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Lipid Characterization With Time Of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Tof Sims
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Book Synopsis Lipid Characterization with Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) by : Melissa Kathleen Passarelli
Download or read book Lipid Characterization with Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) written by Melissa Kathleen Passarelli and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigating Lipid Heterogeneity in Single Cells Using Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry by : Paul D. Piehowski
Download or read book Investigating Lipid Heterogeneity in Single Cells Using Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry written by Paul D. Piehowski and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) can be utilized to map the spatial distribution of small molecules on a surface with potentially submicron resolution. Due to the inherent characteristics of this technique and its potential to provide higher spatial resolution than light microscopy based techniques without the use of chemical labels, it has been utilized to study the distribution of phospholipid species in the cell membrane. It is now known that many cell membranes contain transient compositional heterogeneities, colloquially referred to as domains, which participate in vital physiological processes such as exocytosis and signal transduction. Because of their size and lifetime, much remains unknown about the nature of these heterogeneities. ToF-SIMS imaging combined with cryogenic sample preparation techniques is a promising analytical platform poised to contribute greatly to this growing field of study. Sample preparation is crucial to obtaining quality lipid distribution maps, especially when dealing with single biological cells. To achieve this end the Winograd and Ewing groups have developed a freeze-fracture methodology adapted from cryo-SEM studies. Freeze-etching, the practice of removing excess surface water from a sample through sublimation into the vacuum of the analysis environment, has also been extensively used in conjunction with electron microscopy. This technique has been applied to ToF-SIMS imaging of cryogenically preserved single cells. By removing the excess water which condenses onto the sample in vacuo, a uniform surface is produced that is ideal for imaging by static SIMS. I demonstrate that the conditions employed to remove deposited water do not adversely affect cell morphology and do not redistribute molecules in the topmost surface layers. In addition, I found that water can be controllably re-deposited onto the sample at temperatures below -100° C in vacuum. The re-deposited water increases the ionization of characteristic fragments of biologically interesting molecules 2-fold without loss of spatial resolution. The utilization of freeze-etch methodology will increase the reliability of cryogenic sample preparations for SIMS analysis by providing greater control of the surface environment. Using these procedures, high quality spectra with both atomic bombardment as well as C60+ cluster ion bombardment, have been obtained. To date, many cell imaging studies have concentrated on phosphatidylcholine distributions, owing to its abundance and high ionization efficiency. However, cholesterol is a particularly interesting molecule due to its involvement in numerous biological processes. For many studies, the effectiveness of chemical mapping is limited by low signal intensity from various bio-molecules. Due to the high energy nature of the SIMS ionization process, many molecules are identified by detection of characteristic fragments. Commonly, fragments of a molecule are identified using standard samples, and those fragments are used to map the location of the molecule. MS/MS data obtained from a prototype C60+/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used in conjunction with indium LMIG imaging to map previously unrecognized cholesterol fragments in single cells. A model system of J774 macrophages doped with cholesterol was used to show that these fragments are derived from cholesterol in cell imaging experiments. Examination of relative quantification experiments reveals that m/z 147 is the most specific diagnostic fragment and offers a 3-fold signal enhancement. These findings greatly increase the prospects for cholesterol mapping experiments in biological samples, particularly with single cell experiments. In addition, these findings demonstrate the wealth of information that is hidden in the traditional ToF-SIMS spectrum. In order for this technique to provide insight into biological processes, it is critical to characterize the figures of merit. Because a SIMS instrument counts individual events, the precision of the measurement is controlled by counting statistics. As the analysis area decreases, the number of molecules available for analysis diminishes. This becomes critical when imaging sub-cellular features; it limits the information obtainable, resulting in images with only a few