Making Music in the Arab World

Download Making Music in the Arab World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521316859
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (168 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Making Music in the Arab World by : A. J. Racy

Download or read book Making Music in the Arab World written by A. J. Racy and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-05-20 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A.J. Racy, a scholar of ethnomusicology, provides an intimate portrayal of the Arab musical experience in this pioneering book. Racy focuses on tarab, a multifaceted concept that has no exact equivalent in English and refers to the indigenous music and the ecstasy associated with it. His book examines aspects of musical craft, including basic skills, musician's inspiration, love lyrics as tools of ecstasy, and the relationship between performers and listeners.

Music and Media in the Arab World

Download Music and Media in the Arab World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American Univ in Cairo Press
ISBN 13 : 9789774162930
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (629 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Music and Media in the Arab World by : Michael Aaron Frishkopf

Download or read book Music and Media in the Arab World written by Michael Aaron Frishkopf and published by American Univ in Cairo Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the turn of the twentieth century the dramatic rise of mass media has profoundly transformed music practices in the Arab world. Music has adapted to successive forms of media disseminationDLfrom phonograph cylinders to MP3sDLeach subjected to the political and economic forces of its particular era and region. Carried by mass media, the broader culture of Arab music has been thoroughly transformed as well. Simultaneously, mass mediated music has become a powerful social force. While parallel processes have unfolded worldwide, their implications in the Arabic-speaking world have thus far received little scholarly attention. This provocative volume features sixteen new essays examining these issues, especially televised music and the controversial new genre of the music video. Perceptive voicesDLboth emerging and establishedDLrepresent a wide variety of academic disciplines. Incisive essays by Egyptian critics display the textures of public Arabic discourse to an English readership. Authors address the key issues of contemporary Arab societyDLgender and sexuality, Islam, class, economy, power, and nationDLas refracted through the culture of mediated music. Interconnected by a web of recurrent concepts, this collection transcends music to become an important resource for the study of contemporary Arab society and culture. Contributors: Wael Abdel Fattah, Yasser Abdel-Latif, Moataz Abdel Aziz, Tamim Al-Barghouti, Mounir Al Wassimi, Walter Armbrust, Elisabeth Cestor, Hani Darwish, Walid El Khachab, Abdel-Wahab Elmessiri, James Grippo, Patricia Kubala, Katherine Meizel, Zein Nassar, Ibrahim Saleh, Laith Ulaby.

Inside Arabic Music

Download Inside Arabic Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019065838X
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Inside Arabic Music by : Johnny Farraj

Download or read book Inside Arabic Music written by Johnny Farraj and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-18 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What makes hundreds of listeners cheer ecstatically at the same instant during a live concert by Egyptian diva Umm Kulthum? What is the unspoken language behind a taqsim (traditional instrumental improvisation) that performers and listeners implicitly know? How can Arabic music be so rich and diverse without resorting to harmony? Why is it so challenging to transcribe Arabic music from a recording? Inside Arabic Music answers these and many other questions from the perspective of two "insiders" to the practice of Arabic music, by documenting a performance culture and a know-how that is largely passed on orally. Arabic music has spread across the globe, influencing music from Greece all the way to India in the mid-20th century through radio and musical cinema, and global popular culture through Raqs Sharqi, known as "Bellydance" in the West. Yet despite its popularity and influence, Arabic music, and the maqam scale system at its heart, remain widely misunderstood. Inside Arabic Music de-mystifies maqam with an approach that draws theory directly from practice, and presents theoretical insights that will be useful to practitioners, from the beginner to the expert - as well as those interested in the related Persian, Central Asian, and Turkish makam traditions. Inside Arabic Music's discussion of maqam and improvisation widens general understanding of music as well, by bringing in ideas from Saussurean linguistics, network theory, and Lakoff and Johnson's theory of cognition as metaphor, with an approach parallel to Gjerdingen's analysis of Galant-period music - offering a lens into the deeper relationships among music, culture, and human community.

