Literary Communication in Song Dynasty

Download Literary Communication in Song Dynasty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003858570
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Literary Communication in Song Dynasty by : Wang Zhaopeng

Download or read book Literary Communication in Song Dynasty written by Wang Zhaopeng and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-02-29 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on first-hand historical materials, this book explores the various aspects of literary communication during the Song Dynasty in China. The book investigates the single-channel dissemination of poetry and ci works, the dissemination of literary collections, the dissemination through wall inscriptions, the oral dissemination of Song ci, the remuneration and commercialization of literature in the Song Dynasty, the paths to fame for Song writers, the non-literary factors in the dissemination of literature and the dissemination of literary works through paintings and songs. The author provides insights into the six major questions in the study of literary communication: Who disseminates, where, how, what, to whom and the effects of dissemination. The author also seeks to provide detailed answers to the following questions. What was the role of female singers in both domestic and official entertainment? What were the costs and prices of the books? Who paid the authors? What methods did writers use to gain fame and social recognition? This work will be essential reading for scholars and students of Chinese studies, communication studies and media and cultural studies.

Literary Communication in Song Dynasty

Download Literary Communication in Song Dynasty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781032712536
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (125 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Literary Communication in Song Dynasty by : Zhaopeng Wang

Download or read book Literary Communication in Song Dynasty written by Zhaopeng Wang and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Based on first-hand historical materials, this book explores the various aspects of literary communication during the Song Dynasty in China. The book investigates the single-channel dissemination of poetry and ci works, the dissemination of literary collections, the dissemination through wall inscriptions, the oral dissemination of Song ci, the remuneration and commercialisation of literature in the Song dynasty, the paths to fame for Song writers, the non-literary factors in the dissemination of literature, and the dissemination of literary works through paintings and songs. The author provides insights into the six major questions in the study of literary communication: who disseminates, where, how, what, to whom, and the effects of dissemination. The author also seeks to provide detailed answers to the following questions. What was the role of female singers in both domestic and official entertainment? What were the costs and prices of the books? Who paid the authors? What methods did writers use to gain fame and social recognition? etc. This work will be essential reading for scholars and students of Chinese studies, communication studies, and media and cultural studies"--

Concise Reader of Chinese Literature History

Download Concise Reader of Chinese Literature History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819958148
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Concise Reader of Chinese Literature History by : Yuejin Liu

Download or read book Concise Reader of Chinese Literature History written by Yuejin Liu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-26 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes the history of Chinese literature before 1949. It firstly outlines the development process of Chinese literature and basic features and then discusses them according to the literary genre, for the literature of each era. This book gathers established scholars in the field and presents their latest research in the Chinese literature history studies. Moreover, it has included the literature history of different nationalities in the history of China and the records of folk literature history, reflecting literature from different classes. In the limited space of this book, the writers who have been loved by the Chinese people for three thousand years are discussed, such as Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Yuan Haowen, Nalan Xingde, and so on. Careful elaborations are made on each writer together with quotations and analysis of their work.

Literary Information in China

Download Literary Information in China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231551371
Total Pages : 793 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Literary Information in China by : Bruce Rusk

Download or read book Literary Information in China written by Bruce Rusk and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 793 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Information” has become a core concept across the disciplines, yet it is still often seen as a unique feature of the Western world that became central only in the digital age. In this book, leading experts turn to China’s textual tradition to show the significance of information for reconceptualizing the work of literary history, from its beginnings to the present moment. Contributors trace the organization of literary information across China’s three millennia of history, examining the forms and practices of information management that have evolved alongside the increasing scale and complexity of textual production. They reimagine literary history as information processing, detailing the many kinds of storage, encoding, sorting, and transmission that constitute and feed back into China’s long and ever-growing cultural tradition. The volume features state-of-the-field essays on all major forms of literary information management, from graphs to internet literature, and from commentaries to literary museums and archives. By shifting focus from individual works and their authors to the informatic schemata of literature, it identifies three scales of information management—the word, the document, and the collection—and surveys the forms that operate at each level, such as the dictionary, the anthology, and the library. Literary Information in China is a groundbreaking work that provides a systematic and innovative reassessment of literary history with implications that extend beyond the particular Chinese context, revealing how informatic practices shape literary tradition.