counts of interest per pixel. Many features observed in low intensity images are artifacts of counting statistics, making validation of these features crucial to arriving at accurate conclusions. With ToF-SIMS imaging, the experimentally attainable spatial resolution is a function of the molecule of interest, sample matrix, concentration, primary ion, instrument transmission, and spot size of the primary ion beam. A model, based on Poisson statistics, has been developed to validate SIMS imaging data when signal is limited. This model can be used to estimate the effective spatial resolution and limits of detection prior to analysis, making it a powerful tool for tailoring future investigations. In addition, the model allows for pixel-to-pixel intensity comparisons and can be used to validate the significance of observed image features. The implications and capabilities of the model are demonstrated here by imaging the cell membrane of resting RBL-2H3 mast cells. Mass spectrometry imaging has been used to demonstrate that changes in membrane structure drive lipid domain formation in mating single-cell organisms. Chemical studies of lipid bilayers in both living and model systems have revealed that chemical composition is coupled to localized membrane structure. However, it is not clear if the lipids that compose the membrane actively modify membrane structure or if structural changes cause heterogeneity in the surface chemistry of the lipid bilayer. ToF-SIMS images of mating Tetrahymena thermophila, acquired at various stages during mating, can be used to demonstrate that lipid domain formation follows rather than precedes structural changes in the membrane. Domains are formed in response to structural changes that occur during cell-to-cell conjugation. This observation has wide implications in all membrane processes. There is considerable interest in the unique properties of cluster ion projectiles and investigations of how they may be utilized to improve biological imaging. A C60+ cluster ion projectile was employed for sputter cleaning biological surfaces to reveal spatio-chemical information obscured by contamination overlayers. This protocol is used as a supplemental sample preparation method for time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging of frozen and freeze dried biological materials. Following the removal of nanometers of material from the surface using sputter cleaning; a frozen-patterned cholesterol film and a freeze-dried tissue sample were analyzed using ToF-SIMS imaging. In both experiments, the chemical information was maintained after the sputter dose, due to the minimal chemical damage caused by C60+ bombardment. The damage to the surface produced by freeze-drying the tissue sample was found to have a greater effect on the loss of cholesterol signal than the sputter-induced damage. In addition to maintaining the chemical information, sputtering is not found to alter the spatial distribution of molecules on the surface. This approach removes artifacts that may obscure the surface chemistry of the sample and are common to many biological sample preparation schemes for ToF-SIMS imaging. In general, out results show that by removing these artifacts, the number of analyzable samples for SIMS imaging is greatly expanded. Although imaging with sub-cellular spatial resolution has been demonstrated, it is clear that the success of future experiments is limited by the ionization efficiency of the lipids, as well as limitations imposed by a coaxial ToF geometry. Considerable work has been done in the lab, to address these limitations. This effort has resulted in the development of a hybrid quadrupole orthogonal ToF instrument equipped with a C60+ primary ion source. The capabilities and potential of this new platform will greatly increase the contributions of SIMS to the biological sciences.
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and its Application to Materials Science by : Sarah Fearn
Download or read book An Introduction to Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and its Application to Materials Science written by Sarah Fearn and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2015-10-16 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the application of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for high-resolution surface analysis and characterization of materials. While providing a brief overview of the principles of SIMS, it also provides examples of how dual-beam ToF-SIMS is used to investigate a range of materials systems and properties. Over the years, SIMS instrumentation has dramatically changed since the earliest secondary ion mass spectrometers were first developed. Instruments were once dedicated to either the depth profiling of materials using high-ion-beam currents to analyse near surface to bulk regions of materials (dynamic SIMS), or time-of-flight instruments that produced complex mass spectra of the very outer-most surface of samples, using very low-beam currents (static SIMS). Now, with the development of dual-beam instruments these two very distinct fields now overlap.
