Lonely Planet Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands

Download Lonely Planet Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lonely Planet
ISBN 13 : 1787019292
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (87 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lonely Planet Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands by : Lonely Planet

Download or read book Lonely Planet Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands written by Lonely Planet and published by Lonely Planet. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lonely Planet: The world’s number one travel guide publisher* Lonely Planet’s Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Delve into the past in Quito’s vibrant Centro Historico, hike around Cotopaxi for million-dollar views, and spot blue-footed boobies and red-billed tropicbirds in Punta Suarez – all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet’s Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands: Colour maps and images throughout Highlights and itineraries help you tailor your trip to your personal needs and interests Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots Essential info at your fingertips - hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, prices Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sightseeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss Cultural insights provide a richer, more rewarding travel experience - covering history, people, music, landscapes, wildlife, cuisine, politics Covers Quito, Northern Highlands, Central Highlands, Cuenca & the Southern Highlands, The Oriente, North Coast & Lowlands, South Coast, The Galapagos Islands eBook Features: (Best viewed on tablet devices and smartphones) Downloadable PDF and offline maps prevent roaming and data charges Effortlessly navigate and jump between maps and reviews Add notes to personalise your guidebook experience Seamlessly flip between pages Bookmarks and speedy search capabilities get you to key pages in a flash Embedded links to recommendations' websites Zoom-in maps and images Inbuilt dictionary for quick referencing The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet’s Ecuador & the Galapagos Islandsis our most comprehensive guide to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands, and is designed to immerse you in the culture and help you discover the best sights and get off the beaten track. About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet is a leading travel media company and the world’s number one travel guidebook brand, providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveller since 1973. Over the past four decades, we’ve printed over 145 million guidebooks and grown a dedicated, passionate global community of travellers. You’ll also find our content online, and in mobile apps, video, 14 languages, nine international magazines, armchair and lifestyle books, ebooks, and more. ‘Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.’ – New York Times ‘Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.’ – Fairfax Media (Australia) *Source: Nielsen BookScan: Australia, UK, USA, 5/2016-4/2017 Important Notice: The digital edition of this book may not contain all of the images found in the physical edition.

Lonely Planet Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands

Download Lonely Planet Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lonely Planet
ISBN 13 : 1837580413
Total Pages : 689 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lonely Planet Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands by : Isabel Albiston

Download or read book Lonely Planet Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands written by Isabel Albiston and published by Lonely Planet. This book was released on 2022-10 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lonely Planet’s Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Surf at Montanita, climb El Altar, and ride the TeleferiQo; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Ecuador & the Galapagos and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet’s Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands Travel Guide: Up-to-date information - all businesses were rechecked before publication to ensure they are still open after 2020’s COVID-19 outbreak NEW top experiences feature - a visually inspiring collection of Ecuador & the Galapagos Island’s best experiences and where to have them NEW pull-out, passport-size 'Just Landed' card with wi-fi, ATM and transport info - all you need for a smooth journey from airport to hotel Color maps and images throughout Highlights and itineraries help you tailor your trip to your personal needs and interests Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots Essential info at your fingertips - hours of operation, websites, transit tips, prices Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sightseeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, people, music, landscapes, wildlife, cuisine, politics Over 60 maps Covers Quito, Northern Highlands, Central Highlands, Cuenca & the Southern Highlands, The Oriente, North Coast & Lowlands, South Coast, The Galapagos Islands The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet’s Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands, our most comprehensive guide to Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less traveled. About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet is a leading travel media company, providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveler since 1973. Over the past four decades, we've printed over 145 million guidebooks and phrasebooks for 120 languages, and grown a dedicated, passionate global community of travelers. You'll also find our content online, and in mobile apps, videos, 14 languages, armchair and lifestyle books, ebooks, and more, enabling you to explore every day. 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' – New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveler's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' – Fairfax Media (Australia)

Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands

Download Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781741798098
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands by : Regis St. Louis

Download or read book Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands written by Regis St. Louis and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colonial cities, misty cloud rainforests, towering peaks, Amazonian rainforests, and the otherworldly Galapagos: for such a small country Ecuador has a stunning array of natural and cultural wonders. This book was put together with 135 days (and nights) of research to craft the best experience for travelers.

Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands

Download Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands by : Rob Rachowiecki

Download or read book Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands written by Rob Rachowiecki and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Watching Wildlife

Download Watching Wildlife PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Watching Wildlife by : David Andrew

Download or read book Watching Wildlife written by David Andrew and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From famous finches to marine iguanas, the Galapagos is a dream location for anyone interested in the natural world. The islands, located off the coast of Ecuador, are home to some of the world's most unusual wildlife. An invaluable guide, Watching Wildlife Galapagos Islands features detailed coverage of conservation issues, ecotourism and natural history, hundreds of colour photographs that highlight the rich variety of fauna, and numerous ways to explore the volcanic beauty ashore or the snorkelling wonders of the seas.

