Las estrategias de financiación de las empresas de biotecnología, con referencia al caso español

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Las estrategias de financiación de las empresas de biotecnología, con referencia al caso español by : Ernest Solé Udina

Download or read book Las estrategias de financiación de las empresas de biotecnología, con referencia al caso español written by Ernest Solé Udina and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Según definición de la OECD (2005), las empresas de biotecnología son aquellas que llevan a cabo alguna de las siguientes actividades: AND/ARN: genómica, farmacogenómica; Secuenciación/síntesis/ingeniería de proteínas y otras moléculas; Cultivo de células y tejidos, e ingeniería;Técnicas de procesos biotecnológicos;Vectores genéticos y de ARN;Terapia génica y vectores virales; Bioinformática; Nanobiotecnología. A efectos de este trabajo, se definen dos grupos de empresas de biotecnología: Empresa dedicada a la biotecnología, cuya actividad principal implica la apliación de técnicas biotecnológicas para producir bienes y/o servicios, o para llevar a cabo actividades de investigación y desarrollo, y la Empresa de Investigación y Desarrollo biotecnológica, cuya actividad principal es la investigación y desarrollo en biotecnología. El presente trabajo se refiere a este segundo grupo exclusivamente, y cuando se utiliza en el mismo la expresión 'empresa/s de biotecnología', se refiere, salvo que se indique lo contrario, a este segundo grupo.La biotecnología ha ido adquiriendo protagonismo de modo que aproximadamente el 50% de los nuevos medicamentos para la salud humana que se desarrollan en la actualidad, tienen origen biotecnológico. Las empresas de biotecnología se caracterizan por unos proyectos de I+D muy costosos, prolongados en el tiempo, y con alto grado de incertidumbre y de fracasos. Ello que dificulta sensiblemente la obtención de fondos financieros para llevarlos a cabo. Existen pocos agentes financieros que asuman un nivel de riesgo tan alto. Uno de ellos es el capital riesgo. El capital riesgo suele invertir en empresas de alto componente tecnológico y alto riesgo, monitorizando su gestión, multiplicando su valor y realizar un beneficio vendiendo su participación. Pero el capital riesgo se enfrenta a un alto grado de asimetría informativa ante una potencial inversión en una empresa de biotecnología. Se puede mitigar el grado de asimetría informativa en base a la Teoría de la Señalización (Spence, M., 1973); en esta tesis doctoral se analizan las señales emitidas por las empresas de biotecnología españolas, que influyen en las decisiones de inversón del capital riesgo en ellas. Las empresas de biotecnología españolas, en comparación con las de otros países considerados líderes en esta industria (Estados Unidos, Canadá, Suiza), presentan un nivel menor de inversión, menor gasto en I+D y menor innovación. Asimismo, el sector del capital riesgo en España, hasta el año 2005, prácticamente no invertía en empresas de alta tecnología (10% de la inversión únicamente), lo que no es característico de esta industria en otros países en los que se encuentra más desarrollada. No obstante, en los siguientes años evolucionó hasta situar, en 2015, prácticamente el 90% de sus inversiones en empresas de alta tecnología (empresas de biotecnología incluídas). La particular idiosincrasia de las empresas de biotecnología españolas, así como del capital riesgo en España, motivan el interés en analizar, a lo largo de un período de diez años (2006- 2015), la relación entre estos dos sectores, teniendo como objetivo establecer conclusiones acerca de aquellas señales (Signaling Theory. Spence, 1973) que las empresas de biotecnología españolas emiten, que favorecen, o bien obstaculizan, la obtención de capital privado, específicamente de la industria del capital riesgo, por primera vez. Este interés en la primera inversión del capital riesgo, y no las ulteriores, en caso que se produzcan, se debe a que el nivel de asimetría informativa antes de esta primera inversión, es más alto. Una empresa de biotecnología en cuyo capital social hay una participación de una sociedad de capital riesgo, presenta un nivel inferior de asimetría informativa en relación a ulteriores operaciones de inversión por parte de la misma u otras sociedades de capital riesgo; por ello en este trabajo se centra el interés en la primera inversión, y no en las ulteriores.Las señales que se analizan son 9: las patentes publicadas, cuatro tipos de alianza estratégica: horizontal, vertical upstream, vertical downstream de I+D, y vertical downstream de comercialización, el origen spin-off, la condición de empresa independiente, la localización en uno de los principales cluster, y la dedicación a la salud humana. Cada una de estas señales da lugar a una hipótesis acerca de su capacidad señalizadora en uno u otro sentido, favorecedor u obstaculizador, de la primera inversión del capital riesgo. Se procede a la validación de las hipótesis mediante una regresión PROBIT CON DATOS DE PANEL sobre una muestra de 210 empresas de biotecnología con datos tomados a lo largo del periodo 2006-2015 (por razones metodológicas hay datos también de 2004 y 2005), utilizando como variables de control las alianzas estratégicas internacionales (como indicador de internacionalización de la empresa), experiencia en inversión de capital riesgo de los fundadores/administradores/consejeros, edad de la empresa, número de empleados, cifras de ventas, beneficios, activos inmateriales, tesorería, la ratio de deuda, y la presencia o no de restricciones de crédito en cada periodo anual considerado.Las hipótesis relativas a patentes, alianzas estratégicas horizontal y vertical downstream de I+D, origen spin-off, empresa independiente, y dedicación a salud humana, resultan validadas, como señales que favorecen la primera inversión del capital riesgo. A pesar de las diferencias importantes entre el sector biotecnológico español, así como la industria del capital riesgo en España, en relación con los mismos sectores en otros países en que ambos están más desarrollados, estos resultados son coincidentes en gran medida con los de otros trabajos similares, realizados sobre estos otros entornos geográficos, sobre empresas de biotecnología únicamente, o sobre empresas de alta tecnología (incluyendo o no biotecnología)." -- TDX.

The North American Mosaic

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The North American Mosaic by : Commission for Environmental Cooperation (Montréal, Québec). Secretariat

Download or read book The North American Mosaic written by Commission for Environmental Cooperation (Montréal, Québec). Secretariat and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The North American Mosaic has four overarching features. First, it is, to the extent feasible, based on comparable information on the status and trends of major indicators of the state of the environment in Canada,Mexico, and the United States. Second, the report confirms that these three countries together make up an incredibly complex, dynamic, and interconnected ecosystem in which humans play a dominant and decisive role. Third, the report raises important and sometimes disquieting questions concerning the sustainability of some current trends. Finally, the report is a reminder that our economic, social, and physical well-being are utterly dependent on the life-sustaining services provided by nature. This report emphasizes the importance of developing mutually compatible economic, social, and environmental goals and policies across the three-country region.

Cradle to Cradle

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Publisher : North Point Press
ISBN 13 : 1429973846
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Cradle to Cradle by : William McDonough

Download or read book Cradle to Cradle written by William McDonough and published by North Point Press. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A manifesto for a radically different philosophy and practice of manufacture and environmentalism "Reduce, reuse, recycle" urge environmentalists; in other words, do more with less in order to minimize damage. But as this provocative, visionary book argues, this approach perpetuates a one-way, "cradle to grave" manufacturing model that dates to the Industrial Revolution and casts off as much as 90 percent of the materials it uses as waste, much of it toxic. Why not challenge the notion that human industry must inevitably damage the natural world? In fact, why not take nature itself as our model? A tree produces thousands of blossoms in order to create another tree, yet we do not consider its abundance wasteful but safe, beautiful, and highly effective; hence, "waste equals food" is the first principle the book sets forth. Products might be designed so that, after their useful life, they provide nourishment for something new-either as "biological nutrients" that safely re-enter the environment or as "technical nutrients" that circulate within closed-loop industrial cycles, without being "downcycled" into low-grade uses (as most "recyclables" now are). Elaborating their principles from experience (re)designing everything from carpeting to corporate campuses, William McDonough and Michael Braungart make an exciting and viable case for change.

Pharmaceutical Innovation and Access to Medicines

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Publisher : Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development
ISBN 13 : 9789264307384
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Pharmaceutical Innovation and Access to Medicines by : OECD

Download or read book Pharmaceutical Innovation and Access to Medicines written by OECD and published by Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development. This book was released on 2019-01-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report reviews the important role of medicines in health sytems, describes recent trends in pharmaceutical expenditure and financing, and summarises the approaches used by OECD countries to determine coverage and pricing.

Environmental Law in Developing Countries

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Publisher : IUCN
ISBN 13 : 9782831708188
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Law in Developing Countries by : Marianela Cedeño Bonilla

Download or read book Environmental Law in Developing Countries written by Marianela Cedeño Bonilla and published by IUCN. This book was released on 2004 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains a selection of papers on various legal issues of interest to developing countries which have been prepared by Fellows from InWent who came to Germany between 2002 and 2004 from Africa, Asia, and Latin America to research and write about subjects of their choice at the IUCN Environmental Law Centre.

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises by :

Download or read book The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy

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Publisher : Burns & Oates
ISBN 13 : 9780826479068
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy by : Henry Etzkowitz

Download or read book Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy written by Henry Etzkowitz and published by Burns & Oates. This book was released on 2006-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: University and industry, up to now relatively separate and distinct institutional spheres, are assuming tasks that were formerly largely the province of the other in the development of new technologies. A new social contract is being drawn up between the university and the larger society, in which public funding for the university is made contingent upon a more direct contribution to the economy. Has economic development become a function of the university in addition to teaching and research? As the university crosses traditional boundaries through linkages to industry, it must devise ways to make its multiple purposes compatible with each other. The impetuses include: the industrial activities of individual academics in forming firms, which take on a collective force as they become Increasingly common; the organisational inititiatives of academic administrators in establishing procedures and administrative offices for university-industry relations...

The Failure of Modern Civilization and the Struggle for a "deep" Alternative

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Publisher : Beiträge zur Dissidenz
ISBN 13 : 9783631615522
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis The Failure of Modern Civilization and the Struggle for a "deep" Alternative by : Claudia von Werlhof

Download or read book The Failure of Modern Civilization and the Struggle for a "deep" Alternative written by Claudia von Werlhof and published by Beiträge zur Dissidenz. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Western civilization is the Utopia of a better and higher life on Earth. The globalization of neo-liberalism proves that this project has failed. The paradigm of «Critical Theory of Patriarchy» explains this failure and discusses alternatives. By confronting the central civilizations in history, the egalitarian, life-oriented matriarchal one, and the hierarchical, nature and life dominating, hostile patriarchal one, we see that 5000 years of patriarchy have «replaced» matriarchies and nature itself by a «progressive» counter-world of «capital». This transformation characterizes «capitalist patriarchy» including «socialism». Its demise is due to the «alchemical» destruction of the world's resources, thought of, theologically legitimized and fetishized as «creation». This violence is not recognized. Elites have, instead, begun with a new «military alchemy», treating the whole Planet as weapon of mass destruction. Hence, the «Planetary Movement for Mother Earth».

The Circular Economy and the Global South

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429783698
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

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Book Synopsis The Circular Economy and the Global South by : Patrick Schröder

Download or read book The Circular Economy and the Global South written by Patrick Schröder and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-04-12 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The circular economy is a policy approach and business strategy that aims to improve resource productivity, promote sustainable consumption and production and reduce environmental impacts. This book examines the relevance of the circular economy in the context of developing countries, something which to date is little understood. This volume highlights examples of circular economy practices in developing country contexts in relation to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), informal sector recycling and national policy approaches. It examines a broad range of case studies, including Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, South Africa, and Thailand, and illustrates how the circular economy can be used as a new lens and possible solution to cross-cutting development issues of pollution and waste, employment, health, urbanisation and green industrialisation. In addition to more technical and policy oriented contributions, the book also critically discusses existing narratives and pathways of the circular economy in the global North and South, and how these differ or possibly even conflict with each other. Finally, the book critically examines under what conditions the circular economy will be able to reduce global inequalities and promote human development in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. Presenting a unique social sciences perspective on the circular economy discourse, this book is relevant to students and scholars studying sustainability in economics, business studies, environmental politics and development studies.