Book Synopsis Development and Application of Methods for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids Across Biological Surfaces by : Michael Edward Kurczy
Download or read book Development and Application of Methods for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids Across Biological Surfaces written by Michael Edward Kurczy and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometric (ToF-SIMS) imaging is a powerful bioanalytical tool with the ability to produce molecular images of samples with submicron spatial resolution without the use of labels. In this thesis I will present the development of ToF-SIMS imaging methodology for biological analyses as well as applications that have yielded information about the role of lipids in membrane organization. In the first chapter, I introduce the plasma membrane and describe its fundamental role in maintaining life through the dynamic remodeling of its structure. I focus on two concepts that are believed to influence the localized chemical make up and structure of the membrane, intrinsic curvature and lipid domains. ToF-SIMS imaging is briefly described and a discussion of cluster ion bombardment and sample preparation is included. The chapter concludes with a survey of several important biological studies that have come out of the SIMS community. In Chapter 2 I report a protocol for the use of SIMS imaging to comparatively quantify the relative difference in cholesterol level between the plasma membranes of two cells. This development enables direct comparison of the chemical effects of different drug treatments and incubation conditions in the plasma membrane at the single-cell level. Relative, quantitative ToF-SIMS imaging was used to compare macrophage cells treated to contain elevated levels of cholesterol with respect to control cells. In-situ fluorescence microscopy with two different membrane dyes was used to discriminate morphologically similar but differentially treated cells prior to SIMS analysis. SIMS images of fluorescently identified cells reveal that the two populations of cells have distinct outer leaflet membrane compositions with the membranes of the cholesterol-treated macrophages containing more than twice the amount of cholesterol of control macrophages. Relative quantification with SIMS to compare the chemical composition of single-cells can provide valuable information about normal biological functions, causative agents of diseases, and possible therapies for diseases. Chapter 3 investigates prospects for three-dimensional SIMS analysis of biological materials using model multilayer structures and single cells. The samples were analyzed in a ToF-SIMS spectrometer equipped with a 20 and a 40 keV buckminsterfullerene (C60+) ion source. Specifically, molecular depth profile studies involving dehydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) organic films indicate that cell membrane lipid materials do not experience significant chemical damage when bombarded with C60+ ion fluences greater than 1015 ions/cm2. Moreover, depth profile analyses of DPPC?sucrose frozen multilayer structures suggest that biomolecule information can be uncovered after the C60+ sputter removal of a 20 nm overlayer with no appreciable loss of underlying molecular signal. The resulting depth information was used to characterize C60+ bombardment of biological materials. This information was used to controllably remove the plasma membrane of a single macrophage cell using a molecular depth profile approach allowing the analysis of the chemistry of the cytoplasm. Two methods that were developed to increase the reproducibility of biological SIMS analysis are covered in Chapter 4. First I demonstrate the utility of the C60+ cluster ion projectile for sputter cleaning biological surfaces to reveal obscured spatio-chemical information. Following the removal of nanometers of material from the surface using sputter cleaning; a frozen-patterned cholesterol film and a freeze-dried tissue sample were analyzed using ToF-SIMS imaging. In both experiments the chemical information was maintained after the sputter dose, due to the minimal chemical damage caused by C60+ bombardment. In fact, the damage to the surface produced by freeze-drying the tissue sample was found to have a greater effect on the loss of cholesterol signal than the sputter-induced damage. In addition to maintaining the chemical information, sputtering did not alter the spatial distribution of the surface chemistry. This approach removes artifacts that are common to many biological sample preparation schemes for ToF-SIMS imaging. Removing these artifacts, which may obscure the surface chemistry of the sample, will increase the number of analyzable samples for SIMS imaging. The second method covered in Chapter 4 is freeze-etching, the practice of removing excess surface water from a sample through sublimation into the vacuum of the analysis environment. This method was used to cryogenically preserve single cells for ToF-SIMS imaging analysis. By removing the excess water, which condenses onto the sample in vacuo, a uniform surface is produced that is ideal for imaging by static SIMS. I demonstrate that the conditions employed to remove deposited water do not adversely affect cell morphology and do not redistribute molecules in the top most surface layers. In addition, I found water could be controllably re-deposited onto the sample at temperatures below -100 oC in vacuum. The re-deposited water increases the ionization of characteristic fragments of biologically interesting molecules 2-fold without loss of spatial resolution. The utilization of freeze-etch methodology will increase the reliability of cryogenic sample preparations for SIMS analysis by providing greater control of the surface environment. Using these procedures we have obtained high quality images and spectra with both atomic bombardment as well as C60+ cluster ion bombardment. Sample handling is also the topic of Chapter 5. It this chapter, I describe a device which has been designed to prepare frozen, hydrated single cell cultures with a freeze fracture methodology for ToF-SIMS analysis in an ION-TOF (GmbH) TOF-SIMS IV mass spectrometer. The device reproducibly produces frozen hydrated sample surfaces for SIMS analysis. I show that SIMS analysis with the Bi32+ produces high-resolution molecular images of single PC12 cells in an ice matrix. I also show that the combination of ionization enhancements that are provided by both the ice matrix and the cluster ion source facilitates the localization of lipid ions that have not been localized in these cells previously. Namely, two fragments of phosphatidlyethanolamine (m/z 124 and m/z 142) and a large fragment of phosphatidylcholine (m/z 224). The ability to localize and measure these ions will increase the number of question that SIMS imaging can be used to answer. In Chapter 6 ToF-SIMS imaging was used to demonstrate that lipid domain formation in mating single-cell organisms is driven by changes in membrane structure. Studies of lipid bilayers in both living and model systems have revealed that lipid composition is coupled to localized membrane structure. However, it is still not clear if the lipids that compose the membrane actively modify membrane structure or if it is structural changes that cause lipid heterogeneity. I report that time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry images of mating Tetrahymena thermophila acquired before, during and after mating demonstrate that lipid domain formation, identified as a decrease in the lamellar lipid phosphatidylcholine, does not precede structural changes in the membrane. Rather, domains are formed in response to function during cell-to-cell conjugation. ToF-SIMS imaging has been used to collect information with wide implications in all membrane processes. The work presented here is the continuation of a project aimed at chemically characterizing biological samples with spatially resolved mass spectra, with a particular focus on single cell imaging. Much of the work I have done has centered on understanding the capability of current technology and using this understanding to solve a particular problem. This work is vital to keeping SIMS in the biological realm but the development of new technology is the ultimate future for these experiments by increasing the number of tools that the experimenter has to choose from. In Chapter 7 discuss two ongoing projects that I think will lead to the next break through bringing us closer to realizing the goal of this project: a complete chemical map of a single cell.
Book Synopsis Visualisation and Profiling of Lipids in Single Biological Cells Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry by : Hua Tian
Download or read book Visualisation and Profiling of Lipids in Single Biological Cells Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry written by Hua Tian and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry as a Tool to Evaluate Chemical Composition Within Model and Cellular Membranes by : Christopher R. Anderton
Download or read book Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry as a Tool to Evaluate Chemical Composition Within Model and Cellular Membranes written by Christopher R. Anderton and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing tools to elucidate the chemical distribution of lipid components within the eukaryotic cellular membrane is critical to understanding their role in many cell processes. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique that offers both chemical and spatial specificity, and has become popularized over the last decade for analyzing model and native cellular membranes. Herein, this thesis describes the use and development of SIMS for such samples. By employing high-resolution SIMS, performed on a Cameca NanoSIMS 50, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) the influence of cholesterol on the phase behavior of supported lipid membranes containing saturated phosphatidylcholine lipid species was studied. While the NanoSIMS 50 afforded unprecedented lateral resolution on the chemical distribution of these model membranes, it was achieved at the cost of employing stable-isotope labels for component identification. Time-of-flight SIMS (TOF-SIMS), on the other hand, is a molecular imaging technique that does not require the use of labeled species. However, the ability to image characteristic lipid fragments (i.e. lipid headgroups, etc.) at lateral resolutions comparable to the NanoSIMS 50 is challenging. Furthermore, many of the characteristic fragments are common between structurally similar lipids, such as different phosphatidylcholine species, making discrimination between these species difficult. This challenge was overcome by developing a multivariate analysis (MVA) method, called principal component analysis (PCA), for evaluating the TOF-SIMS spectra of these samples. As a result, the ability to image and identify saturated phosphatidylcholine lipids that differ only in chain length within phase-separated membranes was achieved and could be registered to the corresponding AFM image. By performing PCA to compare TOF-SIMS spectra of labeled and unlabeled species, the molecular ion peaks that are associated with these phosphatidylcholine lipids were identified. These known ion peaks were then used to optimize PCA for TOF-SIMS imaging of phase-separated supported lipid membranes to attain a greater lateral characterization of these samples. The ability to gain quantitative information from TOF-SIMS analysis of homogenous supported lipid membranes was made possible by performing partial least squares regression (PLSR) on the resulting mass spectrum. Here, calibration samples were modeled, and then used to quantitatively predict the content of unknown membrane samples. Lastly, a TOF-SIMS MVA approach was utilized to evaluate native cellular membranes with the goals of differentiating between cell types, and in a separate project, identify the binding of vascular endothelial growth factors to human endothelial cells.
Book Synopsis Chemical Analysis of Cells and Tissues with Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry by : Michael A. Robinson
Download or read book Chemical Analysis of Cells and Tissues with Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry written by Michael A. Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work the chemical analysis of biological cells and tissues with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was explored. ToF-SIMS has the ability to obtain a mass spectrum with submicron spatial resolution for imaging and is extremely surface sensitive. ToF-SIMS for biological sample analysis is still an emerging field, so the development and characterization of novel sample preparation and analysis methods is key to acquiring useable information. In this work, three different methods to prepare NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were investigated: chemically fixed, freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated. Chemical fixation followed by rinsing removed a majority of intracellular Cl-, improving the secondary ion yields of all organic positively charged secondary ions an average of 2.6x. Damage cross sections were reduced during frozen-hydrated analysis, improving the secondary ion yields of higher mass organic fragments. In a separate experiment, accurate 3D reconstructions of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were produced. A simple z-correction was applied to the data cube, and the biggest assumption for that correction was validated. An intracellular lipid-rich region surrounding the nucleus was visualized. ToF-SIMS applied to two different breast cancer systems. In the first, eight human breast cancer cell lines were distinguished from one another using mass spectra and principal component analysis (PCA). Not only was PCA to distinguish the cell lines form one another, it also highlighted the largest sources of variance between the cells. Phosphocholine, fatty acids, cholesterol and diacylglycerols (DAGs) were identified as key peaks. The identification of these species indicate that differences in lipid metabolism play an important role in separating the cell types from one another. Breast cancer tumor tissues were also investigated. Data from four tumors was collected. PCA applied to the spectra distinguished the four tissues from one another. Imaging PCA determined the largest sources of variance within an analysis area. Structures were identified by PCA that matched structures observed in serial-sectioned, conventionally-stained slices, and other domains that were not visible in the conventionally-stained slices. As with the breast cancer cell lines, phosphocholine, fatty acids, DAGs, cholesterol and vitamin were found to be large sources of variance, indicating lipid metabolism plays in important role in tumor differentiation.
Download or read book ToF-SIMS written by J. C. Vickerman and published by IM Publications. This book was released on 2013 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is the most versatile of the surface analysis techniques that have been developed during the last 30 years. This is the Second Edition of the first book ToF-SIMS: Surface analysis by Mass Spectrometry to be dedicated to the subject and the treatment is comprehensive
Book Synopsis Identification and Imaging Different Lipid Species Within Phase-separated Model Membranes by Integration of TOF-SIMS and Principal Component Analysis by : Bita Vaezian
Download or read book Identification and Imaging Different Lipid Species Within Phase-separated Model Membranes by Integration of TOF-SIMS and Principal Component Analysis written by Bita Vaezian and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) enables chemically imaging the distributions of various lipid species in model membranes. However, discriminating the TOF-SIMS spectra of structurally similar lipids is very difficult because the low mass fragment ions that are abundant in the spectra are common to multiple lipid species. Here we demonstrate that principal component analysis (PCA) can discriminate the TOF-SIMS spectra of four unlabeled saturated phosphatidylcholine species, 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), according to variations in the relative intensities of their fragment ions. PCA of TOF-SIMS spectra acquired slightly above the static limit enabled imaging the distributions of these phosphatidylcholine species in phase-separated membranes composed of DLPC/DSPC and DLPC/DPPC with higher contrast and specificity than that in the individual TOF-SIMS ion images. Comparison to atomic force microscopy images that were acquired at the same membrane location prior to TOF-SIMS analysis confirmed that the PC scores images reveal the sizes and shapes of the phase-separated membrane domains. The lipid composition within these domains was identified by projection of their TOF-SIMS spectra onto PC models developed using pure lipid standards. This approach may enable the routine chemical imaging of more complex membranes. The feasibility of detecting and imaging membrane glycans using TOF-SIMS has also been investigated. Glycans are complex carbohydrates attached to lipids and proteins on the surface of animal cells. Since changes in glycosylation are correlated with tumor invasion and cancer metastasis, knowledge of glycan structures and locations on individual cells is required to determine their normal and disease-related functions. Here we combined PCA with matrix-enhanced SIMS (ME-SIMS), which is the combination of MALDI sample preparation with TOF-SIMS analysis, for the goal of identifying spectral features that encode for glycan composition. We demonstrate that ME-SIMS can increase the efficiency of ionization of glycosphingolipids, such as galactosyceramide (GalCer) and glucosylceramide (GlcCer), and PCA of the resulting spectra enables distinguishing and identifying these components according to combinations of mass spectral peaks that are characteristic to each component.
Download or read book Lipidomics written by Xianlin Han and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-05-02 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the area of lipidomics from fundamentals and theory to applications Presents a balanced discussion of the fundamentals, theory, experimental methods and applications of lipidomics Covers different characterizations of lipids including Glycerophospholipids; Sphingolipids; Glycerolipids and Glycolipids; and Fatty Acids and Modified Fatty Acids Includes a section on quantification of Lipids in Lipidomics such as sample preparation; factors affecting accurate quantification; and data processing and interpretation Details applications of Lipidomics Tools including for Health and Disease; Plant Lipidomics; and Lipidomics on Cellular Membranes
Book Synopsis Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry by : J. C. Vickerman
Download or read book Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry written by J. C. Vickerman and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1989 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the phenomenology, technology and application of secondary ion mass spectrometry as a technique for materials analysis. This approach is developing into one of the most effective methods of characterizing the composition and chemical state of the surface and sub-surface layers of solid materials. The first three chapters introduce the basic physical and chemical principles involved and the theories which have been proposed to explain the process. Subsequent chapters describe the instrumental components of the SIMS apparatus, the use of SIMS as an analytical tool, and the development of the techniques of sputtered neutral mass spectrometry and laser microprobe and plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Many practical examples are featured to illustrate the application of SIMS to real problems, possible pitfalls are pointed out, and data of use to analysts are collected in appendices. The book is a practical guide suitable for scientists in all fields who wish to use this valuable analytical technique.
Book Synopsis Surface Science and Adhesion in Cosmetics by : K. L. Mittal
Download or read book Surface Science and Adhesion in Cosmetics written by K. L. Mittal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Activity in the arena of surface chemistry and adhesion aspects in cosmetics is substantial, but the information is scattered in many diverse publications media and no book exists which discusses surface chemistry and adhesion in cosmetics in unified manner. This book containing 15 chapters written by eminent researchers from academia and industry is divided into three parts: Part 1: General Topics; Part 2: Surface Chemistry Aspects; and Part 3: Wetting and Adhesion Aspects. The topics covered include: Lip biophysical properties and characterization; use of advanced silicone materials in long-lasting cosmetics; non-aqueous dispersions of acrylate copolymers in lipsticks; cosmetic oils in Lipstick structure; chemical structure of the hair surface, surface forces and interactions; AFM for hair surface characterization; application of AFM in characterizing hair, skin and cosmetic deposition; SIMS as a surface analysis method for hair, skin and cosmetics; surface tensiometry approach to characterize cosmetic products; spreading of hairsprays on hair; color transfer from long-wear face foundation products; interaction of polyelectrolytes and surfactants on hair surfaces; cosmetic adhesion to facial skin; and adhesion aspects in semi-permanent mascara; lipstick adhesion measurement.
Book Synopsis Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Lipids by : Robert C Murphy
Download or read book Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Lipids written by Robert C Murphy and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2014-12-15 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emerging field of lipidomics has been made possible because of advances in mass spectrometry, and in particular tandem mass spectrometry of lipid ions generated by electrospray ionization. The ability to carry out basic biochemical studies of lipids using electrospray ionization is predicated upon understanding the behaviour of lipid derived ions following collision induced decomposition and mechanisms of product ion formation. During the past 20 years, a wealth of information has been generated about lipid molecules that are now analysed by mass spectrometry, however there is no central source where one can obtain basic information about how these very diverse biomolecules behave following collisional activation. This book will bring together, in one volume, this information so that investigators considering using tandem mass spectrometry to structurally characterize lipids or to quantitate their occurrence in a biological matrix, will have a convenient source to review mechanism of decomposition reactions related to the diversity of lipid structures. A separate chapter is devoted to each of seven major lipid classes including fatty acids, eicosanoids and bioactive lipid mediators, fatty acyl esters and amides, glycerol esters, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and steroids. Mechanistic details are provided for understanding the pathways of formation of major product ions and ions used for structural characterization. In most cases specific ancillary information has been critical to understand the pathways, including isotope labeling and high resolution analysis of precursor and product ions. For a few specific examples such data is missing and pathways are proposed as a means to initiate further mass spectral experiments to prove or disprove pathway hypotheses. While this work largely centres on the lipid biochemistry of animal (mammalian) systems, general principles can be taken from the specific examples and applied to lipid biochemistry found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes and archeal organisms.
