Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolain Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Regions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 11 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolain Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Regions by :

Download or read book Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolain Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Regions written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anatolian Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian region is an area of complex structure accompanied by large variations in seismic wave velocities. Despite the complexity of the region little is known about the detailed lithospheric structure. Using data from 29 new broadband seismic stations in the region, a unified velocity structure is developed using teleseismic receiver functions and surface waves. Love and Rayleigh surface waves dispersion curves have been derived from event-based analysis and ambient-noise correlation. We jointly inverted the receiver functions with the surface wave dispersion curves to determine absolute shear wave velocity and important discontinuities such as sedimentary layer, Moho, lithospheric-asthenospheric boundary. We combined these new station results with Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment results (29 stations). Caspian Sea and Kura basin underlained by one of the thickest sediments in the world. Therefore, short-period surface waves are observed to be very slow. The strong crustal multiples in receiver functions and the slow velocities in upper crust indicate the presence of thick sedimentary unit (up to 20 km). Crustal thickness varies from 34 to 52 km in the region. The thickest crust is in Lesser Caucasus and the thinnest is in the Arabian Plate. The lithospheric mantle in the Greater Caucasus and the Kura depression is faster than the Anatolian Plateau and Lesser Caucasus. This possibly indicates the presence of cold lithosphere. The lower crust is slowest in the northeastern part of the Anatolian Plateau where Holocene volcanoes are located.

Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolian Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Region

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Total Pages : pages
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Book Synopsis Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolian Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Region by :

Download or read book Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolian Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Region written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Anatolian plateau-Caucasus-Caspian region is an area of complex lithospheric structure accompanied by large variations in seismic wave velocities. Despite the complexity of the region, little is known about the detailed lithospheric structure. Using data from 31 new, permanent broadband seismic stations along with results from a previous 29 temporary seismic stations and 3 existing global seismic stations in the region, a 3-D velocity model is developed using joint inversion of teleseismic receiver functions and surface waves. Both group and phase dispersion curves (Love and Rayleigh) were derived from regional and teleseismic events. Additional Rayleigh wave group dispersion curves were determined using ambient noise correlation. Receiver functions were calculated using P arrivals from 789 teleseismic (30°-90°) earthquakes. The stacked receiver functions and surface wave dispersion curves were jointly inverted to yield the absolute shear wave velocity to a depth of 100 km at each station. The depths of major discontinuities (sediment-basement, crust-mantle, and lithosphere-asthenosphere) were inferred from the velocity-depth profiles at the location of each station. Distinct spatial variations in crustal and upper mantle shear velocities were observed. The Kura basin showed slow (~2.7-2.9 km/s) upper crustal (0-11 km) velocities but elevated (~3.8-3.9 km/s) velocities in the lower crust. The Anatolian plateau varied from ~3.1-3.2 in the upper crust to ~3.5-3.7 in the lower crust, while velocities in the Arabian plate (south of the Bitlis suture) were slightly faster (upper crust between 3.3 and 3.4 km/s and lower crust between 3.8 and 3.9 km/s). The depth of the Moho, which was estimated from the shear velocity profiles, was 35 km in the Arabian plate and increased northward to 54 km at the southern edge of the Greater Caucasus. Moho depths in the Kura and at the edge of the Caspian showed more spatial variability but ranged between 35 and 45 km. Upper mantle velocities were slow under the Anatolian plateau but increased to the south under the Arabian plate and to the east (4.3-4.4 km/s) under the Kura basin and Greater Caucasus. The areas of slow mantle coincided with the locations of Holocene volcanoes. Differences between Rayleigh and Love dispersions at long wavelengths reveal a pronounced variation in anisotropy between the Anatolian plateau and the Kura basin.

Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolian Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Regions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolian Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Regions by :

Download or read book Lithospheric Velocity Structure of the Anatolian Plateau-Caucasus-Caspian Regions written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

High-Resolution Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Models of the Caucasus-Caspian Region

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 21 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis High-Resolution Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Models of the Caucasus-Caspian Region by :

Download or read book High-Resolution Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Models of the Caucasus-Caspian Region written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Caucasus-Caspian region is part of the Alpine-Himalayan collision belt and is an area of complex structure accompanied by large variations in seismic wave velocities. Using data from 29 new broadband seismic stations in the region as well as data from a temporary (1999-2001) deployment in eastern Turkey, a unified velocity structure is developed using teleseismic receiver functions and surface waves. Joint inversion of surface wave group dispersion curves generated from ambient noise with receiver functions show that crustal thickness varies from 34 to 52 km in the region. The thickest crust is in Lesser Caucasus and the thinnest is in the Arabian Plate. Thin crust is also observed near the Caspian. The lithospheric mantle in the Greater Caucasus and the Kura depression is faster than the Anatolian Plateau and Lesser Caucasus. This possibly indicates the presence of cold lithosphere. The lower crust is slowest in the northeastern part of the Anatolian Plateau where Holocene volcanoes are located. Fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocities are determined at periods between 20 and 145 seconds. We observe a relatively high velocity zone located in the upper mantle under the Kura basin and the western part of Caspian Sea that is continuous to the Moho. The images show very low velocities beneath the eastern Anatolian plateau implying the existence of a partially molten asthenospheric material underlying a very thin lithosphere. Using a two-station method, both Lg and Pg attenuation is measured and tomograpically inverted to yield attenuation maps. Efficient Lg propagation is observed throughout much of the Arabian plate. Moderate Lg Q is observed in the Lesser Caucasus and Kura Basin while low Lg Q is observed in the East Anatolian plateau. Pg shows highly variable propagation throughout the region.

Earth Observations for Geohazards

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Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 303842398X
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Earth Observations for Geohazards by : Zhenhong Li

Download or read book Earth Observations for Geohazards written by Zhenhong Li and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Earth Observations for Geohazards" that was published in Remote Sensing)

Life-Cycle of Structures and Infrastructure Systems

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000997308
Total Pages : 6293 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Life-Cycle of Structures and Infrastructure Systems by : Fabio Biondini

Download or read book Life-Cycle of Structures and Infrastructure Systems written by Fabio Biondini and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-06-28 with total page 6293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life-Cycle of Structures and Infrastructure Systems contains the lectures and papers presented at IALCCE 2023- The Eighth International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering, held at Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy, 2-6 July, 2023. This book contains the full papers of 514 contributions presented at IALCCE 2023, including the Fazlur R. Khan Plenary Lecture, nine Keynote Lectures, and 504 technical papers from 45 countries. The papers cover recent advances and cutting-edge research in the field of life-cycle civil engineering, including emerging concepts and innovative applications related to life-cycle design, assessment, inspection, monitoring, repair, maintenance, rehabilitation, and management of structures and infrastructure systems under uncertainty. Major topics covered include life-cycle safety, reliability, risk, resilience and sustainability, life-cycle damaging processes, life-cycle design and assessment, life-cycle inspection and monitoring, life-cycle maintenance and management, life-cycle performance of special structures, life-cycle cost of structures and infrastructure systems, and life-cycle-oriented computational tools, among others. This Open Access Book provides both an up-to-date overview of the field of life-cycle civil engineering and significant contributions to the process of making more rational decisions to mitigate the life-cycle risk and improve the life-cycle reliability, resilience, and sustainability of structures and infrastructure systems exposed to multiple natural and human-made hazards in a changing climate. It will serve as a valuable reference to all concerned with life-cycle of civil engineering systems, including students, researchers, practicioners, consultants, contractors, decision makers, and representatives of managing bodies and public authorities from all branches of civil engineering.

Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia

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Publisher : Geological Society of America
ISBN 13 : 0813725259
Total Pages : 684 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia by : Rasoul Sorkhabi

Download or read book Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia written by Rasoul Sorkhabi and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Southwest Asia is one of the most remarkable regions on Earth in terms of active faulting and folding, large-magnitude earthquakes, volcanic landscapes, petroliferous foreland basins, historical civilizations as well as geologic outcrops that display the protracted and complex 540 m.y. stratigraphic record of Earth's Phanerozoic Era. Emerged from the birth and demise of the Paleo-Tethys and Neo-Tethys oceans, southwest Asia is currently the locus of ongoing tectonic collision between the Eurasia-Arabia continental plates. The region is characterized by the high plateaus of Iran and Anatolia fringed by the lofty ranges of Zagros, Alborz, Caucasus, Taurus, and Pontic mountains; the region also includes the strategic marine domains of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Caspian, and Mediterranean. This 19-chapter volume, published in honor of Manuel Berberian, a preeminent geologist from the region, brings together a wealth of new data, analyses, and frontier research on the geologic evolution, collisional tectonics, active deformation, and historical and modern seismicity of key areas in southwest Asia.

The Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey from Gravity Modeling Constrained by Seismic Data

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis The Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey from Gravity Modeling Constrained by Seismic Data by : Gokay Onal

Download or read book The Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey from Gravity Modeling Constrained by Seismic Data written by Gokay Onal and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Eastern Anatolian region is part of a young continental collision zone between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. The lithosphere in Eastern Anatolia is underlain by a low-velocity zone associated with asthenospheric flow in the upper mantle. The asthenospheric flow might have been caused by lithospheric delamination and slab detachment. There are many debates about the thickness of the mantle lithosphere, the effect of the hot asthenospheric material on the crustal structure, and the geodynamic evolution of Eastern Anatolia. To better understand the geodynamic evolution of Eastern Anatolia, a 2.5-D gravity model of the crust and upper mantle structure between 38°E/37°N and 44°E /41°N was developed using terrestrial and satellite gravity data. The model is constrained by all available geological and geophysical data. The results of the gravity modeling reveal low-density structures within the lower crust, indicating a thermally heated crust, and a low-velocity zone in the upper mantle associated with the hot asthenospheric flow in the region. The presence of the asthenospheric flow in the upper mantle might have an effect on the crustal and lithospheric structures in the region. The lithospheric thicknesses in the Anatolian and Arabian plates are significantly different. The lithospheric thickness increases from 60 km in the northern segment of the Anatolian plate to 95 km in the Arabian Plate. Thus, the lithosphere beneath Eastern Anatolia is extremely thin. This is attributed to lithospheric delamination and slab break-off. The extremely thin lithosphere, the presence of a hot asthenosphere, the rapid uplift of topography and widespread volcanism across the region may indicate that lithospheric delamination and slab detachment occurred in Eastern Anatolia. The topography in Eastern Anatolian is not isostatically compensated. There is a residual topography of approximately 1.7 km that cannot be explained by crustal roots. Thus, part of the Eastern Anatolian Plateau may be dynamically supported by asthenospheric flow in the upper mantle.

High Resolution Velocity Structure in Eastern Turkey

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 3 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)

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Book Synopsis High Resolution Velocity Structure in Eastern Turkey by : W. Walter

Download or read book High Resolution Velocity Structure in Eastern Turkey written by W. Walter and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate the crustal and upper mantle structure of eastern Turkey where the Anatolian, Arabian and Eurasian Plates meet and form a complex tectonic structure. The Bitlis suture is a continental collision zone between the Anatolian plateau and the Arabian plate. Broadband data available through the Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment (ETSE) provided a unique opportunity for studying the high resolution velocity structure. Zor et al. found an average 46 km thick crust in Anatolian plateau using six-layered grid search inversion of the ETSE receiver functions. Receiver functions are sensitive to the velocity contrast of interfaces and the relative travel time of converted and reverberated waves between those interfaces. The interpretation of receiver function alone with many-layered parameterization may result in an apparent depth-velocity tradeoff. In order to improve previous velocity model, we employed the joint inversion method with many layered parameterization of Julia et al. (2000) to the ETSE receiver functions. In this technique, the receiver function and surface-wave observations are combined into a single algebraic equation and each data set is weighted by an estimate of the uncertainty in the observations. We consider azimuthal changes of receiver functions and have stacked them into different groups. We calculated the receiver functions using iterative time-domain deconvolution technique and surface wave group velocity dispersion curves between 10-100 sec. We are making surface wave dispersion measurements at the ETSE stations and have incorporated them into a regional group velocity model. Preliminary results indicate a strong trend in the long period group velocity in the northeast. This indicates slow upper mantle velocities in the region consistent with Pn, Sn and receiver function results. We started with both the 1-D model that is obtained with the 12 tones dam explosion shot data recorded by ETSE network and the existing receiver function inversion results. In fact, we observe that the inversion results are independent at the starting model and converges well to the same final model. We don't observe a significant change at the first order discontinuities of model (e.g. Moho depth), but we obtain better defined depths to low velocity layers.