AFRO ASIAN LITERATURE

Download AFRO ASIAN LITERATURE PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CHANGDER OUTLINE
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 19 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis AFRO ASIAN LITERATURE by : NARAYAN CHANGDER

Download or read book AFRO ASIAN LITERATURE written by NARAYAN CHANGDER and published by CHANGDER OUTLINE. This book was released on 2024-01-24 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE AFRO ASIAN LITERATURE MCQ (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) SERVES AS A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR INDIVIDUALS AIMING TO DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF VARIOUS COMPETITIVE EXAMS, CLASS TESTS, QUIZ COMPETITIONS, AND SIMILAR ASSESSMENTS. WITH ITS EXTENSIVE COLLECTION OF MCQS, THIS BOOK EMPOWERS YOU TO ASSESS YOUR GRASP OF THE SUBJECT MATTER AND YOUR PROFICIENCY LEVEL. BY ENGAGING WITH THESE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS, YOU CAN IMPROVE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT, IDENTIFY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT, AND LAY A SOLID FOUNDATION. DIVE INTO THE AFRO ASIAN LITERATURE MCQ TO EXPAND YOUR AFRO ASIAN LITERATURE KNOWLEDGE AND EXCEL IN QUIZ COMPETITIONS, ACADEMIC STUDIES, OR PROFESSIONAL ENDEAVORS. THE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS ARE PROVIDED AT THE END OF EACH PAGE, MAKING IT EASY FOR PARTICIPANTS TO VERIFY THEIR ANSWERS AND PREPARE EFFECTIVELY.

Book of Songs (Shi-Jing)

Download Book of Songs (Shi-Jing) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Amber Books
ISBN 13 : 9781782749448
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (494 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Book of Songs (Shi-Jing) by : Confucius

Download or read book Book of Songs (Shi-Jing) written by Confucius and published by Amber Books. This book was released on 2021-04-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Claimed by some to have been compiled by Confucius in the 5th century BCE, the Book of Songs is an ancient anthology of Chinese poetry. Produced using traditional Chinese bookbinding techniques, this newly-translated edition is a selected anthology of 25 classic poems presented in an exquisite dual-language edition.

Language and State

Download Language and State PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0761869042
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (618 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Language and State by : Xing Yu

Download or read book Language and State written by Xing Yu and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-05-19 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that a tribe of the primitive society is formed because of kinship, while a state of the civilized society is formed because of language. When humans communicate using language, they extend the distance and the reaches of communication. They expand their communities. States replace tribes. Language underlies the formation of the state. Then, accordingly, language also underlies the organization of the state as men create language solutions in the organization of the state such as constitution, election and representation. The extension of linguistic communication distance also underlies the formation of three juxtaposing branches of government ― administrative, legislative and judicial body. It also enables men to create various forms of civilization such as history, philosophy, literature, art, religion and law which play a role in the construction of men’s spirit that guides the operation of the state. Language presets the whole process of the progress of civilization.

Boundaries in China

Download Boundaries in China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Reaktion Books
ISBN 13 : 9780948462382
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Boundaries in China by : John Hay

Download or read book Boundaries in China written by John Hay and published by Reaktion Books. This book was released on 1994 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Boundary making, a crucial element in human cultural creativity, links these essays exploring Chinese art and society. Traversing time and cultural category, individual expression and social construct, the authors demonstrate how a 'boundary' may exist simultaneously as barrier, threshold and interface. The essays range from the creation of the first political and bureaucratic boundaries in early China, to the dismantling of discursive boundaries in the post-Mao era. Spanning diverse subjects, moving between ancient funerary art and the tension between self and image in modern Peking Opera, they deftly explore the psychodynamics of Chinese society. All the authors in this book are established Sinologists. Boundaries in China will be stimulating reading for anyone interested to see how the seemingly tangential or peripheral can turn out to be of central concern in non-Western (and perhaps also Western) art and culture.

Introduction to China

Download Introduction to China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Gilad James Mystery School
ISBN 13 : 6534539446
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (345 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to China by : Gilad James, PhD

Download or read book Introduction to China written by Gilad James, PhD and published by Gilad James Mystery School. This book was released on with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to China is a comprehensive overview of the country’s history, geography, politics, culture and economy. The book provides readers with an in-depth understanding of China, from its ancient civilization to its emergence as a global economic power. The author, Professor Michael Dillon, uses a clear and concise writing style that makes the book easy to read, even for those with no prior knowledge of China. The first part of the book covers China’s geography, climate and natural resources. It explains how China’s vast territory, location and natural resources have influenced its history and development. The second part of the book delves into China’s history, covering everything from its earliest dynasties to the modern era. The author highlights the key events and figures that have shaped China’s political, economic and cultural landscape. The book also addresses the important issues facing China today, such as its relationship with the United States, its environmental challenges, and its internal political and economic reforms. Overall, Introduction to China is an excellent resource for anyone interested in gaining a deeper understanding of this fascinating and complex country.

The Linji Lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy

Download The Linji Lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198044097
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Linji Lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy by : Albert Welter

Download or read book The Linji Lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy written by Albert Welter and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Linji lu, or Record of Linji, ranks among the most famous and influential texts of the Chan and Zen traditions. Ostensibly containing the teachings of the Tang dynasty figure Linji Yixuan, the text has generally been accepted at face value, as reliable records of the teachings of this historical figure. In this book, Albert Welter offers the first systematic study of the Linji lu in a western language. Welter places the Linji lu in its historical context, showing how the text was manipulated over time by the Linji faction. Rather than recording the teachings of the illustrious patriarch of legend, the text reflects the motivations of Linji-faction descendants in the Song dynasty (9601279). The story of the Linji lu is not simply the story of one heroic figure, Linji Yixuan, but the story of an entire movement that sought validation through retrospective image making. The success of this effort is seen in Chan's rise to prominence. Drawing on the findings of Japanese scholars, Welter moves beyond the minutiae of textual analysis to place the development of Linji lu within the broader forces shaping the development of the Chinese Records of Sayings literary genre as a whole.

Download  PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Soffer Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis by :

Download or read book written by and published by Soffer Publishing. This book was released on with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

Download International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113443684X
Total Pages : 1399 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature by : Peter Hunt

Download or read book International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature written by Peter Hunt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-08-02 with total page 1399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children's publishing is a huge international industry and there is ever-growing interest from researchers and students in the genre as cultural object of study and tool for education and socialization.

Literature and Literary Theory in Contemporary China

Download Literature and Literary Theory in Contemporary China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317482751
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Literature and Literary Theory in Contemporary China by : Zhang Jiong

Download or read book Literature and Literary Theory in Contemporary China written by Zhang Jiong and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marxism initiated a new era not only for people to fight for socialist future, but also for each discipline of sciences to witness profound changes. In such a context, literature, which has always been closely related to politics, will inevitably move toward a new direction. This book is composed of two parts. Part One studies the development of literary theories in contemporary China from a Marxist perspective. It introduces the basic ideas of Marxist literary theories as well as their spread and development in China, such as the combination of the theories and Chinese revolutionary literature. Moreover, it discusses the challenges facing Marxist literary theories in the 21st century under the background of diversification of literature and art, in terms of theory and practice, and high technologies which brought about electronic writing and digital communication of literary works. The second part elucidates the author’s insights into major issues concerning literary theories (e.g. the relationship between literature and people, literature and reality, perception and rationality in literary creation, etc.) This book will appeal to scholars and students of literary aesthetics and Chinese literary and cultural studies. People who are interested in history of contemporary Chinese literature will also benefit from this book.

The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE)

Download The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199356602
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE) by : Wiebke Denecke

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE) written by Wiebke Denecke and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-21 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume introduces readers to classical Chinese literature from its beginnings (ca. 10th century BCE) to the tenth century CE. It asks basic questions such as: How did reading and writing practices change over these two millennia? How did concepts of literature evolve? What were the factors that shaped literary production and textual transmission? How do traditional bibliographic categories, modern conceptions of genre, and literary theories shape our understanding of classical Chinese literature? What are the recurrent and evolving concerns of writings within the period under purview? What are the dimensions of human experience they address? Why is classical Chinese literature important for our understanding of pre-modern East Asia? How does the transmission of this literature in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam define cultural boundaries? And what, in turn, can we learn from the Chinese-style literatures of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, about Chinese literature? In addressing these questions, the Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature departs from standard literary histories and sourcebooks. It does not simply categorize literary works according to periods, authors, or texts. Its goal is to offer a new conceptual framework for thinking about classical Chinese literature by defining a four-part structure. The first section discusses the basics of literacy and includes topics such as writing systems, manuscript culture, education, and loss and preservation in textual transmission. It is followed by a second section devoted to conceptions of genre, textual organization, and literary signification throughout Chinese history. A third section surveys literary tropes and themes. The final section takes us beyond China to the surrounding cultures that adopted Chinese culture and produced Chinese style writing adapted to their own historical circumstances. The volume is sustained by a dual foci: the recuperation of historical perspectives for the period it surveys and the attempt to draw connections between past and present, demonstrating how the viewpoints and information in this volume yield insights into modern China and east Asia.

Inscribed Objects and the Development of Literature in Early Japan

Download Inscribed Objects and the Development of Literature in Early Japan PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004527788
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Inscribed Objects and the Development of Literature in Early Japan by : Joshua Frydman

Download or read book Inscribed Objects and the Development of Literature in Early Japan written by Joshua Frydman and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-06-26 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The introduction of writing enables new forms of literature, but these can be invisible in works that survive as manuscripts. Through looking at inscriptions of poetry on garbage and as graffiti, we can glimpse how literature spread along with writing. This study uses these lesser-studied sources, including inscriptions on pottery, architecture, and especially wooden tablets known as mokkan, to uncover how poetry, and literature more broadly, was used, shared and thrown away in early Japan. Through looking at these disposable and informal sources, we explore the development of early Japanese literature, and even propose parallels to similar developments in other societies across space and time.

Hong Mai's Record of the Listener and Its Song Dynasty Context

Download Hong Mai's Record of the Listener and Its Song Dynasty Context PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 0791481379
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hong Mai's Record of the Listener and Its Song Dynasty Context by : Alister David Inglis

Download or read book Hong Mai's Record of the Listener and Its Song Dynasty Context written by Alister David Inglis and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 2006-08-17 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2007 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title Song dynasty historian Hong Mai (1123–1202) spent a lifetime on a collection of supernatural accounts, contemporary incidents, poems, and riddles, among other genres, which he entitled Record of the Listener (Yijian zhi). His informants included a wide range of his contemporaries, from scholar-officials to concubines, Buddhist monks, and soldiers, who helped Hong Mai leave one of the most vivid portraits of life and the different classes in China during this period. Originally comprising a massive 420 chapters, only a fraction survived the Mongol ravaging of China in the thirteenth century. The present volume is the first book-length consideration of this important text, which has been an ongoing source of literary and social history. Alister D. Inglis explores fundamental questions surrounding the work and its making, such as theme, genre, authorial intent, the veracity of the accounts, and their circulation in both oral and written form. In addition to a brief outline of Hong Mai's life that incorporates Hong's autobiographical anecdotes, the book includes many intriguing stories translated into English for the first time, including Hong's legendary thirty-one prefaces. Record of the Listener fills the gaps left by official Chinese historians who, unlike Hong Mai, did not comment on women's affairs, ghosts and the paranormal, local crime, human sacrifice, little-known locales, and unofficial biographies.

The Variation Theory of Comparative Literature

Download The Variation Theory of Comparative Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642342779
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Variation Theory of Comparative Literature by : Shunqing Cao

Download or read book The Variation Theory of Comparative Literature written by Shunqing Cao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-21 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seeing the restrictions of former studies in Comparative Literature and aiming to amend these deficiencies, the author of this book mainly discusses the major theoretical significance and academic value of the Variation Theory in the whole process of the development of Comparative Literature in the world. In China the seminal comparative study of literature among different cultures can be dated back to ancient China, while the founding of comparative literature as a distinct academic discipline has to be largely owing to the influence of the West. The modern Chinese study of comparative literature formed its uniqueness under Western influence. The direct influence of the translation of western theories into China is remarkable. However, in the course of translation and reception of Western theories, Chinese comparatists and intellectuals have been encountering various problems, and solving them with an alternative method accordingly different from the traditional methods proposed by the French School and the American School. Therefore, in this book, modern Chinese study of comparative literature is put in a historical context with regard to the theoretical issue of the discipline in China through the entire 20th century. At present, many scholars in China and in other countries agree that, with the influence study proposed by the French School and the study of analogy advocated by the American School, the entire theoretical system of Comparative Literature is well built. However, when the comparative study of literature between East and West is concerned, the theory of Comparative Literature is far from perfect. It is not only because many problems still exist, but there are significant defects in their theoretical bases respectively. Many researches have proven that even with the influence study and the study of analogy, we still can not solve many problems in the practice of studies in comparative literature. This does not mean that we have no respect for the contributions of the French School and the American School; we just want to attach importance to literary variations, which is a phenomenon that has long been neglected. The purpose of putting forward the Variation Theory in Comparative Literature is to provide new perspectives, new methods and new theory to the study of comparative literature, which may be a major breakthrough in the international arena of Comparative Literature. The neglect of literary variation is mainly because all the previous theories about comparative literature start off in search of similarities but not differences. Accordingly, in 1990s heterogeneity as a premise of comparability was put forward. And later, the variation theory was further advanced. It is not only the important phenomenon in literary communication, but also the most valuable research object in Comparative Literature. Still, it will be an important path to cultural innovation. The Variation Theory may make up the major flaws of theories by both French school and the American School since it focus on heterogeneity and variability in cross-cultural literary events, especially the ones of inter-civilization which will be a new course for comparative literature. Throughout the history of literature and the history of literary communication, collisions between different civilizations have always been producing new literary events which make the heterogeneity of different civilizations and variability traceable. The higher stage of literary communication may mean dialogue and blend between different cultures. The overarching concerns of this book include different levels of variation in literary communication and the studies of different objects. The introduction begins with a literature review of major achievements made by the French School and the American School with pointing out what they have neglected. The body of the book is divided into three parts. In the first part, Chapter 1 deals with the major contributions of influence study and its weaknesses. The origination of comparative literature in most of European countries is reviewed first, and then the major contributions of the French School are listed to point out its merits and weaknesses. The author discusses the relation between Influence Study and the Variation Theory and the importance of the French school in theoretical development of comparative literature is stressed too. Chapter 2 offers a critical introduction and reflection on the study of analogy . Both its major contributions and weaknesses are made clear to further illustrate the relationship between interpretation and the Variation Theory. And the discursive variation is discussed. Part II is a transitional part with only one chapter that gives a clear account of phenomenon of variation from international perspective. Part III consists of four chapters. Chapter 4 offers a detailed description of The Variation Theory in cross-languages context. Chapter 5 deals with cross-cultural variation in homogeneous circle of civilization. Chapter 6 discusses the variation among heterogeneous civilization. For a long period of time the theoretical study of comparative literature in China has largely been confined to the Chinese academic arena, thus has long been neglected. On one hand western comparatists have gradually realized the importance of a non-western perspective in the study of the discipline; on the other hand, few books are available to introduce the recent development of comparative literature study in China. Compared with the enthusiastic reception of the theories of the French School and the American School, the theories of Chinese comparatists receives relatively little attention in western countries. In this sense, the proposed book attempts to challenge the myth of monolithic theories of comparative literature, trying to construct an alternative theory of the discipline.