Leveraging Distortions

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262542617
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Leveraging Distortions by : Collin Rice

Download or read book Leveraging Distortions written by Collin Rice and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-08-17 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of how scientists deliberately and justifiably use pervasive distortions of relevant features to explain and understand natural phenomena. A fundamental rule of logic is that in order for an argument to provide good reasons for its conclusion, the premises of the argument must be true. In this book, Collin Rice shows how the practice of science repeatedly, pervasively, and deliberately violates this principle. Rice argues that scientists strategically use distortions that misrepresent relevant features of natural phenomena in order to explain and understand--and that they use these distortions deliberately and justifiably in order to discover truths that would be otherwise inaccessible. Countering the standard emphasis on causation, accurate representation, and decomposition of science into its accurate and inaccurate parts, Rice shows that science's epistemic achievements can still be factive despite their being produced through the use of holistically distorted scientific representations. Indeed, he argues, this distortion is one of the most widely employed and fruitful tools used in scientific theorizing. Marshalling a range of case studies, Rice contends that many explanations in science are noncausal, and he presents an alternate view of explanation that captures the variety of noncausal explanations found across the sciences. He proposes an alternative holistic distortion view of idealized models, connecting it to physicists' concept of a universality class; shows how universality classes can overcome some of the challenges of multiscale modeling; and offers accounts of explanation, idealization, modeling, and understanding.

Leveraging Distortions

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262365839
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Leveraging Distortions by : Collin Rice

Download or read book Leveraging Distortions written by Collin Rice and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-08-17 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of how scientists deliberately and justifiably use pervasive distortions of relevant features to explain and understand natural phenomena. A fundamental rule of logic is that in order for an argument to provide good reasons for its conclusion, the premises of the argument must be true. In this book, Collin Rice shows how the practice of science repeatedly, pervasively, and deliberately violates this principle. Rice argues that scientists strategically use distortions that misrepresent relevant features of natural phenomena in order to explain and understand--and that they use these distortions deliberately and justifiably in order to discover truths that would be otherwise inaccessible. Countering the standard emphasis on causation, accurate representation, and decomposition of science into its accurate and inaccurate parts, Rice shows that science's epistemic achievements can still be factive despite their being produced through the use of holistically distorted scientific representations. Indeed, he argues, this distortion is one of the most widely employed and fruitful tools used in scientific theorizing. Marshalling a range of case studies, Rice contends that many explanations in science are noncausal, and he presents an alternate view of explanation that captures the variety of noncausal explanations found across the sciences. He proposes an alternative holistic distortion view of idealized models, connecting it to physicists' concept of a universality class; shows how universality classes can overcome some of the challenges of multiscale modeling; and offers accounts of explanation, idealization, modeling, and understanding.

Perspectival Realism

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197555624
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis Perspectival Realism by : Michela Massimi

Download or read book Perspectival Realism written by Michela Massimi and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What does it mean to be a realist about science if one takes seriously the view that scientific knowledge is always perspectival, namely historically and culturally situated? In this book, Michela Massimi articulates an original answer to this question. The book begins with an exploration of how scientific communities often resort to several models and a plurality of practices in some areas of inquiry, drawing on examples from nuclear physics, climate science, and developmental psychology. Taking this plurality in science as a starting point, Massimi explains the perspectival nature of scientific representation, the role of scientific models as inferential blueprints, and the variety of scientific realism that naturally accompanies such a view. Perspectival realism is realism about phenomena (rather than about theories or unobservable entities). The book defends this novel realist view, which places epistemic communities and their situated knowledge center stage. The result is a portrait of scientific knowledge as a collaborative inquiry, where the reliability of science is made possible by a plurality of historically and culturally situated scientific perspectives. Along the way, Massimi offers insights into the nature of scientific modelling, scientific knowledge qua modal knowledge, data-to-phenomena inferences, and natural kinds as sortal concepts. Perspectival realism is ultimately realism that takes the multicultural nature of science seriously and couples it with cosmopolitan duties about how one ought to think about scientific knowledge and the distribution of the benefits resulting from scientific advancements"--

Models and Theories

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000609537
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Models and Theories by : Roman Frigg

