Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Life Cycle Climate Performance Assessment For R1234yf As A Low Gwp Drop In Alternative For R134a In Domestic Refrigerators
Download Life Cycle Climate Performance Assessment For R1234yf As A Low Gwp Drop In Alternative For R134a In Domestic Refrigerators full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Life Cycle Climate Performance Assessment For R1234yf As A Low Gwp Drop In Alternative For R134a In Domestic Refrigerators ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Life Cycle Climate Performance Assessment for R1234yf As a Low GWP Drop-In Alternative for R134a in Domestic Refrigerators by : Mohamed Ragab Senosey Khaled Zain
Download or read book Life Cycle Climate Performance Assessment for R1234yf As a Low GWP Drop-In Alternative for R134a in Domestic Refrigerators written by Mohamed Ragab Senosey Khaled Zain and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Aligning with the global movements towards mitigating CO2 emissions and regulations to phase out HFC refrigerants, many low GWP refrigerants are being tested and proposed as fourth-generation refrigerants. R1234yf is a refrigerant with a GWP of less than one and has a high potential to replace R134a, which has a GWP of 1300, and it is the most commonly used refrigerant in domestic refrigerators. In this study, an energy performance evaluation and a life cycle climate performance assessment for R1234yf were conducted and compared to those of R134a based on a baseline domestic defrost refrigerators. Four different charges of R1234yf (166.5g, 185g, 202g, and 221g) were tested on three thermostat points (low, medium, and high) and compared with the recommended manufacturer charge of R134a. This study ended up with R1234yf can reduce daily energy consumption by 5 to 2% depending on the thermostat setting. Also, the R1234yf charge optimization to the lowest life cycle CO2 emissions shows that reducing the charge from the baseline value of 185g to 166.5g proves to be the best option. In addition, all R1234yf charges achieved lower evaporation temperature than R134a at all thermostat settings. Also, R1234yf charges were able to achieve similar freezer and refrigerator air temperatures to that of R134a.
Book Synopsis Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids by : Alina Adriana Minea
Download or read book Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids written by Alina Adriana Minea and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heat transfer enhancement has seen rapid development and widespread use in both conventional and emerging technologies. Improvement of heat transfer fluids requires a balance between experimental and numerical work in nanofluids and new refrigerants. Recognizing the uncertainties in development of new heat transfer fluids, Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids: From Numerical to Experimental Techniques contains both theoretical and practical coverage.
Book Synopsis Experimental Performance of R-1234yf and R-1234ze as Drop-in Replacements for R-134a in Domestic Refrigerators by :
Download or read book Experimental Performance of R-1234yf and R-1234ze as Drop-in Replacements for R-134a in Domestic Refrigerators written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerns about anthropogenic climate change have generated an interest in low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and have spawned policies and regulations that encourage the transition to low GWP refrigerants. Recent research has largely focused on hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), including R-1234yf (GWP = 4) as a replacement for R-134a (GWP = 1430) in automotive air-conditioning applications. While R-1234yf and R-1234ze (GWP = 6) have been investigated theoretically as a replacements for R-134a in domestic refrigeration, there is a lack of experimental evidence. This paper gives experimental performance data for R-1234yf and R-1234ze as drop-in replacements for R134a in two household refrigerators one baseline and one advanced technology. An experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare the performance of R-134a to R-1234yf and R-1234ze, using AHAM standard HRF-1 to evaluate energy consumption. These refrigerants were tested as drop-in replacements, with no performance enhancing modifications to the refrigerators. In Refrigerator 1 and 2, R-1234yf had 2.7% and 1.3% higher energy consumption than R-134a, respectively. This indicates that R-1234yf is a suitable drop-in replacement for R-134a in domestic refrigeration applications. In Refrigerator 1 and 2, R-1234ze had 16% and 5.4% lower energy consumption than R-134a, respectively. In order to replace R-134a with R-1234ze in domestic refrigerators the lower capacity would need to be addressed, thus R-1234ze might not be suitable for drop-in replacement.
