Letters to a Beekeeper

Download Letters to a Beekeeper PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Unbound Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1783521651
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (835 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Letters to a Beekeeper by : Alys Fowler

Download or read book Letters to a Beekeeper written by Alys Fowler and published by Unbound Publishing. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This the story of how, over the course of a year, Alys, the Guardian gardening writer, learns how to keep bees; and Steve, the urban beekeeper, learns how to plant a pollinator-friendly garden. Part beautifully designed coffee-table book, part manifesto, this collection of engaging letters, emails, texts, recipes, notes and glorious photos creates a record of the trials, tribulations, rewards and joys of working with, rather than against, nature. And along the way, you will pick up a wealth of advice, tips and ideas for growing food and keeping pollinators well fed. Letters to a Beekeeper is for lazy gardeners, novice beekeepers and everyone in between. It is the best rule-breaking, wildlife-friendly, guerilla, urban gardening, insect-identifying, honey-tasting, wax-dripping, epistolary how-to book you could ever hope to own.

Honey Bees

Download Honey Bees PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ember
ISBN 13 : 0385737718
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (857 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Honey Bees by : Stephen Buchmann

Download or read book Honey Bees written by Stephen Buchmann and published by Ember. This book was released on 2011-07-12 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Honey Bees: Letters From the Hive, bee expert Stephen Buchmann takes readers on an incredible tour. Enter a beehive--one part nursery, one part honey factory, one part queen bee sanctum--then fly through backyard gardens, open fields, and deserts where wildflowers bloom. It's fascinating--and delicious! Hailed for their hard work and harmonious society, bees make possible life on earth as we know it. This fundamental link between bees and humans reaches beyond biology to our environment and our culture: bees have long played important roles in art, religion, literature, and medicine--and, of course, in the kitchen. For honey fanatics and all who have a sweet tooth, this book not only entertains and enlightens but also reminds us of the fragility of humanity's relationship with nature. Includes illustrations and photographs throughout.

Letters from the Hive

Download Letters from the Hive PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 0553382667
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (533 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Letters from the Hive by : Stephen Buchmann

Download or read book Letters from the Hive written by Stephen Buchmann and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2006-05-30 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: They work hard, are devoted to family, love sex, and know the importance of a good piece of real estate. Honey bees, and the daily workings of their close-knit colonies, are one of nature's great miracles. And they produce one of nature's greatest edible bounties: honey. More than just a palate pleaser, honey was once an offering to the gods, a preservative, and a medicine whose sought-after curative powers were detailed in ancient texts . . . and are being rediscovered by modern medical science. In Letters from the Hive, Prof. Stephen Buchmann takes us into the hive--nursery, honey factory, queen's inner sanctum--and out to the world of backyard gardens, open fields, and deserts in full bloom, where the age-old sexual dance between flowers and bees makes life on earth as we know it possible. Hailed for their hard work, harmonious society, and, mistakenly, for their celibacy, bees have a link to our species that goes beyond biology. In Letters from the Hive, Buchmann explores the fascinating role of bees in human culture and mythology, following the "honey hunters" of native cultures in Malaysia, the Himalayas, and the Australian Outback as they risk life and limb to locate a treasure as valuable as any gold. To contemplate a world without bees is to imagine a desolate place, culturally and biologically, and Buchmann shows how with each acre of land sacrificed to plow, parking lot, or shopping mall, we inch closer to what could become a chilling reality. He also offers honey-based recipes, cooking tips, and home remedies--further evidence of the gifts these creatures have bestowed on us. Told with wit, wisdom, and affection, and rich with anecdote and science, Letters from the Hive is nature writing at its best. This is natural history to be treasured, a sweet tribute that buzzes with life.

Fifty Years Among the Bees

Download Fifty Years Among the Bees PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fifty Years Among the Bees by : Charles C. Miller

Download or read book Fifty Years Among the Bees written by Charles C. Miller and published by . This book was released on 1915 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Beekeeper of Aleppo

Download The Beekeeper of Aleppo PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ballantine Books
ISBN 13 : 0593128168
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (931 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Beekeeper of Aleppo by : Christy Lefteri

Download or read book The Beekeeper of Aleppo written by Christy Lefteri and published by Ballantine Books. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unforgettable novel puts human faces on the Syrian war with the immigrant story of a beekeeper, his wife, and the triumph of spirit when the world becomes unrecognizable. “A beautifully crafted novel of international significance that has the capacity to have us open our eyes and see.”—Heather Morris, author of The Tattooist of Auschwitz WINNER OF THE ASPEN WORDS LITERARY PRIZE • FINALIST FOR THE DAYTON LITERARY PEACE PRIZE • NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY REAL SIMPLE Nuri is a beekeeper and Afra, his wife, is an artist. Mornings, Nuri rises early to hear the call to prayer before driving to his hives in the countryside. On weekends, Afra sells her colorful landscape paintings at the open-air market. They live a simple life, rich in family and friends, in the hills of the beautiful Syrian city of Aleppo—until the unthinkable happens. When all they love is destroyed by war, Nuri knows they have no choice except to leave their home. But escaping Syria will be no easy task: Afra has lost her sight, leaving Nuri to navigate her grief as well as a perilous journey through Turkey and Greece toward an uncertain future in Britain. Nuri is sustained only by the knowledge that waiting for them is his cousin Mustafa, who has started an apiary in Yorkshire and is teaching fellow refugees beekeeping. As Nuri and Afra travel through a broken world, they must confront not only the pain of their own unspeakable loss but dangers that would overwhelm even the bravest souls. Above all, they must make the difficult journey back to each other, a path once so familiar yet rendered foreign by the heartache of displacement. Moving, intimate, and beautifully written, The Beekeeper of Aleppo is a book for our times: a novel that at once reminds us that the most peaceful and ordinary lives can be utterly upended in unimaginable ways and brings a journey in faraway lands close to home, never to be forgotten. Praise for The Beekeeper of Aleppo “This book dips below the deafening headlines, and tells a true story with subtlety and power.”—Esther Freud, author of Mr. Mac and Me “This compelling tale had me gripped with its compassion, its sensual style, and its onward and lively urge for resolution.”—Daljit Nagra, author of British Museum “This novel speaks to so much that is happening in the world today. It’s intelligent, thoughtful, and relevant, but very importantly it is accessible. I’m recommending this book to everyone I care about.”—Benjamin Zephaniah, author of Refugee Boy

The Beekeeper's Secret

Download The Beekeeper's Secret PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Atlantic Books
ISBN 13 : 1925575527
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Beekeeper's Secret by : Josephine Moon

Download or read book The Beekeeper's Secret written by Josephine Moon and published by Atlantic Books. This book was released on 2017-01-01 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maria knew about guilt. It was a stubborn, pervasive and toxic emotion, and incredibly difficult to shake. Especially if really, deep down, you didn't think you deserved to let it go. Maria spends her days tending to the bees of Honeybee Haven and creating wonderful honey products to fund children in need. A former nun, Maria's life has long been shaped by a shadowy secret and her own self-imposed penance for events in her past. The arrival of two letters, one pink, from nearby Noosa Heads, and one marked with a government crest, herald the shattering of Maria's peaceful existence. Before they were married, Tansy made a very serious deal with her husband, Dougall. With their elegant apartment and beachside lifestyle in Noosa, they have everything they agreed they wanted in life, so Tansy is going to ignore the feelings that might suggest she has changed her mind. On top of those not-really-there feelings, Dougall wants to move to Canada! Surprising and intriguing, The Beekeeper's Secret is an exploration of family in all its facets, and the astounding secrets we keep from those we love.

The Beekeeper's Bible

Download The Beekeeper's Bible PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins UK
ISBN 13 : 0007279892
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Beekeeper's Bible by :

Download or read book The Beekeeper's Bible written by and published by HarperCollins UK. This book was released on 2010 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive beekeeping guide covers all the practicalities and will teach you everything there is to know about caring for bees and safe hive management, with clear instructions and step-by-step illustrations.

Buzz

Download Buzz PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465098800
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Buzz by : Thor Hanson

Download or read book Buzz written by Thor Hanson and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2018-07-10 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As seen on PBS's American Spring LIVE, the award-winning author of The Triumph of Seeds and Feathers presents a natural and cultural history of bees: the buzzing wee beasties that make the world go round. Bees are like oxygen: ubiquitous, essential, and, for the most part, unseen. While we might overlook them, they lie at the heart of relationships that bind the human and natural worlds. In Buzz, the beloved Thor Hanson takes us on a journey that begins 125 million years ago, when a wasp first dared to feed pollen to its young. From honeybees and bumbles to lesser-known diggers, miners, leafcutters, and masons, bees have long been central to our harvests, our mythologies, and our very existence. They've given us sweetness and light, the beauty of flowers, and as much as a third of the foodstuffs we eat. And, alarmingly, they are at risk of disappearing. As informative and enchanting as the waggle dance of a honeybee, Buzz shows us why all bees are wonders to celebrate and protect. Read this book and you'll never overlook them again.

Bruno the Beekeeper

Download Bruno the Beekeeper PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Candlewick
ISBN 13 : 1536214612
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (362 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bruno the Beekeeper by : Aneta Frantiska Holasová

Download or read book Bruno the Beekeeper written by Aneta Frantiska Holasová and published by Candlewick. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Follow a beekeeping bear through the seasons—and learn about the life cycle and ecology of bees—in this folksy step-by-step guide to caring for hives and harvesting honey. With glowing, honey-hued illustrations and friendly text, this homespun year-in-the-life of a busy beekeeper and his bees is a definitive picture book primer—whether for families contemplating a new hobby or for readers just curious to know how bees make honey. Follow Bruno the bear through the seasons, beginning in late summer, as he demonstrates how he keeps his bees healthy and happy, from housing and maintaining the hive to harvesting honey and beeswax. Learn the anatomy and life cycle of bees, the difference between workers and queens, what flowers bees pollinate, and what predators they avoid. Gracefully translated from the original Czech—and paired with charming folk-style art that evokes the rural setting and cozy kitchen of a blended beekeeping family (complete with Grandma’s recipe for homemade honey-gingerbread cookies)—this charming ode to sustainability and fostering nature’s small wonders will delight readers of every stripe.

Bee Time

Download Bee Time PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674503910
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (745 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bee Time by : Mark L. Winston

Download or read book Bee Time written by Mark L. Winston and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2014-10-06 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Being among bees is a full-body experience, Mark Winston writes—from the low hum of tens of thousands of insects and the pungent smell of honey and beeswax, to the sight of workers flying back and forth between flowers and the hive. The experience of an apiary slows our sense of time, heightens our awareness, and inspires awe. Bee Time presents Winston’s reflections on three decades spent studying these creatures, and on the lessons they can teach about how humans might better interact with one another and the natural world. Like us, honeybees represent a pinnacle of animal sociality. How they submerge individual needs into the colony collective provides a lens through which to ponder human societies. Winston explains how bees process information, structure work, and communicate, and examines how corporate boardrooms are using bee societies as a model to improve collaboration. He investigates how bees have altered our understanding of agricultural ecosystems and how urban planners are looking to bees in designing more nature-friendly cities. The relationship between bees and people has not always been benign. Bee populations are diminishing due to human impact, and we cannot afford to ignore what the demise of bees tells us about our own tenuous affiliation with nature. Toxic interactions between pesticides and bee diseases have been particularly harmful, foreshadowing similar effects of pesticides on human health. There is much to learn from bees in how they respond to these challenges. In sustaining their societies, bees teach us ways to sustain our own.

Basics of ... Beekeeping

Download Basics of ... Beekeeping PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basics of
ISBN 13 : 9780692240670
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Basics of ... Beekeeping by : Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth

Download or read book Basics of ... Beekeeping written by Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth and published by Basics of. This book was released on 2014-06-22 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classic work has been greatly enhanced and extended with both photographs and images to illustrate the many facets of Beekeeping. A guide for the aspiring apiarist. All you need to know to get started in beekeeping. In this updated edition, a compilation of advice from Langstroth, Quinby, Huber, and a number of contemporary contributors, you will find everything you need to know about Honeybees, Apiculture, Honey and Pollen, the Hive, the Apiary, Breeding, Pasturage, Feeding, Swarming, Replacing the Queen, Enemies of Bees, Colony Collapse Disorder, and the mysterious Behavior of Bees. Well illustrated.

Healthy Bee, Sick Bee

Download Healthy Bee, Sick Bee PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Victoria University Press
ISBN 13 : 1776563743
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (765 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Healthy Bee, Sick Bee by : Phil Lester

Download or read book Healthy Bee, Sick Bee written by Phil Lester and published by Victoria University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-23 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phil Lester's first book, The Vulgar Wasp, was about one of the world's most hated insects. His second is about just the opposite &– the honey bee, arguably one of our best-loved six-legged creatures. People have revered honey bees for centuries. Today we celebrate them with toys, postage stamps and campaigns to raise awareness; we dress up in large bee suits to protest the use of pesticides; we've even sent bees into space and watched as they adjusted to microgravity.Bees are one of the world's most efficient pollinators. Their work is vital to the success of many food crops, and hence to the world's economy. So we need to take seriously any threats to their health &– including parasites, pathogens, predators and pesticides &– and, guided by evidence at every turn, find a way to minimise harm and keep bees thriving. As Healthy Bee, Sick Bee shows, this is no small task.In this book, entomologist Phil Lester explores the wonderfully complex and sometimes brutally efficient life history of honey bees, and the problems they face in New Zealand and around the globe. What causes a beehive to collapse? Are pesticides as big a problem as they appear? What can we do to improve the health

The Beekeeper: Rescuing the Stolen Women of Iraq

Download The Beekeeper: Rescuing the Stolen Women of Iraq PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Directions Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0811226131
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Beekeeper: Rescuing the Stolen Women of Iraq by : Dunya Mikhail

Download or read book The Beekeeper: Rescuing the Stolen Women of Iraq written by Dunya Mikhail and published by New Directions Publishing. This book was released on 2018-03-27 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The true story of a beekeeper who risks his life to rescue enslaved women from Daesh Since 2014, Daesh (ISIS) has been brutalizing the Yazidi people of northern Iraq: sowing destruction, killing those who won’t convert to Islam, and enslaving young girls and women. The Beekeeper, by the acclaimed poet and journalist Dunya Mikhail, tells the harrowing stories of several women who managed to escape the clutches of Daesh. Mikhail extensively interviews these women—who’ve lost their families and loved ones, who’ve been sexually abused, psychologically tortured, and forced to manufacture chemical weapons—and as their tales unfold, an unlikely hero emerges: a beekeeper, who uses his knowledge of the local terrain, along with a wide network of transporters, helpers, and former cigarette smugglers, to bring these women, one by one, through the war-torn landscapes of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, back into safety. In the face of inhuman suffering, this powerful work of nonfiction offers a counterpoint to Daesh’s genocidal extremism: hope, as ordinary people risk their own lives to save those of others.

The Forgotten Pollinators

Download The Forgotten Pollinators PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1597269085
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (972 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Forgotten Pollinators by : Stephen L. Buchmann

Download or read book The Forgotten Pollinators written by Stephen L. Buchmann and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2012-06-22 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consider this: Without interaction between animals and flowering plants, the seeds and fruits that make up nearly eighty percent of the human diet would not exist. In The Forgotten Pollinators, Stephen L. Buchmann, one of the world's leading authorities on bees and pollination, and Gary Paul Nabhan, award-winning writer and renowned crop ecologist, explore the vital but little-appreciated relationship between plants and the animals they depend on for reproduction -- bees, beetles, butterflies, hummingbirds, moths, bats, and countless other animals, some widely recognized and other almost unknown. Scenes from around the globe -- examining island flora and fauna on the Galapagos, counting bees in the Panamanian rain forest, witnessing an ancient honey-hunting ritual in Malaysia -- bring to life the hidden relationships between plants and animals, and demonstrate the ways in which human society affects and is affected by those relationships. Buchmann and Nabhan combine vignettes from the field with expository discussions of ecology, botany, and crop science to present a lively and fascinating account of the ecological and cultural context of plant-pollinator relationships. More than any other natural process, plant-pollinator relationships offer vivid examples of the connections between endangered species and threatened habitats. The authors explain how human-induced changes in pollinator populations -- caused by overuse of chemical pesticides, unbridled development, and conversion of natural areas into monocultural cropland-can have a ripple effect on disparate species, ultimately leading to a "cascade of linked extinctions."

The Last Beekeeper

Download The Last Beekeeper PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0063006588
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Last Beekeeper by : Pablo Cartaya

Download or read book The Last Beekeeper written by Pablo Cartaya and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2022-07-12 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Facing a world dually altered by climate change and those who profit from it, Yolanda Cicerón will have to fight to save the last known beehive from extinction in this stirring new adventure by award-winning author Pablo Cartaya. In a future shaken by climate disasters, Yolanda Cicerón knows that nature is something to be feared. While life in the Valley is brutal and harsh, Yoly dreams of leaving her farm to live in Silo—the most advanced town for miles around. But first, Yoly will need to prove she belongs in a place where only the smartest and most useful are welcomed. Between her razor-sharp smarts and sheer determination, Yoly is well on her way until she discovers her family can no longer afford her schooling. When forced to take matters into her own hands, the closer she gets to securing her future, the more she uncovers the dangers lying inside Silo’s walls—ones that threaten the entire Valley. As she cracks long-guarded secrets, Yoly, along with those closest to her, is put in grave peril and the only chance of surviving may lie in the rediscovery of a long-extinct species—the honeybee. Can the last surviving beehive be the key to pulling the Valley out from under Silo’s thumb, or will they destroy what remains of Yoly’s future?

The Sting of the Wild

Download The Sting of the Wild PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Johns Hopkins University Press
ISBN 13 : 1421425645
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Sting of the Wild by : Justin O. Schmidt

Download or read book The Sting of the Wild written by Justin O. Schmidt and published by Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was released on 2018-02-01 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The “King of Sting” describes his adventures with insects and the pain scale that’s made him a scientific celebrity. Silver, Science (Adult Non-Fiction) Foreword INDIES Award 2017 Entomologist Justin O. Schmidt is on a mission. Some say it’s a brave exploration, others shake their heads in disbelief. His goal? To compare the impacts of stinging insects on humans, mainly using himself as the test case. In The Sting of the Wild, the colorful Dr. Schmidt takes us on a journey inside the lives of stinging insects. He explains how and why they attack and reveals the powerful punch they can deliver with a small venom gland and a “sting,” the name for the apparatus that delivers the venom. We learn which insects are the worst to encounter and why some are barely worth considering. The Sting of the Wild includes the complete Schmidt Sting Pain Index, published here for the first time. In addition to a numerical ranking of the agony of each of the eighty-three stings he’s sampled so far, Schmidt describes them in prose worthy of a professional wine critic: “Looks deceive. Rich and full-bodied in appearance, but flavorless” and “Pure, intense, brilliant pain. Like walking over flaming charcoal with a three-inch nail embedded in your heel.” Schmidt explains that, for some insects, stinging is used for hunting: small wasps, for example, can paralyze huge caterpillars for long enough to lay eggs inside them, so that their larvae emerge within a living feast. Others are used to kill competing insects, even members of their own species. Humans usually experience stings as defensive maneuvers used by insects to protect their nest mates. With colorful descriptions of each venom’s sensation and a story that leaves you tingling with awe, The Sting of the Wild’s one-of-a-kind style will fire your imagination.

Honey Bees

Download Honey Bees PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ember
ISBN 13 : 0385737718
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (857 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Honey Bees by : Stephen Buchmann

Download or read book Honey Bees written by Stephen Buchmann and published by Ember. This book was released on 2011-07-12 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Honey Bees: Letters From the Hive, bee expert Stephen Buchmann takes readers on an incredible tour. Enter a beehive--one part nursery, one part honey factory, one part queen bee sanctum--then fly through backyard gardens, open fields, and deserts where wildflowers bloom. It's fascinating--and delicious! Hailed for their hard work and harmonious society, bees make possible life on earth as we know it. This fundamental link between bees and humans reaches beyond biology to our environment and our culture: bees have long played important roles in art, religion, literature, and medicine--and, of course, in the kitchen. For honey fanatics and all who have a sweet tooth, this book not only entertains and enlightens but also reminds us of the fragility of humanity's relationship with nature. Includes illustrations and photographs throughout.