Download or read book Models and Theories written by Roman Frigg and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-06-28 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Models and theories are of central importance in science, and scientists spend substantial amounts of time building, testing, comparing and revising models and theories. It is therefore not surprising that the nature of scientific models and theories has been a widely debated topic within the philosophy of science for many years. The product of two decades of research, this book provides an accessible yet critical introduction to the debates about models and theories within analytical philosophy of science since the 1920s. Roman Frigg surveys and discusses key topics and questions, including: What are theories? What are models? And how do models and theories relate to each other? The linguistic view of theories (also known as the syntactic view of theories), covering different articulations of the view, its use of models, the theory-observation divide and the theory-ladenness of observation, and the meaning of theoretical terms. The model-theoretical view of theories (also known as the semantic view of theories), covering its analysis of the model-world relationship, the internal structure of a theory, and the ontology of models. Scientific representation, discussing analogy, idealisation and different accounts of representation. Modelling in scientific practice, examining how models relate to theories and what models are, classifying different kinds of models, and investigating how robustness analysis, perspectivism, and approaches committed to uncertainty-management deal with multi-model situations. Models and Theories is the first comprehensive book-length treatment of the topic, making it essential reading for advanced undergraduates, researchers, and professional philosophers working in philosophy of science and philosophy of technology. It will also be of interest to philosophically minded readers working in physics, computer sciences and STEM fields more broadly.

Scientific Understanding and Representation

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000782034
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Scientific Understanding and Representation by : Insa Lawler

Download or read book Scientific Understanding and Representation written by Insa Lawler and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-13 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume assembles cutting-edge scholarship on scientific understanding, scientific representation, and their delicate interplay. Featuring several articles in an engaging ‘critical conversation’ format, the volume integrates discussions about understanding and representation with perennial issues in the philosophy of science, including the nature of scientific knowledge, idealizations, scientific realism, scientific inference, and scientific progress. In the philosophy of science, questions of scientific understanding and scientific representation have only recently been put in dialogue with each other. The chapters advance these discussions from a variety of fresh perspectives. They range from case studies in physics, chemistry, and neuroscience to the representational challenges of machine learning models; from special forms of representation such as maps and topological models to the relation between understanding and explanation; and from the role of idealized representations to the role of representation and understanding in scientific progress. Scientific Understanding and Representation will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of science, philosophy of physics, philosophy of mathematics, and epistemology.

Global Algorithmic Capital Markets

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198829469
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Algorithmic Capital Markets by : Walter Mattli

Download or read book Global Algorithmic Capital Markets written by Walter Mattli and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019-01-03 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global capital markets have undergone fundamental transformations in recent years and, as a result, have become extraordinarily complex and opaque. Trading space is no longer measured in minutes or seconds but in time units beyond human perception: milliseconds, microseconds, and even nanoseconds. Technological advances have thus scaled up imperceptible and previously irrelevant time differences into operationally manageable and enormously profitable business opportunities for those with the proper high-tech trading tools. These tools include the fastest private communication and trading lines, the most powerful computers and sophisticated algorithms capable of speedily analysing incoming news and trading data and determining optimal trading strategies in microseconds, as well as the possession of gigantic collections of historic and real-time market data. Fragmented capital markets are also becoming a rapidly growing reality in Europe and Asia, and are an established feature of U.S. trading. This raises urgent market governance issues that have largely been overlooked. Global Algorithmic Capital Markets seeks to understand how recent market transformations are affecting core public policy objectives such as investor protection and reduction of systemic risk, as well as fairness, efficiency, and transparency. The operation and health of capital markets affect all of us and have profound implications for equality and justice in society. This unique set of chapters by leading scholars, industry insiders, and regulators discusses ways to strengthen market governance for the benefit of society at whole.

The Scientific Background to Modern Philosophy

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Author :
Publisher : Hackett Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1647920876
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (479 download)

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Book Synopsis The Scientific Background to Modern Philosophy by : Michael R. Matthews

Download or read book The Scientific Background to Modern Philosophy written by Michael R. Matthews and published by Hackett Publishing. This book was released on 2022-11-21 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through a collection of works from key thinkers in natural philosophy, the second edition of The Scientific Background to Modern Philosophy illuminates the central role scientific writing played in developing modern philosophical thought. This revised and expanded edition includes many new translations and incorporates works by foundational eighteenth- and nineteenth-century thinkers not in the first edition, including selections from works by Jean-Baptiste, le Rond d’Alembert, Denis Diderot, Émilie Du Châtelet, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Joseph Priestley, Immanuel Kant, Carl Linnaeus, William Paley, and Charles Robert Darwin. These new additions provide students with a more comprehensive understanding of the scientific context in which the major philosophical works of the modern era were written and complement the selections from works by Nicolaus Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, René Descartes, Robert Boyle, Christiaan Huygens, and Isaac Newton that are retained from the first edition.

The Pragmatist Challenge

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198805454
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pragmatist Challenge by : H. K. Andersen

Download or read book The Pragmatist Challenge written by H. K. Andersen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-02-23 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pragmatist Challenge lays out a programmatic view for taking a pragmatist approach to topics in philosophy of science and metaphysics. Pragmatism involves a collection of specific views as well as comprising a general approach that can be applied to multiple topics. For topics at the intersection of philosophy of science and metaphysics, pragmatism as explored in this volume is an effective way to take entrenched debates and re-frame them in ways that move past old dichotomies and offer more fruitful paths forward. Each chapter explores a dual vision of pragmatism: specific pragmatist views are developed, demonstrating how to take a distinctively pragmatist approach to some particular issue or subfield; and the general shape of what it means to take a pragmatist approach is elucidated as well. The chapters thus tend to be synoptic in scope. Collectively, they offer a new approach that can be taken up in constructively reframing other discussions, ready to be applied to new specific topics. Pragmatism is an especially potent tool that sits at the interface between methodological and applied questions coming directly from sciences, and the underlying ontological or metaphysical commitments that are implied by or support the methodological discussions. The goal of the volume is to articulate a variety of ways to be a pragmatist without having to commit to a single specific set of -isms in order to make use of it, while highlighting the common themes that manifest across different discussions. The chapters offer a heterogenous yet programmatic approach to pragmatism.

Federal Taxation of Income, Estates, and Gifts

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1498 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Federal Taxation of Income, Estates, and Gifts by : Boris I. Bittker

Download or read book Federal Taxation of Income, Estates, and Gifts written by Boris I. Bittker and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 1498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vol. 3 also issed as rev. 3rd ed. ; rev. 3rd edition of other vols. not planned.

Interdisciplinarity in the Making

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262544660
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Interdisciplinarity in the Making by : Nancy J. Nersessian

Download or read book Interdisciplinarity in the Making written by Nancy J. Nersessian and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-11-22 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cognitive ethnography of how bioengineering scientists create innovative modeling methods. In this first full-scale, long-term cognitive ethnography by a philosopher of science, Nancy J. Nersessian offers an account of how scientists at the interdisciplinary frontiers of bioengineering create novel problem-solving methods. Bioengineering scientists model complex dynamical biological systems using concepts, methods, materials, and other resources drawn primarily from engineering. They aim to understand these systems sufficiently to control or intervene in them. What Nersessian examines here is how cutting-edge bioengineering scientists integrate the cognitive, social, material, and cultural dimensions of practice. Her findings and conclusions have broad implications for researchers in philosophy, science studies, cognitive science, and interdisciplinary studies, as well as scientists, educators, policy makers, and funding agencies. In studying the epistemic practices of scientists, Nersessian pushes the boundaries of the philosophy of science and cognitive science into areas not ventured before. She recounts a decades-long, wide-ranging, and richly detailed investigation of the innovative interdisciplinary modeling practices of bioengineering researchers in four university laboratories. She argues and demonstrates that the methods of cognitive ethnography and qualitative data analysis, placed in the framework of distributed cognition, provide the tools for a philosophical analysis of how scientific discoveries arise from complex systems in which the cognitive, social, material, and cultural dimensions of problem-solving are integrated into the epistemic practices of scientists. Specifically, she looks at how interdisciplinary environments shape problem-solving. Although Nersessian’s case material is drawn from the bioengineering sciences, her analytic framework and methodological approach are directly applicable to scientific research in a broader, more general sense, as well.