Geological Evolution of Central Asian Basins and the Western Tien Shan Range

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Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 1862397384
Total Pages : 605 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Geological Evolution of Central Asian Basins and the Western Tien Shan Range by : Marie-Franc̦oise Brunet

Download or read book Geological Evolution of Central Asian Basins and the Western Tien Shan Range written by Marie-Franc̦oise Brunet and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The geological evolution of Central Asia commenced with the formation of a complex Precambrian–Palaeozoic orogen. Cimmerian blocks were then accreted to the southern margin in the Mesozoic, leading to tectonic reactivation of older structures and discrete episodes of basin formation. The Indian and Arabian blocks collided with Asia in the Cenozoic, leading to renewed structural reactivation, intracontinental deformation and basin development. This complex evolution resulted in the present-day setting of an elongated Tien Shan range flanked by large Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary basins with smaller intramontane basins distributed within the range. This volume presents multidisciplinary results and reviews from research groups in Europe and Central Asia that focus on the western part of the Tien Shan and some of the adjacent large sedimentary basins. These works elucidate the Late Palaeozoic–Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution of the area. Emphasis is given to the collision of terranes and continents and the ensuing fault reactivations. The impact of climatic changes on sedimentation is also examined.

Plateau Uplift

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642692192
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (426 download)

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Book Synopsis Plateau Uplift by : K. Fuchs

Download or read book Plateau Uplift written by K. Fuchs and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Lithosphere Program; Publ. No. 0104

Seismological Research Letters

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Seismological Research Letters by :

Download or read book Seismological Research Letters written by and published by . This book was released on 1987* with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Postcollisional Tectonics and Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region and Asia

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Publisher : Geological Society of America
ISBN 13 : 0813724090
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Postcollisional Tectonics and Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region and Asia by : Yildirim Dilek

Download or read book Postcollisional Tectonics and Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region and Asia written by Yildirim Dilek and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Mediterranean region and Asia provide a natural laboratory to investigate the driving forces of continental tectonics in an ongoing collisional orogen and the crustal and mantle response to various modes of deformation associated with plate boundary processes. The multidisciplinary research efforts in this region over the last fifteen years have produced a wealth of new data to better understand the interplay and feedback mechanisms between crustal and mantle processes and the dynamic landscape evolution in a complexly deforming area. A number of discrete collisional events between the Gondwana-derived continental fragments (i.e., Adria, Pelagonia, Arabia, India) and Eurasia controlled the geodynamics of the Mediterranean region and Asia during the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. This book is a collection of research papers, presenting new data, interpretations, and syntheses on various aspects of the collision-induced tectonic, magmatic, metamorphic, and geomorphic processes that have affected the evolution of this orogenic belt. It should help us better understand the mode and nature of tectonic and magmatic processes and crustal evolution in active collision zones, and the distribution and causes of seismic and volcanic events and their impact on landscape evolution."--Publisher's website.

Continental Deformation

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Publisher : Pergamon
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Continental Deformation by : Paul L. Hancock

Download or read book Continental Deformation written by Paul L. Hancock and published by Pergamon. This book was released on 1994 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains clearly and concisely the essential attributes of new concepts that have arisen during the last twenty years in structural geology and tectonics. Deformational and tectonic processes and relationships on all scales are discussed. Site or time specific assemblages are not emphasised with the exceptions of Archaean tectonics and neotectonics. The new nomenclature that has proliferated as a result of the need to express new ideas is highlighted.

Geosciences of Azerbaijan

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319821177
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (211 download)

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Book Synopsis Geosciences of Azerbaijan by : Akif A. Alizadeh

Download or read book Geosciences of Azerbaijan written by Akif A. Alizadeh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a review of Azerbaijan’s water reserves and main economic deposits (both hydrocarbon and hard) and describes the integrated application of geophysical methods (land, airborne, shipborne and satellite) for studying near-surface and environmental features and regional tectonic-geophysical zonation as well as the study of deep structures in the search for hydrocarbon and hard (polymetallic, copper, gold-bearing, iron-ore, magnetite, etc.) deposits. It particularly focuses on the geophysical examination of seismic activity in the region related to the interaction of the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates. It is aimed at scientists, engineers and students interested in the commercial potential of Azerbaijan’s deposits and the application of different geophysical methodologies (gravity, magnetic, seismic, thermal, electric, electromagnetic, etc.) for analyzing mud volcanism, identifying subsurface structures (including the analysis of hydrogeological problems, the examination of past climates and archaeological inspection) revealing the deep tectono-structural peculiarities of the region under study, mining and oil & gas geophysics, development of 3D physical-geological models and advanced seismological prognosis.

Impact of Natural Hazards on Oil and Gas Extraction

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475730195
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Impact of Natural Hazards on Oil and Gas Extraction by : Ian Lerche

Download or read book Impact of Natural Hazards on Oil and Gas Extraction written by Ian Lerche and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union almost a decade ago, there has been rapid evolution of interactions between the Western nations and individual countries of the former Soviet Union. As part of that interaction, the autonomous independent Republic of Azerbaijan through its scientific arm, the Geological Institute of the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences under the Directorship of Academician Akif Ali-Zadeh and Deputy Director Ibrahim Guliev, arranged for personnel to be seconded to the University of South Carolina. The idea here was to see to what extent a quantitative understanding could be achieved of the evolution of the Azerbaijan part of the South Caspian Basin from dynamical, thermal and hydrocarbon perspectives. The Azeris brought with them copious amounts of data collected over decades which, together with the quantitative numerical codes available at USC, enabled a concerted effort to be put forward, culminating in two large books (Evolution of the South Caspian Basin: Geological Risks and Probable Hazards, 675 pps; and The South Caspian Basin: Stratigraphy, Geochemistry, and Risk Analysis, of which were published by the Azerbaijan Academy of 472 pps. ) both Sciences, and also many scientific papers. Thus, over the last four to five years an integrated comprehensive start has been made to understand the hydrocarbon proneness of the South Caspian Basin. In the course of the endeavor to understand the basinal evolution, it became clear that a variety of natural hazards occur in the Basin.

Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region

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Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 1862393532
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region by : A. H. F. Robertson

Download or read book Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region written by A. H. F. Robertson and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2013 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anatolia and the easternmost Mediterranean region, especially Turkey, Cyprus and northern Syria, represent an excellent natural laboratory for the study of fundamental geological processes (e.g. rifting, seafloor spreading, ophiolite genesis and emplacement, subduction, exhumation and collision). Their interaction has created an intriguing array of deep-sea basins, microcontinents and suture zones.The volume's 22 papers include a large amount of new field-based information (much of it multidisciplinary and the product of teamwork). After an overview, the volume is divided into four sections: Late Palaeozoic--Early Cenozoic of the Pontides (northern Turkey); Late Palaeozoic--Early Cenozoic of the Taurides--Anatolides (central and southern Turkey); Late Cretaceous--Pliocene sedimentary basins and structural development (central Anatolia to the Mediterranean); Late Miocene--Recent Neotectonics (southern Turkey, Cyprus and northern Syria). The volume will interest numerous academic researchers, those concerned with resources (e.g. hydrocarbons; mineral deposits) and also hazards (e.g. earthquakes), as well as advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students -- P. 4 of cover.