Making the Arab World

Download Making the Arab World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 069119646X
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Making the Arab World by : Fawaz A. Gerges

Download or read book Making the Arab World written by Fawaz A. Gerges and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a decade of research, including in-depth interviews with many leading figures in the story, this edition is essential for anyone who wants to understand the roots of the turmoil engulfing the Middle East, from civil wars to the rise of Al-Qaeda and ISIS.

The Music of the Arabs

Download The Music of the Arabs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hal Leonard Corporation
ISBN 13 : 9781574670813
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Music of the Arabs by : Habib Hassan Touma

Download or read book The Music of the Arabs written by Habib Hassan Touma and published by Hal Leonard Corporation. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Amadeus). Encompassing a history of more than 2000 years, the music of the Arabs is unique among the world's various musical cultures. This book presents an overview of Arabic music throughout history and examines the artistic output of contemporary musicians, covering secular and sacred, instrumental and vocal, improvised and composed music. Typical musical structures are elucidated, and a detailed bibliography, a discography (mainly covering the last 50 years) and a guide to the Arabic alphabet for English speakers are also provided. The paperback edition (00331635) includes a CD of seven traditional Arabic pieces performed by contemporary Arab musicians.

The Arab Avant-Garde

Download The Arab Avant-Garde PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wesleyan University Press
ISBN 13 : 0819573876
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Arab Avant-Garde by : Thomas Burkhalter

Download or read book The Arab Avant-Garde written by Thomas Burkhalter and published by Wesleyan University Press. This book was released on 2013-11-13 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first in-depth study of diverse and radical innovation in Arab music From jazz trumpeters drawing on the noises of warfare in Beirut to female heavy metallers in Alexandria, the Arab culture offers a wealth of exciting, challenging, and diverse musics. The essays in this collection investigate the plethora of compositional and improvisational techniques, performance styles, political motivations, professional trainings, and inter-continental collaborations that claim the mantle of "innovation" within Arab and Arab diaspora music. While most books on Middle Eastern music-making focus on notions of tradition and regionally specific genres, The Arab Avant Garde presents a radically hybrid and globally dialectic set of practices. Engaging the "avant-garde"—a term with Eurocentric resonances—this anthology disturbs that presumed exclusivity, drawing on and challenging a growing body of literature about alternative modernities. Chapters delve into genres and modes as diverse as jazz, musical theatre, improvisation, hip hop, and heavy metal as performed in countries like Iraq, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and the United States. Focusing on multiple ways in which the "Arab avant-garde" becomes manifest, this anthology brings together international writers with eclectic disciplinary trainings—practicing musicians, area studies specialists, ethnomusicologists, and scholars of popular culture and media. Contributors include Sami W. Asmar, Michael Khoury, Saed Muhssin, Marina Peterson, Kamran Rastegar, Caroline Rooney, and Shayna Silverstein, as well as the editors.

Music and Media in the Arab World

Download Music and Media in the Arab World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American University in Cairo Press
ISBN 13 : 1617976032
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Music and Media in the Arab World by : Michael Frishkopf

Download or read book Music and Media in the Arab World written by Michael Frishkopf and published by American University in Cairo Press. This book was released on 2010-09-01 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the turn of the twentieth century the dramatic rise of mass media has profoundly transformed music practices in the Arab world. Music has adapted to successive forms of media disseminationfrom phonograph cylinders to MP3seach subjected to the political and economic forces of its particular era and region. Carried by mass media, the broader culture of Arab music has been thoroughly transformed as well. Simultaneously, mass mediated music has become a powerful social force. While parallel processes have unfolded worldwide, their implications in the Arabic-speaking world have thus far received little scholarly attention. This provocative volume features sixteen new essays examining these issues, especially televised music and the controversial new genre of the music video. Perceptive voicesboth emerging and establishedrepresent a wide variety of academic disciplines. Incisive essays by Egyptian critics display the textures of public Arabic discourse to an English readership. Authors address the key issues of contemporary Arab societygender and sexuality, Islam, class, economy, power, and nationas refracted through the culture of mediated music. Interconnected by a web of recurrent concepts, this collection transcends music to become an important resource for the study of contemporary Arab society and culture. Contributors: Wael Abdel Fattah, Yasser Abdel-Latif, Moataz Abdel Aziz, Tamim Al-Barghouti, Mounir Al Wassimi, Walter Armbrust, Elisabeth Cestor, Hani Darwish, Walid El Khachab, Abdel-Wahab Elmessiri, James Grippo, Patricia Kubala, Katherine Meizel, Zein Nassar, Ibrahim Saleh, Laith Ulaby.

Cultural Entanglement in the Pre-Independence Arab World

Download Cultural Entanglement in the Pre-Independence Arab World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0755606302
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (556 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cultural Entanglement in the Pre-Independence Arab World by : Anthony Gorman

Download or read book Cultural Entanglement in the Pre-Independence Arab World written by Anthony Gorman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-26 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the ways in which non-Arabic cultural influences interacted with the rich, complex and sometimes conflictual environment of the Arab world in the pre-independence era. It comprises a series of 11 detailed case studies, including topics such as the songs of Egyptian forced labourers in the British Army in World War I, the translation and commentary of an Ottoman text in interwar Palestine, and the contested use of French in the Algerian independence movement, that highlight the complex interplay of colonial pressures, traditional and novel art forms, local and international practices, notions of identity and belonging. The book demonstrates how the interaction between Arabic and non-Arabic cultural and intellectual production as well as influences from imperial Europe and the Islamic East, have in various times and spaces inspired creative tensions which challenge binary views of East-West relations and the standard imperialist-colonial frameworks. In this sense the volume seeks to offer a critique of both established modernising conceptions of cultural development and nationalist, nativist frameworks based on the values of a specific political project.

So You Want to Sing World Music

Download So You Want to Sing World Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538112280
Total Pages : 569 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis So You Want to Sing World Music by : Matthew Hoch

Download or read book So You Want to Sing World Music written by Matthew Hoch and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-10-22 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, world music styles have been making increasing inroads into Western popular music, music theater, choral concerts, and even concert hall performances. So You Want to Sing World Music is an essential compendium of these genres and provides technical approaches to singing non-Western styles. Matthew Hoch gathers a cohort of expert performers and teachers to address singing styles from across the globe, including Tuvan throat singing, Celtic pop and traditional Irish singing, South African choral singing, Brazilian popular music genres, Hindustani classical singing, Native American vocal music, Mexican mariachi, Lithuanian sutartinės, Georgian polyphony, Egyptian vocal music, Persian āvāz, and Peking opera. Additional chapters offer resources for soloists and choral directors as well as primers on voice science, vocal health, and audio enhancement technology. The So You Want to Sing series is produced in partnership with the National Association of Teachers of Singing. Like all books in the series, So You Want to Sing World Music features online supplemental material on the NATS website. Please visit www.nats.org to access style-specific exercises, audio and video files, and additional resources.

Excursions in World Music, Seventh Edition

Download Excursions in World Music, Seventh Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317213750
Total Pages : 541 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Excursions in World Music, Seventh Edition by : Bruno Nettl

Download or read book Excursions in World Music, Seventh Edition written by Bruno Nettl and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-08-05 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excursions in World Music is a comprehensive introductory textbook to world music, creating a panoramic experience for students by engaging the many cultures around the globe and highlighting the sheer diversity to be experienced in the world of music. At the same time, the text illustrates the often profound ways through which a deeper exploration of these many different communities can reveal overlaps, shared horizons, and common concerns in spite of and, because of, this very diversity. The new seventh edition introduces five brand new chapters, including chapters by three new contributors on the Middle East, South Asia, and Korea, as well as a new chapter on Latin America along with a new introduction written by Timothy Rommen. General updates have been made to other chapters, replacing visuals and updating charts/statistics. Excursions in World Music remains a favorite among ethnomusicologists who want students to explore the in-depth knowledge and scholarship that animates regional studies of world music. A companion website is available at no additional charge. For instructors, there is a new test bank and instructor's manual. Numerous student resources are posted, including streamed audio tracks for most of the listening guides, interactive quizzes, flashcards, and an interactive map with pinpoints of interest and activities. An ancillary package of a 3-CD set of audio tracks is available for separate purchase. PURCHASING OPTIONS Paperback: 9781138101463 Hardback: 9781138688568 eBook and mp3 file: 9781315619378* Print Paperback Pack - Book and CD set: 9781138666443 Print Hardback Pack - Book and CD set: 9781138666436 Audio CD: 9781138688032 *See VitalSource for various eBook options (mp3 audio compilation not available for separate sale)

Music around the World [3 volumes]

Download Music around the World [3 volumes] PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1610694996
Total Pages : 1047 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Music around the World [3 volumes] by : Andrew R. Martin

Download or read book Music around the World [3 volumes] written by Andrew R. Martin and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2020-09-08 with total page 1047 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With entries on topics ranging from non-Western instruments to distinctive rhythms of music from various countries, this one-stop resource on global music also promotes appreciation of other countries and cultural groups. A perfect resource for students and music enthusiasts alike, this expansive three-volume set provides readers with multidisciplinary perspectives on the music of countries and ethnic groups from around the globe. Students will find Music around the World: A Global Encyclopedia accessible and useful in their research, not only for music history and music appreciation classes but also for geography, social studies, language studies, and anthropology. Additionally, general readers will find the books appealing and an invaluable general reference on world music. The volumes cover all world regions, including the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East, and Asia and the Pacific, promoting a geographic understanding and appreciation of global music. Entries are arranged alphabetically. A preface explains the scope of the set as well as how to use the encyclopedia, followed by a brief history of traditional music and important current influences of music in each particular world region.

Doing Business in the Middle East

Download Doing Business in the Middle East PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139456350
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Doing Business in the Middle East by : Pete W. Moore

Download or read book Doing Business in the Middle East written by Pete W. Moore and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-10-14 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is business the solution to the problems of the Middle East? Some economists and policymakers argue that unleashing the Arab private sector is the key to sustainable growth and more liberal politics. Pete Moore's book is the first to examine relations between state authority and elite business representation in the region. By analysing the Kuwait and Jordan cases, he considers why organised business in Kuwait has been able to coordinate policy reform with state officials, while their Jordanian counterparts have generally failed. The author concludes that unleashing the private sector alone is insufficient to change current political and economic arrangements, and that successful economic adjustment requires successful political adjustment.

Pop Culture in North Africa and the Middle East

Download Pop Culture in North Africa and the Middle East PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440833842
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pop Culture in North Africa and the Middle East by : Andrew Hammond

Download or read book Pop Culture in North Africa and the Middle East written by Andrew Hammond and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-05-22 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for students and general readers, this single-volume work serves as a ready-reference guide to pop culture in countries in North Africa and the Middle East, covering subjects ranging from the latest young adult book craze in Egypt to the hottest movies in Saudi Arabia. Part of the new Pop Culture around the World series, this volume focuses on countries in North Africa and the Middle East, including Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and more. The book enables students to examine the stars, idols, and fads of other countries and provides them with an understanding of the globalization of pop culture. An introduction provides readers with important contextual information about pop culture in North Africa and the Middle East, such as how the United States has influenced movies, music, and the Internet; how Islamic traditions may clash with certain aspects of pop culture; and how pop culture has come to be over the years. Readers will learn about a breadth of topics, including music, contemporary literature, movies, television and radio, the Internet, sports, video games, and fashion. There are also entries examining topics like key musicians, songs, books, actors and actresses, movies and television shows, popular websites, top athletes, games, and clothing fads and designers, allowing readers to gain a broad understanding of each topic, supported by specific examples. An ideal resource for students, the book provides Further Readings at the end of each entry; sidebars that appear throughout the text, providing additional anecdotal information; appendices of Top Tens that look at the top-10 songs, movies, books, and much more in the region; and a bibliography.

Women, the Recited Qur’an, and Islamic Music in Indonesia

Download Women, the Recited Qur’an, and Islamic Music in Indonesia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520255496
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women, the Recited Qur’an, and Islamic Music in Indonesia by : Anne Rasmussen

Download or read book Women, the Recited Qur’an, and Islamic Music in Indonesia written by Anne Rasmussen and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2010-08-23 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Rasmussen has written a classic study of the world of Islamic soundscapes, performances and forms of musical piety in that most complex of societies, Indonesia. With great sensitivity, an alert musical response to players, reciters and audiences, a keen practitioner's ear and eye for subtlety as well as for the complexities of 'noise', she changes common assumptions about Muslim music and, not least, gender in changing Islamic ritual cultures. Her own political awareness and her professional as well as personal relations with women Qu'ran reciters contribute to an exciting an original volume that I recommend to any one exploring the riches of Islamic performances and debates in the contemporary world."—Michael Gilsenan, author of Lords of the Lebanese Marches: Violence and Narrative in an Arab Society

Among the Jasmine Trees

Download Among the Jasmine Trees PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wesleyan University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780819569851
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (698 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Among the Jasmine Trees by : Jonathan Holt Shannon

Download or read book Among the Jasmine Trees written by Jonathan Holt Shannon and published by Wesleyan University Press. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does a Middle Eastern community create a modern image through its expression of heritage and authenticity? In Among the Jasmine Trees: Music and Modernity in Contemporary Syria, Jonathan H. Shannon investigates expressions of authenticity in Syria's musical culture, which is particularly known for embracing and preserving the Arab musical tradition, and which has seldom been researched in depth by Western scholars. Music plays a key role in the process of self-imaging by virtue of its ability to convey feeling and emotion, and Shannon explores a variety of performance genres, Sufi rituals, song lyrics, melodic modes, and aesthetic criteria. Shannon shows that although the music may evoke the old, the traditional, and the local, these are re-envisioned as signifiers of the modern national profile. A valuable contribution to the study of music and identity and to the ethnomusicology of the modern Middle East, Among the Jasmine Trees details this music and its reception for the first time, offering an original theoretical framework for understanding contemporary Arab culture, music, and society.

Inside Arabic Music

Download Inside Arabic Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190658355
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Inside Arabic Music by : Johnny Farraj

Download or read book Inside Arabic Music written by Johnny Farraj and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What makes hundreds of listeners cheer ecstatically at the same instant during a live concert by Egyptian diva Umm Kulthum? What is the unspoken language behind a taqsim (traditional instrumental improvisation) that performers and listeners implicitly know? How can Arabic music be so rich and diverse without resorting to harmony? Why is it so challenging to transcribe Arabic music from a recording? Inside Arabic Music answers these and many other questions from the perspective of two "insiders" to the practice of Arabic music, by documenting a performance culture and a know-how that is largely passed on orally. Arabic music has spread across the globe, influencing music from Greece all the way to India in the mid-20th century through radio and musical cinema, and global popular culture through Raqs Sharqi, known as "Bellydance" in the West. Yet despite its popularity and influence, Arabic music, and the maqam scale system at its heart, remain widely misunderstood. Inside Arabic Music de-mystifies maqam with an approach that draws theory directly from practice, and presents theoretical insights that will be useful to practitioners, from the beginner to the expert - as well as those interested in the related Persian, Central Asian, and Turkish makam traditions. Inside Arabic Music's discussion of maqam and improvisation widens general understanding of music as well, by bringing in ideas from Saussurean linguistics, network theory, and Lakoff and Johnson's theory of cognition as metaphor, with an approach parallel to Gjerdingen's analysis of Galant-period music - offering a lens into the deeper relationships among music, culture, and human community.

Gender in Chinese Music

Download Gender in Chinese Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Rochester Press
ISBN 13 : 1580464432
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gender in Chinese Music by : Rachel A. Harris

Download or read book Gender in Chinese Music written by Rachel A. Harris and published by University Rochester Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender in Chinese Music draws together contributions from ethnomusicologists, anthropologists, and literary scholars to explore how music is implicated in changing notions of masculinity, femininity, and genders "in between" in Chinese culture.