West's Federal Supplement

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1540 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis West's Federal Supplement by :

Download or read book West's Federal Supplement written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 1540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cases decided in the United States district courts, United States Court of International Trade, and rulings of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation.

The Paradox of Scientific Authority

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262026589
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis The Paradox of Scientific Authority by : Wiebe E. Bijker

Download or read book The Paradox of Scientific Authority written by Wiebe E. Bijker and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assessing the influence of scientific advice in societies that increasingly question scientific authority and expertise. Today, scientific advice is asked for (and given) on questions ranging from stem-cell research to genetically modified food. And yet it often seems that the more urgently scientific advice is solicited, the more vigorously scientific authority is questioned by policy makers, stakeholders, and citizens. This book examines a paradox: how scientific advice can be influential in society even when the status of science and scientists seems to be at a low ebb. The authors do this by means of an ethnographic study of the creation of scientific authority at one of the key sites for the interaction of science, policy, and society: the scientific advisory committee. The Paradox of Scientific Authority offers a detailed analysis of the inner workings of the influential Health Council of the Netherlands (the equivalent of the National Academy of Science in the United States), examining its societal role as well as its internal functioning, and using the findings to build a theory of scientific advising. The question of scientific authority has political as well as scholarly relevance. Democratic political institutions, largely developed in the nineteenth century, lack the institutional means to address the twenty-first century's pervasively scientific and technological culture; and science and technology studies (STS) grapples with the central question of how to understand the authority of science while recognizing its socially constructed nature.

Day Trading Options

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Publisher : FT Press
ISBN 13 : 0137029039
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Day Trading Options by : Jeffrey Augen

Download or read book Day Trading Options written by Jeffrey Augen and published by FT Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A top options trader shows investors how they can use certain strategies, teaches why day trading options are more practical than ever, and helps them understand trends in the options market that have leveled the playing field between large institutions and private traders.

Policy Distortions, Size of Government, and Growth

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Policy Distortions, Size of Government, and Growth by : William Easterly

Download or read book Policy Distortions, Size of Government, and Growth written by William Easterly and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dialogue that advocates of liberalization have with policymakers would improve if more were made of the structural factors that influence the effect of reducing distortions on growth.

Parallel Minds

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 1913029514
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Parallel Minds by : Laura Tripaldi

Download or read book Parallel Minds written by Laura Tripaldi and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insights into the intelligence throughout the natural and technical environment, in the fabric of our devices and dwellings, in our clothes, and under our skin. Is there a way to understand the materials that surround us not as passive objects, but as other intelligences interacting with our own? In Parallel Minds, expert in materials science and nanotechnology Laura Tripaldi delivers not only detailed insights into the properties and emergent behaviors of matter as revealed by state-of-the-art chemistry, synthetic biology, and nanotech, but also a rich philosophical reflection that crosses the frontier between nature and culture, where the most cutting-edge scientific syntheses resonate with ancient myth. The result is a technomaterial bestiary full of unexpected encounters with “strange minds”—from cobwebs to kevlar and carbon fibre, from centaurs to amoebas to arachnids, from polycephalic slime to resonating plasmons, from viruses to golems. Parallel Minds reveals the intelligence at large throughout the natural and technical environment, in the fabric of our devices and dwellings, in our clothes, and even under our skin. Full of lateral ideas and unexpected images, Tripaldi’s book imbues the study and synthesis of materials with a new urgency. For not only do the materials that surround us participate actively in the construction of the world in which we live, but harnessing their ability to interact intelligently with their environment could be the key to the future of our species.

Elements of Scientific Inquiry

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262133425
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (334 download)

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Book Synopsis Elements of Scientific Inquiry by : Eric Martin

Download or read book Elements of Scientific Inquiry written by Eric Martin and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eric Martin and Daniel N. Osherson present a theory of inductive logic built on model theory. Their aim is to extend the mathematics of Formal Learning Theory to a more general setting and to provide a more accurate image of empirical inquiry. The formal results of their study illuminate aspects of scientific inquiry that are not covered by the commonly applied Bayesian approach.

Savings Institutions

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 510 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

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Book Synopsis Savings Institutions by :

Download or read book Savings Institutions written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: