaney

Download or read book Untimely Beggar written by Patrick Greaney and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly original book takes as its starting point a central question for nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature and philosophy: how to represent the poor? Covering the period from the publication of Les Fleurs du Mal in 1857 to the composition of Benjamin’s final texts in the 1930s, Untimely Beggar investigates the coincidence of two modern literary and philosophical interests: representing the poor and representing potential. To take account of literature’s relation to the poor, Patrick Greaney proposes the concept of impoverished writing, which withdraws from representing objects and registers the existence of power. By reducing itself to the indication of its own potential, by impoverishing itself, literary language attempts to engage and participate in the power of the poor. This focus on impoverished language offers new perspectives on major French and German authors, including Marx, Nietzsche, Mallarm, Rilke, and Brecht; and makes significant contributions to recent debates about power and potential in thinkers such as Agamben, Deleuze, Foucault, Hardt, and Negri. In doing so, Greaney offers significant insights into modernity’s intense philosophical and literary interest in socioeconomic poverty. Patrick Greaney is assistant professor of German studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Mallarmé Wagner: Music and Poetic Language

Author : Heath Lees
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351559486
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Mallarmé Wagner: Music and Poetic Language by : Heath Lees

Download or read book Mallarmé Wagner: Music and Poetic Language written by Heath Lees and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges and replaces the existing view of Mallarm mission to 're-possess' music on behalf of poetic language. Traditionally, this view focused on only the last fifteen years of the poet's life, and sprang from a belief in Mallarm 'sudden awakening' to music during an all-Wagner concert in Paris, in 1885. Professor Heath Lees shows that Mallarm early knowledge and experience of music was much greater than commentators have realized, and that the French poet actually began his writing career with the explicit aim of making music's performance-language of 'effect' the ground of his poetic expression. Integral to the argument is Mallarm reaction to the work and ideas of Richard Wagner, whose impact on France came in two waves: the first broke during the tempestuous 1860s days of the Paris Tannher, while the second arrived in the mid-1880s, and gave birth to the Revue Wagnenne. In refuting the critical literature that focuses on only the second of these waves, Lees shows that Mallarmxhibited a highly informed Wagnerian background during the first wave, and that his grasp of the composer's gestural motives and flexible musical prose led him towards a new kind of self-expressive, gestural rhythm that aimed musically to reinvent poetic language. In support of this, the book examines closely what Wagner 'really' said in the prose works that were becoming known in Paris by the 1860s, in particular, Wagner's important French text, the Lettre sur la musique. It also re-examines Baudelaire's classic Wagner-brochure, and reveals its author's surprisingly firm grasp of Wagner's musico-poetic fusion. In musically informed commentary, Professor Lees surveys the four decades of success and failure that resulted from Mallarm repeated attempts to draw out the musical gestures and resonances of words alone. In the process, he throws new light on many of Mallarm best-known texts, hitherto judged 'difficult' by those who have failed to

Infidel Poetics

Author : Daniel Tiffany
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226803112
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

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Book Synopsis Infidel Poetics by : Daniel Tiffany

Download or read book Infidel Poetics written by Daniel Tiffany and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-10-15 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poetry has long been regarded as the least accessible of literary genres. But how much does the obscurity that confounds readers of a poem differ from, say, the slang that seduces listeners of hip-hop? Infidel Poetics examines not only the shared incomprensibilities of poetry and slang, but poetry's genetic relation to the spectacle of underground culture. Charting connections between vernacular poetry, lyric obscurity, and types of social relations—networks of darkened streets in preindustrial cities, the historical underworld of taverns and clubs, the subcultures of the avant-garde—Daniel Tiffany shows that obscurity in poetry has functioned for hundreds of years as a medium of alternative societies. For example, he discovers in the submerged tradition of canting poetry and its eccentric genres—thieves’ carols, drinking songs, beggars’ chants—a genealogy of modern nightlife, but also a visible underworld of social and verbal substance, a demimonde for sale. Ranging from Anglo-Saxon riddles to Emily Dickinson, from the icy logos of Parmenides to the monadology of Leibniz, from Mother Goose to Mallarmé, Infidel Poetics offers an exhilarating account of the subversive power of obscurity in word, substance, and deed.

Between Baudelaire and Mallarmé

Author : Helen Abbott
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317175069
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Between Baudelaire and Mallarmé by : Helen Abbott

Download or read book Between Baudelaire and Mallarmé written by Helen Abbott and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-15 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the status of poetry became less and less certain over the course of the nineteenth century, poets such as Baudelaire and Mallarmé began to explore ways to ensure that poetry would not be overtaken by music in the hierarchy of the arts. Helen Abbott examines the verse and prose poetry of these two important poets, together with their critical writings, to address how their attitudes towards the performance practice of poetry influenced the future of both poetry and music. Central to her analysis is the issue of 'voice', a term that remains elusive in spite of its broad application. Acknowledging that voice can be physical, textual and symbolic, Abbott explores the meaning of voice in terms of four categories: (1) rhetoric, specifically the rules governing the deployment of voice in poetry; (2) the human body and its effect on how voice is used in poetry; (3) exchange, that is, the way voices either interact or fail to interact; and (4) music, specifically the question of whether poetry should be sung. Abbott shows how Baudelaire and Mallarmé exploit the complexity and instability of the notion of voice to propose a new aesthetic that situates poetry between conversation and music. Voice thus becomes an important process of interaction and exchange rather than something stable or static; the implications of this for Baudelaire and Mallarmé are profoundly significant, since it maps out the possible future of poetry.

Mallarme and the Politics of Literature

Author : Robert Boncardo
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 1474429548
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (744 download)

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Book Synopsis Mallarme and the Politics of Literature by : Robert Boncardo

Download or read book Mallarme and the Politics of Literature written by Robert Boncardo and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-04 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A radically new philosophy of experience and speculation, based on a reading of Whitehead's Process and Reality.

After Debussy

Author : Julian Johnson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190066849
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis After Debussy by : Julian Johnson

Download or read book After Debussy written by Julian Johnson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-10 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classical music shows a close relationship to language, and both musicology and philosophy have tended to approach music from that angle, exploring it in terms of expression, representation, and discourse. This book turns that idea on its head. Focusing on the music of Debussy and its legacy in the century since his death, After Debussy offers a groundbreaking new perspective on twentieth-century music that foregrounds a sensory logic of sound over quasi-linguistic ideas of structure or meaning. Author Julian Johnson argues that Debussy's music exemplifies this idea, influencing the music of successive composers who took up the mantle of emphasizing sound over syntax, sense over signification. In doing so, this music not only anticipates a central problem of contemporary thought--the gap between language and our embodied relation to the world--but also offers a solution. With a readable narrative structure grounded in an impressive body of literature, After Debussy ranges widely across French music, demonstrating the impact of Debussy's music on composers from Fauré and Ravel to Dutilleux, Boulez, Grisey, Murail and Saariaho. It ranges similarly through a set of French writers and philosophers, from Mallarmé and Proust to Merleau-Ponty, Jankélévitch, Derrida, Lyotard and Nancy, and even draws from the visual arts to help embody key ideas. In accessibly tackling substantial ideas of both musicology and philosophy, this book not only presents bold new ways of understanding each discipline but also lays the groundwork for exciting new discourse between them.

Matisse’s Poets

Author : Kathryn Brown
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 150132683X
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Matisse’s Poets by : Kathryn Brown

Download or read book Matisse’s Poets written by Kathryn Brown and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout his career, Henri Matisse used imagery as a means of engaging critically with poetry and prose by a diverse range of authors. Kathryn Brown offers a groundbreaking account of Matisse's position in the literary cross-currents of 20th-century France and explores ways in which reading influenced the artist's work in a range of media. This study argues that the livre d'artiste became the privileged means by which Matisse enfolded literature into his own idiom and demonstrated the centrality of his aesthetic to modernist debates about authorship and creativity. By tracing the compositional and interpretive choices that Matisse made as a painter, print maker, and reader in the field of book production, this study offers a new theoretical account of visual art's capacity to function as a form of literary criticism and extends debates about the gendering of 20th-century bibliophilia. Brown also demonstrates the importance of Matisse's self-placement in relation to the French literary canon in the charged political climate of the Second World War and its aftermath. Through a combination of archival resources, art history, and literary criticism, this study offers a new interpretation of Matisse's artist's books and will be of interest to art historians, literary scholars, and researchers in book history and modernism.

Colourworks

Author : Susan Harrow
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350182222
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Colourworks by : Susan Harrow

Download or read book Colourworks written by Susan Harrow and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do modern writers write colour? How do today's readers respond to the invitation to 'think colour' as they read poetry and art writing, and explore paintings? To what extent can critical thought on colour in visual media illuminate the textual life of colour? These are some of the lines of enquiry pursued in this bold new study of modern poetry and art writing in French, where colour, Susan Harrow argues, is integral to the exploration of ethics, ekphrasis, objects, bodies, landscape and interiority. The question of colour, in a variety of disciplines and media, has provoked debate from Aristotle to Goethe, and from Baudelaire to Derek Jarman. If the past twenty years have witnessed a 'colour turn' in contemporary cultural studies and screen research, colour values in literary and textual media are often elided or, simply, overlooked. Colourworks tackles this lacuna in the study of modern poetry and art writing in French, revealing the integral role of colour in the work of three iconic French writers in the modern tradition: Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Valéry and Yves Bonnefoy. This book spans the broad modern period from the 1860s to the early twenty-first century in taking an exploratory approach to the visuality of the verbal medium through an adventurous reading of text and image. Harrow uncovers how colour moves and morphs in texts as it challenges the traditionalist containments of chromatic symbolism. Beyond its primary area of investigation in modern poetry and art writing in French, this richly colour-illustrated study has significant interdisciplinary implications-conceptual, methodological, and practical-for the study of visuality in humanities research, from literature studies to material and visual culture studies.

Jacques Rancière

Author : Oliver Davis
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0745659136
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Jacques Rancière by : Oliver Davis

Download or read book Jacques Rancière written by Oliver Davis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-24 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a critical introduction to contemporary French philosopher Jacques Rancière. It is the first introduction in any language to cover all of his major work and offers an accessible presentation and searching evaluation of his significant contributions to the fields of politics, pedagogy, history, literature, film theory and aesthetics. This book traces the emergence of Rancière’s thought over the last forty-five years and situates it in the diverse intellectual contexts in which it intervenes. Beginning with his egalitarian critique of his former teacher Louis Althusser, the book tracks the subsequent elaboration of Rancière’s highly original conception of equality. This approach reveals that a grasp of his early archival and historiographical work is vital for a full understanding both of his later politics and his ongoing investigation of art and aesthetics. Along the way, this book explains and analyses key terms in Rancière’s very distinctive philosophical lexicon, including the ‘police’ order, ‘disagreement’, ‘political subjectivation’, ‘literarity’, the ‘part which has no part’, the ‘regimes of art’ and ‘the distribution of the sensory’. This book argues that Rancière’s work sets a new standard in contestatory critique and concludes by reflecting on the philosophical and policy implications of his singular project.

Gawkers

Author : Bridget Alsdorf
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691232415
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Gawkers by : Bridget Alsdorf

Download or read book Gawkers written by Bridget Alsdorf and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the urban spectator became the archetypal modern viewer and a central subject in late nineteenth-century French art Gawkers explores how artists and writers in late nineteenth-century Paris represented the seductions, horrors, and banalities of street life through the eyes of curious viewers known as badauds. In contrast to the singular and aloof bourgeois flâneur, badauds were passive, collective, instinctive, and highly impressionable. Above all, they were visual, captivated by the sights of everyday life. Beautifully illustrated and drawing on a wealth of new research, Gawkers excavates badauds as a subject of deep significance in late nineteenth-century French culture, as a motif in works of art, and as a conflicted model of the modern viewer. Bridget Alsdorf examines the work of painters, printmakers, and filmmakers who made badauds their artistic subject, including Félix Vallotton, Pierre Bonnard, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Honoré Daumier, Edgar Degas, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Eugène Carrière, Charles Angrand, and Auguste and Louise Lumière. From morally and intellectually empty to sensitive, empathetic, and humane, the gawkers these artists portrayed cut across social categories. They invite the viewer’s identification, even as they appear to threaten social responsibility and the integrity of art. Delving into the ubiquity of a figure that has largely eluded attention, idling on the margins of culture and current events, Gawkers traces the emergence of social and aesthetic problems that are still with us today.

James McNeill Whistler and France

Author : Suzanne Singletary
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1315438712
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis James McNeill Whistler and France by : Suzanne Singletary

Download or read book James McNeill Whistler and France written by Suzanne Singletary and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-11-18 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: James McNeill Whistler and France: A Dialogue in Paint, Poetry, and Music is the first full-length and in-depth study to position this painter within the overall trajectory of French modernism during the second half of the nineteenth century and to view the artist as integral to the aesthetic projects of its most original contributors. Suzanne M. Singletary maintains that Whistler was in a unique situation as an insider within the emerging French avant-garde, thereby in an enviable position to both absorb and transform the innovations of others – and that until now, his widespread influence as a catalyst among his colleagues has been neither investigated nor appreciated. Singletary contends that Whistler’s importance rivals that of Manet, whose multi-layered (and often unexpected) interconnections with Whistler are the focus of one chapter. In addition, Whistler’s pivotal role in linking the legacies of Baudelaire, Delacroix, Gautier, Wagner, and other mid-century innovators to the later French Symbolists has previously been largely ignored. Courbet, Degas, Monet, and Seurat complete the roster of French artists whose dialogue with Whistler is highlighted.

Mallarm?nd Wagner: Music and Poetic Language

Author : Heath Lees
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351559478
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Mallarm?nd Wagner: Music and Poetic Language by : Heath Lees

Download or read book Mallarm?nd Wagner: Music and Poetic Language written by Heath Lees and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges and replaces the existing view of Mallarm? mission to 're-possess' music on behalf of poetic language. Traditionally, this view focused on only the last fifteen years of the poet's life, and sprang from a belief in Mallarm? 'sudden awakening' to music during an all-Wagner concert in Paris, in 1885. Professor Heath Lees shows that Mallarm? early knowledge and experience of music was much greater than commentators have realized, and that the French poet actually began his writing career with the explicit aim of making music's performance-language of 'effect' the ground of his poetic expression. Integral to the argument is Mallarm? reaction to the work and ideas of Richard Wagner, whose impact on France came in two waves: the first broke during the tempestuous 1860s days of the Paris Tannh?er, while the second arrived in the mid-1880s, and gave birth to the Revue Wagn?enne. In refuting the critical literature that focuses on only the second of these waves, Lees shows that Mallarm?xhibited a highly informed Wagnerian background during the first wave, and that his grasp of the composer's gestural motives and flexible musical prose led him towards a new kind of self-expressive, gestural rhythm that aimed musically to reinvent poetic language. In support of this, the book examines closely what Wagner 'really' said in the prose works that were becoming known in Paris by the 1860s, in particular, Wagner's important French text, the Lettre sur la musique. It also re-examines Baudelaire's classic Wagner-brochure, and reveals its author's surprisingly firm grasp of Wagner's musico-poetic fusion. In musically informed commentary, Professor Lees surveys the four decades of success and failure that resulted from Mallarm? repeated attempts to draw out the musical gestures and resonances of words alone. In the process, he throws new light on many of Mallarm? best-known texts, hitherto judged 'difficult' by those who have failed to