Book Synopsis Drop in Replacement of R134a with R1234yf in Domestic Refrigerator by : Jeet Patel
Download or read book Drop in Replacement of R134a with R1234yf in Domestic Refrigerator written by Jeet Patel and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis 8th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems by : City University London
Download or read book 8th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems written by City University London and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the papers from the 2013 International Conference on Compressors and Their Systems, held from 9-10 September at City University London. The long-running conference series is the ultimate global forum for reviewing the latest developments and novel approaches in compressor research. High-quality technical papers are sourced from around the globe, covering technology development, operation, maintenance and reliability, safety and environmental impact, energy efficiency and carbon footprint, system integration and behaviour, upgrades and refurbishment, design and manufacture, education and professional development. All the papers are previously unpublished and constitute leading edge research. Presents leading edge developments in compressor technology Gives the latest prediction and modelling techniques Details the new technology and machinery
Book Synopsis Refrigeration Systems and Applications by : Ibrahim Din¿er
Download or read book Refrigeration Systems and Applications written by Ibrahim Din¿er and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-23 with total page 990 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author’s pioneering research. Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well as chemistry. Its wide-ranging applications mean that the industry plays a key role in national and international economies. And it continues to be an area of active research, much of it focusing on making the technology as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible without compromising cost efficiency and effectiveness. This substantially updated and revised edition of the classic text/reference now features two new chapters devoted to renewable-energy-based integrated refrigeration systems and environmental impact/sustainability assessment. All examples and chapter-end problems have been updated as have conversion factors and the thermophysical properties of an array of materials. Provides a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and the practical applications of refrigeration technologies Examines fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, refrigerants, as well as energy and exergy analyses and energy and exergy based performance assessment criteria and approaches Introduces environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability evaluation of refrigeration systems and applications Covers basic and advanced (and hence integrated) refrigeration cycles and systems, as well as a range of novel applications Discusses crucial industrial, technical and operational problems, as well as new performance improvement techniques and tools for better design and analysis Features clear explanations, numerous chapter-end problems and worked-out examples Refrigeration Systems and Applications, Third Edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines.
Book Synopsis Refrigeration units in marine vessels by : Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner
Download or read book Refrigeration units in marine vessels written by Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fishing vessels can be equipped with energy efficient refrigeration technology applying natural working fluids. Ammonia refrigeration systems have been the first choice, but CO2 units have also become increasingly common in the maritime sector in the last few years. When retrofitting or implementing CO2 refrigeration plants, less space on board is required and such units allow good service and maintenance. Nowadays, cruise ship owners prefer CO2 units for the provision refrigeration plants.Ship owners, responsible for the health and safety of the crew and passengers, must carefully evaluate the usage of flammable low GWP working fluids, due to a high risk that toxic decomposition products are formed, even without the presence of an open flame. Suggestions for further work include a Nordic Technology Hub for global marine refrigeration R&D and development support for key components.
Book Synopsis Development of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerant Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using a Life Cycle Climate Performance Design Tool by :
Download or read book Development of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerant Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using a Life Cycle Climate Performance Design Tool written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commercial refrigeration systems are known to be prone to high leak rates and to consume large amounts of electricity. As such, direct emissions related to refrigerant leakage and indirect emissions resulting from primary energy consumption contribute greatly to their Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP). In this paper, an LCCP design tool is used to evaluate the performance of a typical commercial refrigeration system with alternative refrigerants and minor system modifications to provide lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerant solutions with improved LCCP compared to baseline systems. The LCCP design tool accounts for system performance, ambient temperature, and system load; system performance is evaluated using a validated vapor compression system simulation tool while ambient temperature and system load are devised from a widely used building energy modeling tool (EnergyPlus). The LCCP design tool also accounts for the change in hourly electricity emission rate to yield an accurate prediction of indirect emissions. The analysis shows that conventional commercial refrigeration system life cycle emissions are largely due to direct emissions associated with refrigerant leaks and that system efficiency plays a smaller role in the LCCP. However, as a transition occurs to low GWP refrigerants, the indirect emissions become more relevant. Low GWP refrigerants may not be suitable for drop-in replacements in conventional commercial refrigeration systems; however some mixtures may be introduced as transitional drop-in replacements. These transitional refrigerants have a significantly lower GWP than baseline refrigerants and as such, improved LCCP. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the tradeoffs between refrigerant GWP, efficiency and capacity.
Book Synopsis The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co-Products and Byproducts by : Robert U. Ayres
Download or read book The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co-Products and Byproducts written by Robert U. Ayres and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achieving the goals and objectives of sustainable development requires better information about the consequences of proposed actions. Partial information accounts for many failed efforts in the past. The financial implications for the proponent of the projects have often been more thoroughly analyzed than the implications for other actors. The impacts on biological diversity, or on the social fabric of local communities, have often been ignored. Decisi- makers may also focus more on the short-term consequences instead of long- term impacts, creating negative unintended consequences. It is clear that better decision-making processes are needed. Making better decisions requires identifying, obtaining, synthesizing and acting on larger and more diverse data sets, including information that has previously been overlooked in development decisions. The good news is that better processes are being developed and are becoming available. If the goal is to reach decisions that are broadly understood and accepted, affected communities need to be consulted. Early public participation in defining problems is a prerequisite to effective decision-making. There is no universal formula or checklist of information applicable to every proposed project. The scope of information required should not be determined from the start by small cadres of experts. It is unlikely that any individual or small group processes all of the expertise to achieve the kind of profound int- disciplinary synthesis that is needed.
Book Synopsis Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps by : Fabio Polonara
Download or read book Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps written by Fabio Polonara and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps (RACHP) have an important impact on the final energy uses of many sectors of modern society, such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and automotive. Moreover, RACHP also have an important environmental impact due to the working fluids that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which are being phased out according to the Montreal Protocol (1989). Last, but not least, high global working potential (GWP), working fluids (directly), and energy consumption (indirectly) are responsible for a non-negligible quota of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, thus impacting climate change.
Book Synopsis Horizontal Convective Boiling of R134a, R1234yf/R134a, and R1234ze(e) Within Micro-Fin Tube with Extensive Measurement and Analysis Details by : U.s. Department of Commerce
Download or read book Horizontal Convective Boiling of R134a, R1234yf/R134a, and R1234ze(e) Within Micro-Fin Tube with Extensive Measurement and Analysis Details written by U.s. Department of Commerce and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-06-24 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Internally enhanced tubes, like the micro-fin tube, are used by most manufacturers in the construction of evaporators and condensers for new unitary refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. The reason for the micro-fin tube's hold on unitary equipment is that it provides the highest heat transfer with the lowest pressure drop of the commercially available internal enhancements (Webb and Kim, 2005). Most of the experimental measurements for evaporative heat transfer coefficients in the micro-fin tube have been done for traditional refrigerants like R134a. Pressure from the policies set by the Montreal Protocol (1987), the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the European Mobile Directive (2006) have caused a recent shift to refrigerants with both zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP). Johnson et al. (2012) reports that azeotropic R1234yf/ R134a (56/44) (i.e., XP10) 1 and R1234ze(E) are among the low-GWP refrigerants identified for evaluation by the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program as potential replacement refrigerants for R134a. The reason for this is that both R1234yf/ R134a (56/44) and R1234ze(E) have zero ODP and 100 year GWPs of approximately 600 and 6, respectively (Hickman, 2012 and Bitzer, 2012). Consequently, flow boiling heat transfer data for the micro-fin tube with R1234yf/ R134a (56/44) and R1234ze(E) are essential for the evaluation of their use for unitary applications.