Bioremediation and Bioeconomy

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128028726
Total Pages : 730 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioremediation and Bioeconomy by : Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad

Download or read book Bioremediation and Bioeconomy written by Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-10-03 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioremediation and Bioeconomy provides a common platform for scientists from various backgrounds to find sustainable solutions to environmental issues, including the ever-growing lack of water resources which are under immense pressure due to land degradation, pollution, population explosion, urbanization, and global economic development. In addition, large amounts of toxic waste have been dispersed in thousands of contaminated sites and bioremediation is emerging as an invaluable tool for environmental clean-up. The book addresses these challenge by presenting innovative and cost-effective solutions to decontaminate polluted environments, including usage of contaminated land and waste water for bioproducts such as natural fibers, biocomposites, and fuels to boost the economy. Users will find a guide that helps scientists from various backgrounds find sustainable solutions to these environmental issues as they address the topical issues crucial for understanding new and innovative approaches for sustainable development. - Provides a compilation of new information on phytoremediation not found in other books in the present market - The first book to link phytoremediation and the bioeconomy - Includes strategies to utilize contaminated soils for producing bioresources and co-generation of value chain and value additions products

Making Medicines Affordable

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309468086
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Medicines Affordable by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Making Medicines Affordable written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.

OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals

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Publisher : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ; [Montréal : Renouf]
ISBN 13 : 9789264122215
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (222 download)

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Book Synopsis OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals by : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Download or read book OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals written by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and published by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ; [Montréal : Renouf]. This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

FAO Strategy for Private Sector Engagement, 2021-2025

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251339694
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis FAO Strategy for Private Sector Engagement, 2021-2025 by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book FAO Strategy for Private Sector Engagement, 2021-2025 written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2021-02-22 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This strategy specifically targets the different types of the private sector from large national and multinational corporations, to financial institutions, micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), industry and trade organizations and consortia which represent private sector interests, farmers and farmers’ organizations, producers’ organizations and cooperatives and philanthropic foundations. At the same time, it also targets FAO Membership, as well as the general public who wish to learn more about FAO's strategy and ways of engaging with the private sector.

Plant Cryopreservation: A Practical Guide

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387722769
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

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Book Synopsis Plant Cryopreservation: A Practical Guide by : Barbara B.M. Reed

Download or read book Plant Cryopreservation: A Practical Guide written by Barbara B.M. Reed and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cryopreservation has proven to be an important tool for the storage and conservation of plant genetic resources. This book is a unique resource for plant scientists, providing more than 100 ready-to-use cryopreservation protocols for plant types from algae and bryophytes to a range of flowering plants. It includes techniques for diverse plant parts such as dormant buds, pollen, and apical meristems and for cell types such as suspension and callus cultures.

Cryopreservation of Tropical Plant Germplasm

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Cryopreservation of Tropical Plant Germplasm by : Florent Engelmann

Download or read book Cryopreservation of Tropical Plant Germplasm written by Florent Engelmann and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development of cryopreservation techniques. Importance of cryopreservation for the conservation of plant genetic resources. Fundamental aspects of cryopreservation. Cryopreservation techniques. Ongoing cryopreservation projects -- Research and its application. Current status of cryopreservation research and future perspectives of its application in national programmes.

Phosphorus in Environmental Technology

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Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843390019
Total Pages : 681 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)

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Book Synopsis Phosphorus in Environmental Technology by : E. Valsami-Jones

Download or read book Phosphorus in Environmental Technology written by E. Valsami-Jones and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-05-31 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phosphorus in Environmental Technology: Principles and Applications, provides a definitive and detailed presentation of state-of-the-art knowledge on the environmental behaviour of phosphorus and its applications to the treatment of waters and soils. Special attention is given to phosphorus removal for recovery technologies, a concept that has emerged over the past 5-6 years. The book features an all-encompassing approach: the fundamental science of phosphorus (chemistry, geochemistry, mineralogy, biology), key aspects of its environmental behaviour and mobility, industrial applications (treatment, removal, recovery) and the principles behind such applications, novel biotechnologies and, importantly, it also addresses socio-economic issues which often influence implementation and the ultimate success of any new technology. A detailed subject index helps the reader to find their way through the different scientific and technological aspects covered, making it an invaluable reference work for students, professionals and consultants dealing with phosphorus-related environmental technologies. State-of-the-art knowledge on the behaviour of phosphorus and its applications to environmental science and technology. Covers all aspects of phosphorus in the environment, engineered and biological systems; an interdisciplinary text.

A New roadmap for the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme and its World Network of Biosphere Reserves

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Publisher : UNESCO Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9231002066
Total Pages : 53 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis A New roadmap for the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme and its World Network of Biosphere Reserves by : UNESCO

Download or read book A New roadmap for the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme and its World Network of Biosphere Reserves written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: