Machine Learning In Vlsi Computer Aided Design

Download Machine Learning In Vlsi Computer Aided Design full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Machine Learning In Vlsi Computer Aided Design ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Machine Learning in VLSI Computer-Aided Design

Author : Ibrahim (Abe) M. Elfadel
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030046664
Total Pages : 694 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Machine Learning in VLSI Computer-Aided Design by : Ibrahim (Abe) M. Elfadel

Download or read book Machine Learning in VLSI Computer-Aided Design written by Ibrahim (Abe) M. Elfadel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with an up-to-date account of the use of machine learning frameworks, methodologies, algorithms and techniques in the context of computer-aided design (CAD) for very-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI). Coverage includes the various machine learning methods used in lithography, physical design, yield prediction, post-silicon performance analysis, reliability and failure analysis, power and thermal analysis, analog design, logic synthesis, verification, and neuromorphic design. Provides up-to-date information on machine learning in VLSI CAD for device modeling, layout verifications, yield prediction, post-silicon validation, and reliability; Discusses the use of machine learning techniques in the context of analog and digital synthesis; Demonstrates how to formulate VLSI CAD objectives as machine learning problems and provides a comprehensive treatment of their efficient solutions; Discusses the tradeoff between the cost of collecting data and prediction accuracy and provides a methodology for using prior data to reduce cost of data collection in the design, testing and validation of both analog and digital VLSI designs. From the Foreword As the semiconductor industry embraces the rising swell of cognitive systems and edge intelligence, this book could serve as a harbinger and example of the osmosis that will exist between our cognitive structures and methods, on the one hand, and the hardware architectures and technologies that will support them, on the other....As we transition from the computing era to the cognitive one, it behooves us to remember the success story of VLSI CAD and to earnestly seek the help of the invisible hand so that our future cognitive systems are used to design more powerful cognitive systems. This book is very much aligned with this on-going transition from computing to cognition, and it is with deep pleasure that I recommend it to all those who are actively engaged in this exciting transformation. Dr. Ruchir Puri, IBM Fellow, IBM Watson CTO & Chief Architect, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center

Machine Learning in VLSI Computer-aided Design

Author : Ibrahim (Abe) M. Elfadel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783030046675
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (466 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Machine Learning in VLSI Computer-aided Design by : Ibrahim (Abe) M. Elfadel

Download or read book Machine Learning in VLSI Computer-aided Design written by Ibrahim (Abe) M. Elfadel and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with an up-to-date account of the use of machine learning frameworks, methodologies, algorithms and techniques in the context of computer-aided design (CAD) for very-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI). Coverage includes the various machine learning methods used in lithography, physical design, yield prediction, post-silicon performance analysis, reliability and failure analysis, power and thermal analysis, analog design, logic synthesis, verification, and neuromorphic design. Provides up-to-date information on machine learning in VLSI CAD for device modeling, layout verifications, yield prediction, post-silicon validation, and reliability; Discusses the use of machine learning techniques in the context of analog and digital synthesis; Demonstrates how to formulate VLSI CAD objectives as machine learning problems and provides a comprehensive treatment of their efficient solutions; Discusses the tradeoff between the cost of collecting data and prediction accuracy and provides a methodology for using prior data to reduce cost of data collection in the design, testing and validation of both analog and digital VLSI designs. From the Foreword As the semiconductor industry embraces the rising swell of cognitive systems and edge intelligence, this book could serve as a harbinger and example of the osmosis that will exist between our cognitive structures and methods, on the one hand, and the hardware architectures and technologies that will support them, on the other ... As we transition from the computing era to the cognitive one, it behooves us to remember the success story of VLSI CAD and to earnestly seek the help of the invisible hand so that our future cognitive systems are used to design more powerful cognitive systems. This book is very much aligned with this on-going transition from computing to cognition, and it is with deep pleasure that I recommend it to all those who are actively engaged in this exciting transformation. Dr. Ruchir Puri, IBM Fellow, IBM Watson CTO & Chief Architect, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center.

VLSI and Hardware Implementations using Modern Machine Learning Methods

Author : Sandeep Saini
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000523810
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis VLSI and Hardware Implementations using Modern Machine Learning Methods by : Sandeep Saini

VLSI and Hardware Implementations using Modern Machine Learning Methods

Author : Sandeep Saini
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000523845
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis VLSI and Hardware Implementations using Modern Machine Learning Methods by : Sandeep Saini

Download or read book VLSI and Hardware Implementations using Modern Machine Learning Methods written by Sandeep Saini and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-12-31 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Machine learning is a potential solution to resolve bottleneck issues in VLSI via optimizing tasks in the design process. This book aims to provide the latest machine-learning–based methods, algorithms, architectures, and frameworks designed for VLSI design. The focus is on digital, analog, and mixed-signal design techniques, device modeling, physical design, hardware implementation, testability, reconfigurable design, synthesis and verification, and related areas. Chapters include case studies as well as novel research ideas in the given field. Overall, the book provides practical implementations of VLSI design, IC design, and hardware realization using machine learning techniques. Features: Provides the details of state-of-the-art machine learning methods used in VLSI design Discusses hardware implementation and device modeling pertaining to machine learning algorithms Explores machine learning for various VLSI architectures and reconfigurable computing Illustrates the latest techniques for device size and feature optimization Highlights the latest case studies and reviews of the methods used for hardware implementation This book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in VLSI, machine learning, electrical and electronic engineering, computer engineering, and hardware systems.

VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure

Author : Andrew B. Kahng
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030964159
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure by : Andrew B. Kahng

Download or read book VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure written by Andrew B. Kahng and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complexity of modern chip design requires extensive use of specialized software throughout the process. To achieve the best results, a user of this software needs a high-level understanding of the underlying mathematical models and algorithms. In addition, a developer of such software must have a keen understanding of relevant computer science aspects, including algorithmic performance bottlenecks and how various algorithms operate and interact. This book introduces and compares the fundamental algorithms that are used during the IC physical design phase, wherein a geometric chip layout is produced starting from an abstract circuit design. This updated second edition includes recent advancements in the state-of-the-art of physical design, and builds upon foundational coverage of essential and fundamental techniques. Numerous examples and tasks with solutions increase the clarity of presentation and facilitate deeper understanding. A comprehensive set of slides is available on the Internet for each chapter, simplifying use of the book in instructional settings. “This improved, second edition of the book will continue to serve the EDA and design community well. It is a foundational text and reference for the next generation of professionals who will be called on to continue the advancement of our chip design tools and design the most advanced micro-electronics.” Dr. Leon Stok, Vice President, Electronic Design Automation, IBM Systems Group “This is the book I wish I had when I taught EDA in the past, and the one I’m using from now on.” Dr. Louis K. Scheffer, Howard Hughes Medical Institute “I would happily use this book when teaching Physical Design. I know of no other work that’s as comprehensive and up-to-date, with algorithmic focus and clear pseudocode for the key algorithms. The book is beautifully designed!” Prof. John P. Hayes, University of Michigan “The entire field of electronic design automation owes the authors a great debt for providing a single coherent source on physical design that is clear and tutorial in nature, while providing details on key state-of-the-art topics such as timing closure.” Prof. Kurt Keutzer, University of California, Berkeley “An excellent balance of the basics and more advanced concepts, presented by top experts in the field.” Prof. Sachin Sapatnekar, University of Minnesota

Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics

Author : Subarna Shakya
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811618666
Total Pages : 875 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics by : Subarna Shakya

Download or read book Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics written by Subarna Shakya and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-22 with total page 875 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers selected high-quality research papers presented at International Conference on Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics (ICMCSI 2021) organized by Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, during 29–30 January 2021. The book discusses recent developments in mobile communication technologies ranging from mobile edge computing devices, to personalized, embedded and sustainable applications. The book covers vital topics like mobile networks, computing models, algorithms, sustainable models and advanced informatics that supports the symbiosis of mobile computing and sustainable informatics.

Opto-VLSI Devices and Circuits for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications

Author : Ankur Kumar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000932443
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Opto-VLSI Devices and Circuits for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications by : Ankur Kumar

Download or read book Opto-VLSI Devices and Circuits for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications written by Ankur Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The text comprehensively discusses the latest Opto-VLSI devices and circuits useful for healthcare and biomedical applications. It further emphasizes the importance of smart technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the internet of things for the biomedical and healthcare industries. Discusses advanced concepts in the field of electro-optics devices for medical applications. Presents optimization techniques including logical effort, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm to design Opto-VLSI devices and circuits. Showcases the concepts of artificial intelligence and machine learning for smart medical devices and data auto-collection for distance treatment. Covers advanced Opto-VLSI devices including a field-effect transistor and optical sensors, spintronic and photonic devices. Highlights application of flexible electronics in health monitoring and artificial intelligence integration for better medical devices. The text presents the advances in the fields of optics and VLSI and their applicability in diverse areas including biomedical engineering and the healthcare sector. It covers important topics such as FET biosensors, optical biosensors and advanced optical materials. It further showcases the significance of smart technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and the internet of things for the biomedical and healthcare industries. It will serve as an ideal design book for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields including electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, computer engineering and biomedical engineering.

Automatic Programming Applied to VLSI CAD Software: A Case Study

Author : Dorothy E. Setliff
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461315514
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Automatic Programming Applied to VLSI CAD Software: A Case Study by : Dorothy E. Setliff

Download or read book Automatic Programming Applied to VLSI CAD Software: A Case Study written by Dorothy E. Setliff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, and the research it describes, resulted from a simple observation we made sometime in 1986. Put simply, we noticed that many VLSI design tools looked "alike". That is, at least at the overall software architecture level, the algorithms and data structures required to solve problem X looked much like those required to solve problem X'. Unfortunately, this resemblance is often of little help in actually writing the software for problem X' given the software for problem X. In the VLSI CAD world, technology changes rapidly enough that design software must continually strive to keep up. And of course, VLSI design software, and engineering design software in general, is often exquisitely sensitive to some aspects of the domain (technology) in which it operates. Modest changes in functionality have an unfortunate tendency to require substantial (and time-consuming) internal software modifications. Now, observing that large engineering software systems are technology dependent is not particularly clever. However, we believe that our approach to xiv Preface dealing with this problem took an interesting new direction. We chose to investigate the extent to which automatic programming ideas cold be used to synthesize such software systems from high-level specifications. This book is one of the results of that effort.

Machine Learning Applications in Electronic Design Automation

Author : Haoxing Ren
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303113074X
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Machine Learning Applications in Electronic Design Automation by : Haoxing Ren

Download or read book Machine Learning Applications in Electronic Design Automation written by Haoxing Ren and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a single-source reference to key machine learning (ML) applications and methods in digital and analog design and verification. Experts from academia and industry cover a wide range of the latest research on ML applications in electronic design automation (EDA), including analysis and optimization of digital design, analysis and optimization of analog design, as well as functional verification, FPGA and system level designs, design for manufacturing (DFM), and design space exploration. The authors also cover key ML methods such as classical ML, deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), graph neural networks (GNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs) and optimization methods such as reinforcement learning (RL) and Bayesian optimization (BO). All of these topics are valuable to chip designers and EDA developers and researchers working in digital and analog designs and verification.

