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Localized Rnas
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Book Synopsis Localized RNAs by : Howard D. Lipshitz
Download or read book Localized RNAs written by Howard D. Lipshitz and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the mechanisms by which certain RNAs are localized in cells and the functions of such localized RNAs. The first of this kind, this volume presents a current survey of this young field, and brings together chapters on each of the key experimental systems. These include studies on Drosophila and Xenopus oocytes such as fibroblasts, myoblasts, glial cells and neurons. In each case, leading authorities present the conceptual and technical background to their studies, and then survey the mechanisms and functions of localization of particular RNAs.
Book Synopsis Cell Polarity and Subcellular RNA Localization by : Dietmar Richter
Download or read book Cell Polarity and Subcellular RNA Localization written by Dietmar Richter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-03 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selective cytoplasmic organelle and protein targeting has long been thought to constitute the sole determinant of cell polarity and complexity. This view has been changed, however, by the discovery of differential subcellular RNA distribution patterns. Over the past decade it has become clear that selective mRNA sorting and translation contributes to an accumulation of cognate proteins at discrete cellular sites. In this book, various systems are discussed (e.g. Xenopus oocytes, mammalian brain, invertebrate nervous system) in terms of RNA trafficking, RNA-targeting sequences (cis-elements) and RNA-transporting proteins (trans-factors), activity-dependent translational regulation and the significance of the cytoskeleton for neuronal function and plasticity. It also discusses nucleocytoplasmic export of mRNA and viral RNA as another example of subcellular RNA kinesis.
Book Synopsis Evolution of the Protein Synthesis Machinery and Its Regulation by : Greco Hernández
Download or read book Evolution of the Protein Synthesis Machinery and Its Regulation written by Greco Hernández and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-10 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The “omics” era has given a new perspective to the findings on the origin and evolution of the process of translation. This book provides insight into the evolution of the translation process and machinery from a modern perspective. Written by leading experts in molecular biology, this text looks into the origins and evolution of the protein synthetic machinery.
Book Synopsis Molecular Biology of The Cell by : Bruce Alberts
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tagging RNA to Probe for RNA Subcellular Localization by : Hugo Cesar Medina-Muñoz
Download or read book Tagging RNA to Probe for RNA Subcellular Localization written by Hugo Cesar Medina-Muñoz and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Records of RNA-site interactions within a cell's lifetime are needed to reveal new functions for RNA localization. Available methods can now track RNA movements or identify hundreds of localized RNAs within a brief period. However, strategies that detect RNA-site interactions in a comprehensive and genome-wide manner beyond a short period are needed. The Localized RNA tagging approach addresses this necessity. The method constitutively labels the 3' ends of localized RNAs with multiple uridine (U) tags, and are subsequently identified with high-throughput sequencing (HiTS). This thesis describes the development of the method, and its use to define records of ER- and mitochondria-localized RNAs in yeast. The method uncovered hundreds of localized mRNAs and non-mRNAs that interact with either the ER, the mitochondria, or both (dual-localized) in vivo. A subset of dual-localized RNAs in yeast have homologs that interact with both organelles in human cells, highlighting the conservation of the phenomenon. Among the dual-localized mRNAs are components of many multi-protein complexes in yeast, and the IRE1/ERN1 mRNA in yeast and human cells. These results indicate that the IRE1 mRNA dual-localization may be involved in the Ire1-dependent increase of mitochondrial respiration in response to ER stress. Further, the data produced facilitated the discovery of 3'UTR sequence motifs and RNA-binding proteins that are potentially involved in the regulation of the localized RNAs. This work thus provides new insights into the functions and regulation of RNA localization and offers new capabilities to study RNA movements in vivo.
Book Synopsis Cell Polarity and Subcellular RNA Localization by : Dietmar Richter
Download or read book Cell Polarity and Subcellular RNA Localization written by Dietmar Richter and published by . This book was released on 2001-01-26 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Motor Directed Transport of Localized MRNAs in Xenopus Oocytes by : Bianca Heinrich
Download or read book Motor Directed Transport of Localized MRNAs in Xenopus Oocytes written by Bianca Heinrich and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The subcellular localization of mRNAs is a widespread and important form of gene regulation that establishes polarity in eukaryotic cells. In the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, many mRNAs are localized to the vegetal cortex of the full-grown oocyte. These RNAs typically utilize either an early or a late pathway during oogenesis for their localization. Here I show that early and late pathway RNAs compete for common localization machinery in vivo . In addition, while previous work demonstrated that the molecular motor kinesin II is required for localization of the late pathway mRNA Vg1 to the vegetal cortex, I discovered that localizing RNAs recruit kinesin II to the vegetal cortex, suggesting a direct role for this motor in the localization process. This finding also revealed a novel ability of cargo RNAs to differentially recruit the molecular motor that localizes them. A distinguishing feature of the early pathway is the pre-localization of RNAs to an evolutionary conserved structure called the Balbiani body in stage I oocytes. Early pathway RNAs have been proposed to localize solely by a diffusion and entrapment mechanism, however, I demonstrate that their localization to the Balbiani body is highly dependent on temperature as well as the intracellular concentration of ATP. These findings implicate, for the first time, enzymatically-driven processes in the early RNA localization pathway. Moreover, RNA localization in stage I oocytes is reduced by expression of a kinesin II dominant-negative peptide fragment. Thus, kinesin II not only mediates the localization of RNAs to the vegetal cortex of late-staged oocytes, but also to the Balbiani body in earlier-staged oocytes. Together, these studies show that vegetally localized RNAs utilize a common kinesin II-dependent pathway throughout oogenesis in Xenopus and, more importantly, suggest a mechanism by which differential recruitment of RNA localization factors may be used to specify a wide temporal and spatial array of localized mRNAs in the vertebrate oocyte.
Book Synopsis RNA Infrastructure and Networks by : Lesley J. Collins
Download or read book RNA Infrastructure and Networks written by Lesley J. Collins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNAs form complexes with proteins and other RNAs. The RNA‐infrastructure represents the spatiotemporal interaction of these proteins and RNAs in a cell‐wide network. RNA Infrastructure and Networks brings together these ideas to illustrate the scope of RNA‐based biology, and how connecting RNA mechanisms is a powerful tool to investigate regulatory pathways. This book is but a taste of the wide range of RNA‐based mechanisms that connect in the RNA infrastructure.
Book Synopsis The Biology of mRNA: Structure and Function by : Marlene Oeffinger
Download or read book The Biology of mRNA: Structure and Function written by Marlene Oeffinger and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides an overview on the different aspects of gene regulation from an mRNA centric viewpoint, including how mRNA is assembled and self-assembles in a complex consisting of RNA and proteins, and how its ability to be translated at the right time and space depends on many processes acting on the mRNAs, leading to a properly folded complex. This book shows how new technologies have led to a better understanding of these processes and their connected diseases.The book is written for scientists in fundamental and applied biomedical research working on different aspects of gene regulation. It is also targeted to an audience that is not implicated in these fields directly, but wants to gain a better understanding of mRNA biology.
Book Synopsis Biology of the NMDA Receptor by : Antonius M. VanDongen
Download or read book Biology of the NMDA Receptor written by Antonius M. VanDongen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-10-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NMDA receptor plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system and in adult neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, it is not surprising that this receptor has been widely studied. However, despite the importance of rhythms for the sustenance of life, this aspect of NMDAR function remains poorly studied. Written
Book Synopsis Molecular Biology of RNA by : David Elliott
Download or read book Molecular Biology of RNA written by David Elliott and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-31 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA plays a central, and until recently, somewhat underestimated role in the genetics underlying all forms of life on earth. This versatile molecule not only plays a crucial part in the synthesis of proteins from a DNA template, but is also intrinsically involved in the regulation of gene expression, and can even act as a catalyst in the form of a ribozyme. This latter property has led to the hypothesis that RNA - rather than DNA - could have played an essential part in the origin of life itself. This landmark text provides a systematic overview of the exciting and rapidly moving field of RNA biology. Key pioneering experiments, which provided the underlying evidence for what we now know, are described throughout, while the relevance of the subject to human disease is highlighted via frequent boxes. For the second edition of Molecular Biology of RNA, more introductory material has been incorporated at the beginning of the text, to aid students studying the subject for the first time. Throughout the text, new material has been included - particularly in relation to RNA binding domains, non-coding RNAs, and the connection between RNA biology and epigenetics. Finally, a new closing chapter discusses how exciting new technologies are being used to explore current topical areas of research.