Download or read book Lipid Analysis written by W. W. Christie and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-01-10 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This well-known and highly successful book was first published in 1973 and has been completely re-written in subsequent editions (published in 1982 and 2003). This new Fourth Edition has become necessary because of the pace of developments in mass spectrometry of intact lipids, which has given recognition of lipid analysis and ‘lipidomics’ as a distinct science. To bring the book up to date with these developments, author William W. Christie is joined by co-author Xianlin Han. Although devoting considerable space to mass spectrometry and lipidomics, Lipid analysis remains a practical guide, in one volume, to the complexities of the analysis of lipids. As in past editions, it is designed to act as a primary source, of value at the laboratory bench rather than residing on a library shelf. Lipid analysis deals with the isolation, separation, identification and structural analysis of glycerolipids, including triacylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and the various hydrolysis products of these. The chapters follow a logical sequence from the extraction of lipids to the isolation and characterization of particular lipid classes and of molecular species of each, and to the mass spectrometric analysis of lipids and lipidomics. The new influence of mass spectrometry is due mainly to the development of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Most emphasis in this book is placed on ESI, which is enabling structural characterization of different lipid classes and the identification of novel lipids and their molecular species.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Biological Membranes by : Mu-Ping Nieh
Download or read book Characterization of Biological Membranes written by Mu-Ping Nieh and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-07-22 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of membranes has become of high importance in the fields of biology, pharmaceutical chemistry and medicine, since much of what happens in a cell or in a virus involves biological membranes. The current book is an excellent introduction to the area, which explains how modern analytical methods can be applied to study biological membranes and membrane proteins and the bioprocesses they are involved to.
Book Synopsis Lipidomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis by :
Download or read book Lipidomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-11-26 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume in the well-established Methods in Enzymology series features methods for the study of lipids using mass spectrometry techniques. Articles in this volume cover topics such as Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Assessment of Changes in Neutral Glycerol Lipid Molecular Species within Cells; Glycerophospholipid identification and quantitation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; Detection and Quantitation of Eicosanoids via High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry; Structure-specific, quantitative methods for "lipidomic" analysis of sphingolipids by tandem mass spectrometry; Analysis of Ubiquinones, Dolichols and Dolichol Diphosphate-Oligosaccharides by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry; Extraction and Analysis of Sterols in Biological Matrices by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry; The Lipid Maps Initiative in Lipidomics; Basic analytical systems for lipidomics by mass spectrometry in Japan; The European Lipidomics Initiative Enabling technologies; Lipidomic analysis of Signaling Pathways; Bioinformatics for Lipidomics; Mediator Lipidomics: Search Algorithms for Eicosanoids, Resolvins and Protectins; A guide to biochemical systems modeling of sphingolipids for the biochemist; and Quantitation and Standardization of Lipid Internal Standards for Mass Spectroscopy.
Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometry for Lipidomics by : Michal Holcapek
Download or read book Mass Spectrometry for Lipidomics written by Michal Holcapek and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-03-07 with total page 897 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mass Spectrometry for Lipidomics All-in-one guide to successful lipidomic analysis, combining the latest advances and best practices from academia, industry, and clinical research Mass Spectrometry for Lipidomics presents a systematic overview of lipidomic analysis, covering established standards of lipid analysis, available technology, and key lipid classes, as well as applications in basic research, medicine, pharma, and the food industry. Through connecting recent technological advances with key application areas, this unique guide bridges the gap between academia and industry by translating the vast body of knowledge that has been gained in the past decade into much-needed practical advice for novices as well as routine users. Edited by the president and vice-president of the International Lipidomics Society with contributions from the top experts in lipid analysis, Mass Spectrometry for Lipidomics covers a wide range of key topics, including: Aspects of sample preparation, separation methods, different mass spectrometry modes, as well as identification and quantitation, including the use of bioinformatics tools for data analysis Identification, quantitation and profiling of lipids in different types of biological samples Analytical approaches for all major classes of biological lipids, from fatty acids to phospholipids to sterols Novel applications in biological research, clinical diagnostics, as well as food and crop science For analytical chemists, biochemists, clinical chemists, and analytical laboratories and hospitals, Mass Spectrometry for Lipidomics presents a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the subject, with unmatched expertise from practicing professionals actively involved in the latest research.