Book Synopsis Heat Transfer Performance and Prediction of Low Global Warming Potential R134a Refrigerant Alternatives by : Jordan Alexander Morrow
Download or read book Heat Transfer Performance and Prediction of Low Global Warming Potential R134a Refrigerant Alternatives written by Jordan Alexander Morrow and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the Kigali amendment, environmental regulations are phasing out high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants such as R134a. Since many potential alternative refrigerants have flammability and cost concerns, minimizing system charge is critical. The condenser is typically responsible for 50% of the charge of a system; it is vital to have a fundamental understanding of the flow condensation heat transfer performance of low GWP refrigerants such as R513A and R450A. Flow condensation data were extracted from 35 papers and created a database of 5,030 condensation heat transfer coefficient data points. The data points were compared to predicted values from ten condensation correlations and the mean average error (MAE) for each one was calculated: Akers et al. (1959) (MAE=106%), Cavallini et al. (2006) (MAE=30%), Cavallini et al. (2011) (MAE=29%), Kim and Mudawar (2013) (MAE=28%), Macdonald and Garimella (2016) (MAE=61%), Shah (1979) (MAE=39%), Shah (2009) (MAE=32%), Shah (2013) (MAE=38%), Shah (2016) (MAE=26%), and Traviss et al. (1973) (MAE=46%). Many of the refrigerants in the database were not used for developing these correlations. Limited data were available for R513A (i.e., five studies) and R450A (i.e., one study). A vapor compression cycle experimental setup was designed and built to measure heat transfer performance of R134a alternative refrigerants. Experimental heat transfer coefficient data for R513A and R450A in a 0.95 mm diameter, multiport, mini-channel are presented for a range of mass flux (i.e., 200 - 500 kg/m2s) and quality (i.e., 0.2 - 0.8) at a saturation temperature of 40°C. Condensation heat transfer coefficients for R134a, R513A, and R450A increased with increasing mass flux and quality. R513A condensation heat transfer coefficients were 2.6 - 25.6% lower than R134a heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop were 4.5 - 14.0% lower than R134a pressure drop. R450A heat transfer coefficients were 2.4% higher than R134a at high mass flux and quality and up to 11.7% lower than R134a at lower mass fluxes than R134a heat transfer coefficients; R450A pressure drop were comparable to R134a pressure drop (i.e., 5.0% higher to 9.5% lower). A heat transfer coefficient correlation for low GWP (i.e., less than 750) refrigerants was developed using the Buckingham Pi theorem in conjunction with the MATLAB Optimization toolbox. The new correlation was developed using the condensation heat transfer coefficient database and the new experimental data collected from the experimental apparatus. The correlation is developed from a database of 4,110 data points including 11 synthetic refrigerants [i.e., R32, R41, R152a, R161, R450A, R452B, R454C, R455A, R513A, R1234yf, R1234ze(E)] and a range of diameters (i.e., 0.5 - 12.7 mm), saturation temperatures (i.e., 15 - 83°C), mass fluxes (i.e., 50 - 1200 kg/m2s), qualities (i.e., 0.007 - 0.999), pressure ratios (i.e., 0.15 - 0.91), Bond numbers (i.e., 0.454 - 616), liquid Reynolds numbers (i.e., 347 - 80,084), liquid Prandtl numbers (i.e., 1.87 - 5.64), and vapor Weber numbers (i.e., 8.35 - 27,334). The correlation development used 80% of the data points and tested for accuracy with the other 20% of the data points. The new correlation has a MAE of 24.2% for the data used to build the correlation and a MAE of 24.6% for the data used to test the correlation. The consistency of the correlation to predict the build data points and the test data points shows that the correlation effectively predicts the condensation heat transfer coefficients of these low GWP refrigerants.
Download or read book Solar Energy written by Himanshu Tyagi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-14 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers challenges and opportunities related to solar-energy based systems. It covers a wide variety of topics related to solar energy, including applications-based systems such as solar thermal systems that are focused on drying, desalination, space cooling, refrigeration, and processing; recent advances in solar cells (DSSC) and photovoltaics; technologies for storage of energy (both sensible heating as well as latent heating); and the design of concentrated solar receivers. The information is presented in the context of the overall global energy utilization, and the role of solar energy has been highlighted. The contents of this book will be of interest to researchers, professionals, and policymakers alike.
Book Synopsis Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018) by : U. Chandrasekhar
Download or read book Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018) written by U. Chandrasekhar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-14 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book includes the best articles presented by researchers, academicians and industrial experts at the International Conference on “Innovative Design and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018)”. The book discusses new concept in designs, and analysis and manufacturing technologies for improved performance through specific and/or multi-functional design aspects to optimise the system size, weight-to-strength ratio, fuel efficiency and operational capability. Other aspects of the conference address the ways and means of numerical analysis, simulation and additive manufacturing to accelerate the product development cycles.Describing innovative methods, the book provides valuable reference material for educational and research organizations, as well as industry, wanting to undertake challenging projects of design engineering and product development.
Book Synopsis Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using Life Cycle Climate Performance Analysis by :
Download or read book Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using Life Cycle Climate Performance Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper, Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) analysis is used to estimate lifetime direct and indirect carbon dioxide equivalent gas emissions of various refrigerant options and commercial refrigeration system designs, including the multiplex DX system with various hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, the HFC/R744 cascade system incorporating a medium-temperature R744 secondary loop, and the transcritical R744 booster system. The results of the LCCP analysis are presented, including the direct and indirect carbon dioxide equivalent emissions for each refrigeration system and refrigerant option. Based on the results of the LCCP analysis, recommendations are given for the selection of low GWP replacement refrigerants for use in existing commercial refrigeration systems, as well as for the selection of commercial refrigeration system designs with low carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, suitable for new installations.
Book Synopsis Advancement in Materials, Manufacturing and Energy Engineering, Vol. II by : Puneet Verma
Download or read book Advancement in Materials, Manufacturing and Energy Engineering, Vol. II written by Puneet Verma and published by Springer. This book was released on 2022-01-19 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book (Vol. II) presents select proceedings of the conference on “Advancement in Materials, Manufacturing, and Energy Engineering (ICAMME 2021).” It discusses the latest materials, manufacturing processes, evaluation of materials properties for the application in automotive, aerospace, marine, locomotive, and energy sectors. The topics covered include advanced metal forming, bending, welding and casting techniques, recycling and re-manufacturing of materials and components, materials processing, characterization and applications, materials, composites and polymer manufacturing, powder metallurgy and ceramic forming, numerical modeling and simulation, advanced machining processes, functionally graded materials, non-destructive examination, optimization techniques, engineering materials, heat treatment, material testing, MEMS integration, energy materials, bio-materials, metamaterials, metallography, nanomaterial, SMART materials, bioenergy, fuel cell, and superalloys. The book will be useful for students, researchers, and professionals interested in interdisciplinary topics in the areas of materials, manufacturing, and energy sectors.
Book Synopsis Heat Transfer in Condensation and Boiling by : Karl Stephan
Download or read book Heat Transfer in Condensation and Boiling written by Karl Stephan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I welcome the opportunity to have my book translated, because of the great emphasis on two-phase flow and heat transfer in the English-speaking world, as related to research, university education, and industrial practice. The 1988 Springer-Verlag edition of "Warmeiibergang beim Kondensieren und beim Sieden" has been enlarged to include additional material on falling film evaporation (Chapter 12) and pressure drop in two-phase flow (Chapter 13). Minor errors in the original text have also been corrected. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Professor Green, Asso ciate Professor of German at Rensselaer, for his excellent translation and co operation. My thanks go also to Professor Bergles for his close attention to technical and linguistic details. He carefully read the typescript and made many comments and suggestions that helped to improve the manuscript. I hope that the English edition will meet with' a favorable reception and contribute to better understanding and to progress in the field of heat transfer in condensation and boiling. February 1992 K. Stephan Preface to the German-Language Edition This book is a continuation of the series "Heat and Mass Transfer" edited by U. Grigull, in which three volumes have already been published. Its aim is to acquaint students and practicing engineers with heat transfer during condensa tion and boiling, and is intended primarily for students and engineers in mechanical, chemical, electrical, and industrial processing engineering.