Book Synopsis Maternal Control of Development in Vertebrates by : Florence Louise Marlow
Download or read book Maternal Control of Development in Vertebrates written by Florence Louise Marlow and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eggs of all animals contain mRNAs and proteins that are supplied to or deposited in the egg as it develops during oogenesis. These maternal gene products regulate all aspects of oocyte development, and an embryo fully relies on these maternal gene products for all aspects of its early development, including fertilization, transitions between meiotic and mitotic cell cycles, and activation of its own genome. Given the diverse processes required to produce a developmentally competent egg and embryo, it is not surprising that maternal gene products are not only essential for normal embryonic development but also for fertility. This review provides an overview of fundamental aspects of oocyte and early embryonic development and the interference and genetic approaches that have provided access to maternally regulated aspects of vertebrate development. Some of the pathways and molecules highlighted in this review, in particular, Bmps, Wnts, small GTPases, cytoskeletal components, and cell cycle regulators, are well known and are essential regulators of multiple aspects of animal development, including oogenesis, early embryogenesis, organogenesis, and reproductive fitness of the adult animal. Specific examples of developmental processes under maternal control and the essential proteins will be explored in each chapter, and where known conserved aspects or divergent roles for these maternal regulators of early vertebrate development will be discussed throughout this review. Table of Contents: Introduction / Oogenesis: From Germline Stem Cells to Germline Cysts / Oocyte Polarity and the Embryonic Axes: The Balbiani Body, an Ancient Oocyte Asymmetry / Preparing Developmentally Competent Eggs / Egg Activation / Blocking Polyspermy / Cleavage/ Mitosis: Going Multicellular / Maternal-Zygotic Transition / Reprogramming: Epigenetic Modifications and Zygotic Genome Activation / Dorsal-Ventral Axis Formation before Zygotic Genome Activation in Zebrafish and Frogs / Maternal TGF-β and the Dorsal-Ventral Embryonic Axis / Maternal Control After Zygotic Genome Activation / Compensation by Stable Maternal Proteins / Maternal Contributions to Germline Establishment or Maintenance / Perspective / Acknowledgments / References
Book Synopsis RNA-RNA Interactions by : Frank J. Schmidt
Download or read book RNA-RNA Interactions written by Frank J. Schmidt and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2014-10-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to study RNA. These methods are presented as a guidebook to scientists who are experienced with RNA research and want to brush up on a new technique. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Thorough and intuitive, RNA-RNA Interactions: Methods and Protocols guides scientists investigating biological systems and studying RNA.
Book Synopsis Reining in RNA by : European Molecular Biology Organization
Download or read book Reining in RNA written by European Molecular Biology Organization and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Localized RNAs in Xenopus Eggs by : Michael Robert Rebagliati
Download or read book Localized RNAs in Xenopus Eggs written by Michael Robert Rebagliati and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Identification and Characterization of Bud-localized MRNAs in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by : Ashwini R. Jambhekar
Download or read book Identification and Characterization of Bud-localized MRNAs in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Ashwini R. Jambhekar and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA localization is an important regulatory mechanism utilized by many cells and organisms for ensuring proper development. Although this process has been studied for many years in Drosophila and Xenopus, the single-celled yeast S. cerevisiae also provides examples of RNA transport. A core complex of 3 proteins---She2, She3, and Myo4---transports ASH1 and IST2 mRNAs to bud tips of growing cells by an actinmyosin based mechanism. In this work, 22 additional mRNAs have been identified as She-complex targets and have been shown to localize to bud tips in vivo. In contrast to other organisms, S. cerevisiae was found to contain localization elements in the coding regions of transported RNAs. Unbiased selection of localization elements from the open reading frames of several She-complex targets revealed a short single-stranded RNA motif containing a core CG dinucleotide which was essential for She2/3 binding and transport. Further analysis also revealed additional context-dependencies affecting the function of the motif. These results establish yeast as a model system for studying RNA transport, and provide a foundation for elucidating the mechanisms of motor-cargo interactions and defining the range of regulatory functions fulfilled by localization of mRNA. Furthermore, the identification of a consensus motif and accessory features regulating She-complex recognition suggests a general mechanism by which mRNAs can simultaneously mediate protein production and binding of regulatory factors.
Book Synopsis Regulation of Alternative Splicing by : Philippe Jeanteur
Download or read book Regulation of Alternative Splicing written by Philippe Jeanteur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-10-21 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery in 1977 that genes are split into exons and introns has done away with the one gene - one protein dogma. Indeed, the removal of introns from the primary RNA transcript is not necessarily straightforward since there may be optional pathways leading to different messenger RNAs and consequently to different proteins. Examples of such an alternative splicing mechanism cover all fields of biology. Moreover, there are plenty of occurrences where deviant splicing can have pathological effects. Despite the high number of specific cases of alternative splicing, it was not until recently that the generality and extent of this phenomenon was fully appreciated. A superficial reading of the preliminary sequence of the human genome published in 2001 led to the surprising, and even deceiving to many scientists, low number of genes (around 32,000) which contrasted with the much higher figure around 150,000 which was previously envisioned. Attempts to make a global assessment of the use of alternative splicing are recent and rely essentially on the comparison of genomic mRNA and EST sequences as reviewed by Thanaraj and Stamm in the first chapter of this volume. Most recent estimates suggest that 40-60% of human genes might be alternatively spliced, as opposed to about 22% for C. elegans.