Lonely Planet Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands 12

Download Lonely Planet Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands 12 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lonely Planet
ISBN 13 : 9781787018259
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (182 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lonely Planet Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands 12 by : Isabel Albiston

Download or read book Lonely Planet Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands 12 written by Isabel Albiston and published by Lonely Planet. This book was released on 2022-04-19 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lonely Planet's Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Surf at Montanita, climb El Altar, and ride the TeleferiQo; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Ecuador & the Galapagos and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet's Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands Travel Guide: Up-to-date information - all businesses were rechecked before publication to ensure they are still open after 2020's COVID-19 outbreak NEW top experiences feature - a visually inspiring collection of Ecuador & the Galapagos Island's best experiences and where to have them NEW pull-out, passport-size 'Just Landed' card with wi-fi, ATM and transport info - all you need for a smooth journey from airport to hotel Color maps and images throughout Highlightsand itineraries help you tailor your trip to your personal needs and interests Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots Essential infoat your fingertips - hours of operation, websites, transit tips, prices Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sightseeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, people, music, landscapes, wildlife, cuisine, politics Over 60 maps Covers Quito, Northern Highlands, Central Highlands, Cuenca & the Southern Highlands, The Oriente, North Coast & Lowlands, South Coast, The Galapagos Islands The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet'sEcuador & the Galapagos Islands, our most comprehensive guide to Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less traveled. About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet is a leading travel media company, providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveler since 1973. Over the past four decades, we've printed over 145 million guidebooks and phrasebooks for 120 languages, and grown a dedicated, passionate global community of travelers. You'll also find our content online, and in mobile apps, videos, 14 languages, armchair and lifestyle books, ebooks, and more, enabling you to explore every day. 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveler's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)

The Galapagos Islands

Download The Galapagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin Group
ISBN 13 : 9780146001444
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Galapagos Islands by : Charles Darwin

Download or read book The Galapagos Islands written by Charles Darwin and published by Penguin Group. This book was released on 1996 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands 13

Download Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands 13 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lonely Planet
ISBN 13 : 9781838697327
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (973 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands 13 by : Lonely Planet

Download or read book Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands 13 written by Lonely Planet and published by Lonely Planet. This book was released on 2024-05-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lonely Planet's Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands is our most comprehensive guide that extensively covers all the region has to offer, with recommendations for both popular and lesser-known experiences. Spot iguanas on Galapagos, surf at Montanita and hike Cotopaxi; all with your trusted travel companion. Inside Lonely Planet's Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands Travel Guide: Lonely Planet's Top Picks - a visually inspiring collection of the destination's best experiences and where to have them Itineraries help you build the ultimate trip based on your personal needs and interests Local insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - whether it's history, people, music, landscapes, wildlife, politics Eating & drinking - get the most out of your gastronomic experience as we reveal the regional dishes and drinks you have to try Toolkit - all of the planning tools for solo travelers, LGBTQIA+ travelers, family travelers and accessible travel Color maps and images throughout Language - essential phrases and language tips Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots Covers the north coast and lowlands, the oriente, the central highlands, the south coast, Cuenco and the southern highlands, the Galapagos and more About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet, a Red Ventures Company, is the world's number one travel guidebook brand. Providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveler since 1973, Lonely Planet reaches hundreds of millions of travelers each year online and in print and helps them unlock amazing experiences. Visit us at lonelyplanet.com and join our community of followers on Facebook (facebook.com/lonelyplanet), Twitter (@lonelyplanet), Instagram (instagram.com/lonelyplanet), and TikTok (@lonelyplanet). 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveler's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)

Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands

Download Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781742207858
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands by : Regis St Louis

Download or read book Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands written by Regis St Louis and published by . This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in full-colour, special wildlife feature Comprehensive planning information including suggested itineraries In-depth information on the indigenous peoples of Ecuador

Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands

Download Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (67 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands by : Regis St. Louis

Download or read book Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands written by Regis St. Louis and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Lonely Planet's Ultimate Travel

Download Lonely Planet's Ultimate Travel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lonely Planet
ISBN 13 : 1760343005
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lonely Planet's Ultimate Travel by : Lonely Planet

Download or read book Lonely Planet's Ultimate Travel written by Lonely Planet and published by Lonely Planet. This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lonely Planet, the world's leading travel guide publisher, brings you the world...ranked. What will be number 1, you ask? We have the answer. This compilation of the 500 most unmissable sights and attractions in the world has been ranked by Lonely Planet's global community of travel experts, so big name mega-sights such as the Eiffel Tower and the Taj Mahal battle it out with lesser-known hidden gems for a prized place in the top 10, making this the only bucket list you'll ever need. This definitive wish list of the best places to visit on earth is packed with insightful write-ups and inspiring photography to get you motivated to start ticking off your travel list. What's your number 1? Authors: Lonely Planet About Lonely Planet: Since 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel media company with guidebooks to every destination, an award-winning website, mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveller community. Lonely Planet covers must-see spots but also enables curious travellers to get off beaten paths to understand more of the culture of the places in which they find themselves. 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' -- Fairfax Media 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times Lonely Planet guides have won the TripAdvisor Traveler's Choice Award in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015. Important Notice: The digital edition of this book may not contain all of the images found in the physical edition.

Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands

Download Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781741042955
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands by : Danny Palmerlee

Download or read book Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands written by Danny Palmerlee and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the people, customs, geography, and climate of Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands; recommends hotels and restaurants; and looks at points of interest in each region.

Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands

Download Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780864423481
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands by : Rob Rachowiecki

Download or read book Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands written by Rob Rachowiecki and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expert travel writer and naturalist Rachowiecki provides background essays on people and places, comprehensive information on the country's many national parks and private reserves, plus a colour guide to Galapagos wildlife. This book contains numerous suggestions for where to stay and eat on any budget, and tips for getting around by bus, boat, plane, train, and rental car. Regional and city maps, all updated and revised, are included.

Moon Galápagos Islands

Download Moon Galápagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Moon Travel
ISBN 13 : 9781640492882
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (928 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Moon Galápagos Islands by : Lisa Cho

Download or read book Moon Galápagos Islands written by Lisa Cho and published by Moon Travel. This book was released on 2018-11-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Galápagos archipelago is one of the most beautiful, wild, and untouched places on earth. Travel back in time with Moon Galápagos Islands. Inside you'll find: Strategic tour information with advice on how to visit sustainably, which boats to take, how long to stay, and where to stop along the way Detailed maps and directions for exploring on your own The top activities and unique experiences: Snorkel past playful sea lions and gentle sea turtles, or dive with hammerheads and whale sharks. Spot blue-footed boobies, albatross, and pelicans just as Darwin did when formulating the Theory of Evolution. Walk along sandy beaches where marine iguanas sun themselves on the rocks, or hike through forests of cacti and along otherworldly lava trails with breathtaking ocean views Honest advice from local expert and bioengineer Lisa Cho In-depth coverage of Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal, Isabela, Floreana, and the remote uninhabited islands of Santiago, Fernandina, Española, and Genovesa, as well as the gateway cities of Quito and Guayaquil Background information on the history, landscape, and diverse wildlife of the archipelago, including how and where to see each animal while protecting their habitats Full-color photos and detailed maps throughout Essential insight for travelers on eco-tourism, health and safety, transportation, and accommodations With Moon Galápagos Islands' practical tips and an expert's view on the best things to do and see, you can have the trip of a lifetime. Expanding your trip? Check out Moon Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands or Moon Colombia.

Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands

Download Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lonely Planet
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands by : Rob Rachowiecki

Download or read book Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands written by Rob Rachowiecki and published by Lonely Planet. This book was released on 1989 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Third edition of a travel guide first published in 1986 which has has been completely revised and expanded to include an extensive 32-page colour guide to the Gal!pagos Islands wildlife, and a thorough re-examination of the coastal area. Provides advice on accommodation, where to eat and what to see. Contains useful words and phrases, over 50 maps and an index.

Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands

Download Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781741048285
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (482 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands by : Regis St. Louis

Download or read book Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands written by Regis St. Louis and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complemented by easy-to use, reliable maps, helpful recommendations, authoritative background information and up-to-date coverage of things to see and do, these popular travel guides cover in detail countries and regions around the world for travelers of every budget, along with extensive itineraries, maps with cross-referencing to the text, "Top 10" and "Top 5" lists and other practical features. Original.

Lonely Planet South America

Download Lonely Planet South America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lonely Planet
ISBN 13 : 1837580480
Total Pages : 1808 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lonely Planet South America by : Regis St Louis

Download or read book Lonely Planet South America written by Regis St Louis and published by Lonely Planet. This book was released on 2022-10 with total page 1808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lonely Planet’s South America is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Walk Patagonian glaciers, dance the night away in Rio de Janeiro and explore Incan ruins; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of South America and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet’s South America Travel Guide: Up-to-date information - all businesses were rechecked before publication to ensure they are still open after 2020’s COVID-19 outbreak NEW top experiences feature - a visually inspiring collection of [destination’s] best experiences and where to have them What's NEW feature taps into cultural trends and helps you find fresh ideas and cool new areas Improved planning tools for family travelers - where to go, how to save money, plus fun stuff just for kids Color maps and images throughout Highlights and itineraries help you tailor your trip to your personal needs and interests Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots Essential info at your fingertips - hours of operation, websites, transit tips, prices Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sightseeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, people, music, landscapes, wildlife, cuisine, politics Over 168 maps Covers Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet’s South America, our most comprehensive guide to South America, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less traveled. About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet is a leading travel media company, providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveler since 1973. Over the past four decades, we've printed over 145 million guidebooks and phrasebooks for 120 languages, and grown a dedicated, passionate global community of travelers. You'll also find our content online, and in mobile apps, videos, 14 languages, armchair and lifestyle books, ebooks, and more, enabling you to explore every day. 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' – New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveler's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' – Fairfax Media (Australia)