VLSI for Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks

Author : Jose G. Delgado-Frias
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461537525
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis VLSI for Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks by : Jose G. Delgado-Frias

Download or read book VLSI for Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks written by Jose G. Delgado-Frias and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an edited selection of the papers presented at the International Workshop on VLSI for Artifidal Intelligence and Neural Networks which was held at the University of Oxford in September 1990. Our thanks go to all the contributors and especially to the programme committee for all their hard work. Thanks are also due to the ACM-SIGARCH, the IEEE Computer Society, and the lEE for publicizing the event and to the University of Oxford and SUNY-Binghamton for their active support. We are particularly grateful to Anna Morris, Maureen Doherty and Laura Duffy for coping with the administrative problems. Jose Delgado-Frias Will Moore April 1991 vii PROLOGUE Artificial intelligence and neural network algorithms/computing have increased in complexity as well as in the number of applications. This in tum has posed a tremendous need for a larger computational power than can be provided by conventional scalar processors which are oriented towards numeric and data manipulations. Due to the artificial intelligence requirements (symbolic manipulation, knowledge representation, non-deterministic computations and dynamic resource allocation) and neural network computing approach (non-programming and learning), a different set of constraints and demands are imposed on the computer architectures for these applications.

Algorithmic and Knowledge Based CAD for VLSI

Author : Gaynor E. Taylor
Publisher : IET
ISBN 13 : 9780863412677
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (126 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Algorithmic and Knowledge Based CAD for VLSI by : Gaynor E. Taylor

Download or read book Algorithmic and Knowledge Based CAD for VLSI written by Gaynor E. Taylor and published by IET. This book was released on 1992 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Samples the present state-of-the-art in CAD for VLSI, covering both newly developed algorithms and applications of techniques from the artificial intelligence community. The material is based on a tutorial course run in conjunction with the 1991 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, and should interest engineers involved in the design and testing of integrated circuits and systems. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

VLSI-SoC: Design Trends

Author : Andrea Calimera
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030816419
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis VLSI-SoC: Design Trends by : Andrea Calimera

Download or read book VLSI-SoC: Design Trends written by Andrea Calimera and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-14 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains extended and revised versions of the best papers presented at the 28th IFIP WG 10.5/IEEE International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration, VLSI-SoC 2020, held in Salt Lake City, UT, USA, in October 2020.* The 16 full papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from the 38 papers (out of 74 submissions) presented at the conference. The papers discuss the latest academic and industrial results and developments as well as future trends in the field of System-on-Chip (SoC) design, considering the challenges of nano-scale, state-of-the-art and emerging manufacturing technologies. In particular they address cutting-edge research fields like low-power design of RF, analog and mixed-signal circuits, EDA tools for the synthesis and verification of heterogenous SoCs, accelerators for cryptography and deep learning and on-chip Interconnection system, reliability and testing, and integration of 3D-ICs. *The conference was held virtually.

Machine Learning in Modeling and Simulation

Author : Timon Rabczuk
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031366441
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Machine Learning in Modeling and Simulation by : Timon Rabczuk

Download or read book Machine Learning in Modeling and Simulation written by Timon Rabczuk and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-04 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Machine learning (ML) approaches have been extensively and successfully employed in various areas, like in economics, medical predictions, face recognition, credit card fraud detection, and spam filtering. There is clearly also the potential that ML techniques developed in Engineering and the Sciences will drastically increase the possibilities of analysis and accelerate the design to analysis time. With the use of ML techniques, coupled to conventional methods like finite element and digital twin technologies, new avenues of modeling and simulation can be opened but the potential of these ML techniques needs to still be fully harvested, with the methods developed and enhanced. The objective of this book is to provide an overview of ML in Engineering and the Sciences presenting fundamental theoretical ingredients with a focus on the next generation of computer modeling in Engineering and the Sciences in which the exciting aspects of machine learning are incorporated. The book is of value to any researcher and practitioner interested in research or applications of ML in the areas of scientific modeling and computer aided engineering.

Machine Intelligence in Design Automation

Author : Rohit Sharma
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781980554356
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (543 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Machine Intelligence in Design Automation by : Rohit Sharma

Download or read book Machine Intelligence in Design Automation written by Rohit Sharma and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-13 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a hands-on approach for solving electronic design automation problems with modern machine intelligence techniques by including step-by-step development of commercial grade design applications including resistance estimation, capacitance estimation, cell classification and others using dataset extracted from designs at 20nm. It walks the reader step by step in building solution flow for EDA problems with Python and Tensorflow.Intended audience includes design automation engineers, managers, executives, research professionals, graduate students, Machine learning enthusiasts, EDA and CAD developers, mentors, and the merely inquisitive. It is organized to serve as a compendium to a beginner, a ready reference to intermediate and source for an expert.

Progress in Computer-aided VLSI Design: Tools

Author : George Winston Zobrist
Publisher : Intellect (UK)
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Progress in Computer-aided VLSI Design: Tools by : George Winston Zobrist

Download or read book Progress in Computer-aided VLSI Design: Tools written by George Winston Zobrist and published by Intellect (UK). This book was released on 1989 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These volumes review late 1980s/early 1990s state-of-the-art developments in computer-aided design and analysis techniques. Contributions from researchers and practitioners include discussions of parallel algorithms and fundamental operations in cryptography, systolic arrays and pipelined designs.

Design Automation

Author : Michael Bushnell
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323148727
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Design Automation by : Michael Bushnell

Download or read book Design Automation written by Michael Bushnell and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Design Automation: Automated Full-Custom VLSI Layout Using the ULYSSES Design Environment deals with the use of the Ulysses design environment for an automated full-custom VLSI layout. Topics covered include VLSI chip design and design process, control mechanisms in Ulysses, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in design environments. An example design task is also presented. This book is comprised of 10 chapters and begins with an overview of VLSI computer-aided design (CAD), focusing on an expert system based design environment aimed at solving the CAD tool integration problem. An example CAD tool suite for such an environment is presented. The next chapter describes prior attempts at developing an integrated design environment, followed by a discussion on the computer-aided VLSI design process that motivated the development of the Ulysses design environment. The following chapters explore the use of AI techniques within Ulysses; the fundamental architecture of Ulysses; and the control mechanisms that govern the decision to execute various CAD tools, on particular files, within Ulysses. The implementation of Ulysses is also discussed. The final chapter demonstrates the feasibility of a knowledge-based design environment for VLSI chip design applications; the success of Ulysses at further automating the VLSI design process; and the usability of Ulysses as a VLSI design environment. This monograph will be a valuable resource for systems designers and other practitioners in computer science and computer engineering.

Response Feature Technology for High-Frequency Electronics. Optimization, Modeling, and Design Automation

Author : Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031438450
Total Pages : 604 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Response Feature Technology for High-Frequency Electronics. Optimization, Modeling, and Design Automation by : Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska

Download or read book Response Feature Technology for High-Frequency Electronics. Optimization, Modeling, and Design Automation written by Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-16 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses response feature technology and its applications to modeling, optimization, and computer-aided design of high-frequency structures including antenna and microwave components. By exploring the specific structure of the system outputs, feature-based approaches facilitate simulation-driven design procedures, both in terms of improving their computational efficiency and reliability. These benefits are associated with the weakly nonlinear relationship between feature point coordinates and design variables, which—in the context of optimization—leads to inherent regularization of the objective functions. The book provides an overview of the subject, a definition and extraction of characteristic points, and feature-based design problem reformulation. It also outlines a number of numerical algorithms developed to handle local, global, and multi-criterial design, surrogate modeling, as well as uncertainty quantification. The discussed frameworks are extensively illustrated using examples of real microwave and antenna structures, along with numerous design cases. Introductory material on simulation-driven design, numerical optimization, as well as behavioral and physics-based surrogate modeling is also included. The book will be useful for readers working in the area of high-frequency electronics, including microwave engineering, antenna design, microwave photonics, magnetism and especially those who utilize electromagnetic (EM) simulation models in their daily routines.