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Land Surface Atmosphere Interactions In Regional Modeling Over South America
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Book Synopsis Land Surface-atmosphere Interactions in Regional Modeling Over South America by : Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves
Download or read book Land Surface-atmosphere Interactions in Regional Modeling Over South America written by Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Land Surface-atmosphere Interactions in Regional Modeling Over South America by : Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves
Download or read book Land Surface-atmosphere Interactions in Regional Modeling Over South America written by Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Land Surface — Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Modeling by : E.F. Wood
Download or read book Land Surface — Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Modeling written by E.F. Wood and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that the interactions between land surfaces and the atmosphere, and the resulting exchanges in water and energy have a tremendous affect on climate. The inadequate representation of land-atmosphere interactions is a major weakness in current climate models, and is providing the motivation for the HAPEX and ISLSCP experiments as well as the proposed Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. The inadequate representation reflects the recognition that the well-known phys ical relationships, which are well described at small scales, result in different relationships when represented at the scales used in climate models. Understanding this transition in the mathematical relationships with increased space-time scales appears to be very difficult, and has led to different approaches; at one extreme, the famous "bucket" model where the land-surface is a simple one layer storage without vegetation; the other extreme may be Seller's Simple Biosphere Model (Sib) where one big leaf covers the climate model grid. Given the heterogeneous nature of landforms, soils and vegetation within a climate model grid, the development of new land surface parameterizations, and their verification through large scale experiments is perceived to be a challenging area of research for the hydrology and meteorology communities. This book evolved from a workshop held at Princeton University to explore the status of land surface parameterizations within climate models, and how observa tional data can be used to assess these parameterizations and improve models.
Book Synopsis Land - Atmosphere Coupling in Climate Models Over North America; Understanding Inter-model Differences by : Almudena García García
Download or read book Land - Atmosphere Coupling in Climate Models Over North America; Understanding Inter-model Differences written by Almudena García García and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interactions between the lower atmosphere and the land surface are associated with weather and climate phenomena such as the duration, frequency and intensity of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Thus, the representation of land- atmosphere interactions in climate model simulations is crucial for projecting future changes in the statistics of extreme events as realistically as possible. Given the importance of the land-atmosphere interaction, the purpose of the thesis is to evaluate climate simulations performed by General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and examine the role of the Land Surface Model (LSM) component and the horizontal resolution over North America. For this purpose, I analyze a large set of simulations from GCMs and RCMs used by the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as well as my own simulations performed by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results show that GCM simulations present large uncertainties in the representation of land-atmosphere interactions in comparison with observations. This work also reveals a dependence of the simulated land-atmosphere interactions on the LSM components used in regional and global simulations. Additionally, the LSM component is identified as an important source of uncertainty in the simulation of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Increasing the horizontal resolution also affects the simulation of land-atmosphere interactions, which lead to the intensification of precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture at low latitudes; that is increased latent heat flux, soil moisture, and precipitation. The impact of both factors, horizontal resolution and the LSM, is larger in summer in agreement with the summer intensification of land-atmosphere interactions reported in the literature. The comparison of model simulations and observations indicates that the use of the most comprehensive LSM component available in WRF, the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), leads to a better representation of temperature climatologies. In contrast, finer horizontal resolutions are associated with larger biases in the WRF simulation of precipitation climatology, due to the overestimation of precipitation in the WRF model. Due to the large effect of the LSM component on the simulation of near-surface conditions shown in this dissertation, the use of simple version of LSM component in GCMs, RCMs or reanalyses can be an important limitation in climate simulations and reanalysis products.
Book Synopsis Land-atmosphere Interactions and Regional Climate in West Africa and South America by : Amir Erfanian Javadian Entezar Yazd
Download or read book Land-atmosphere Interactions and Regional Climate in West Africa and South America written by Amir Erfanian Javadian Entezar Yazd and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Land, atmosphere, and oceans interact with each other through energy, mass, and momentum exchanges. These interactions regulate climate variability and influence climate changes at the regional scale. One notable example of highly influential land-atmosphere-ocean interactions on regional climates is monsoonal systems that influence a substantial portion of the world’s population. In this dissertation, the present and future climates of West Africa (WA) and South America (SA), two important monsoon regions, were studied utilizing Regional and Global Climate Models (RCMs and GCMs), mathematical techniques and data mining tools, and observational data (in-situ, remote-sensing, and reanalysis). The objective is to advance our understanding on the role of land-atmosphere-ocean feedbacks, especially vegetation-climate interactions, in the climate variability, change, and extremes over these regions. Special attention was given to the improvement of climate simulations and reliability of future climate projections by quantifying and/or reducing uncertainties from multiple sources. As part of this dissertation, two new approaches concerning regional climate modeling and projection were developed, each pertaining to one of the geographic domains. One is the Ensemble-based Reconstructed Forcings (ERF) method that faithfully reproduces the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) mean but requires only a fraction of the computational cost of the conventional MME approach, which is critical for reducing the high uncertainties in the outlook of future precipitation change over WA. The other newly developed approach tackle the nesting practice, a major source of RCM bias that causes (large-scale) circulation in SA to drift away from that of the driving GCMs. To this end, a new paradigm of regional climate modeling was proposed that includes the influential oceans within the RCM domain to better resolve the large-scale circulation of the SA climate. Results from a fully coupled regional climate model, with and without dynamic vegetation, revealed significant influence of vegetation-climate interactions on the mean and variability of the surface hydroclimate of the two regions of focus. Precipitation, surface temperature, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture were all strongly influenced. In particular, results from both numerical experiments and observational data analysis indicated that tropical oceanic variability plays a dominant role in precipitation variability over SA, including the unprecedented extreme drought of 2016; in addition, greenhouse gas warming was found to significantly contribute to the amplification of the 2016 drought, especially during the pre-monsoon season. Natural vegetation dynamics improves the model performance in capturing the anomalies of surface water storage but has a negligible impact on precipitation anomalies of this extreme drought. Results of this research help advance our understanding and improve our capability to quantify and predict climate variability, change, and extremes over WA and SA.
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa Publisher :Independently Published ISBN 13 :9781724079879 Total Pages :26 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (798 download)
Book Synopsis Variability and Predictability of Land-Atmosphere Interactions: Observational and Modeling Studies by : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa
Download or read book Variability and Predictability of Land-Atmosphere Interactions: Observational and Modeling Studies written by National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall goal of this project is to increase our understanding of seasonal to interannual variability and predictability of atmosphere-land interactions. The project objectives are to: 1. Document the low frequency variability in land surface features and associated water and energy cycles from general circulation models (GCMs), observations and reanalysis products. 2. Determine what relatively wet and dry years have in common on a region-by-region basis and then examine the physical mechanisms that may account for a significant portion of the variability. 3. Develop GCM experiments to examine the hypothesis that better knowledge of the land surface enhances long range predictability. This investigation is aimed at evaluating and predicting seasonal to interannual variability for selected regions emphasizing the role of land-atmosphere interactions. Of particular interest are the relationships between large, regional and local scales and how they interact to account for seasonal and interannual variability, including extreme events such as droughts and floods. North and South America, including the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Continental International Project (GEWEX GCIP), MacKenzie, and LBA basins, are currently being emphasized. We plan to ultimately generalize and synthesize to other land regions across the globe, especially those pertinent to other GEWEX projects. Roads, John and Oglesby, Robert and Marshall, Susan and Robertson, Franklin R. Marshall Space Flight Center
Book Synopsis Amazonia and Global Change by : Michael Keller
Download or read book Amazonia and Global Change written by Michael Keller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-02 with total page 1472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 186. Amazonia and Global Change synthesizes results of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) for scientists and students of Earth system science and global environmental change. LBA, led by Brazil, asks how Amazonia currently functions in the global climate and biogeochemical systems and how the functioning of Amazonia will respond to the combined pressures of climate and land use change, such as Wet season and dry season aerosol concentrations and their effects on diffuse radiation and photosynthesis Increasing greenhouse gas concentration, deforestation, widespread biomass burning and changes in the Amazonian water cycle Drought effects and simulated drought through rainfall exclusion experiments The net flux of carbon between Amazonia and the atmosphere Floodplains as an important regulator of the basin carbon balance including serving as a major source of methane to the troposphere The impact of the likely increased profitability of cattle ranching. The book will serve a broad community of scientists and policy makers interested in global change and environmental issues with high-quality scientific syntheses accessible to nonspecialists in a wide community of social scientists, ecologists, atmospheric chemists, climatologists, and hydrologists.
Book Synopsis Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate by : Pavel Kabat
Download or read book Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate written by Pavel Kabat and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art overview of the influence of terrestrial vegetation and soils within the Earth system. The text deals especially with interactions between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere via the hydrological cycle and their interlinkage with anthropogenic activities. Measurements gathered in integrated field experiments in the Sahel, the Amazon, North America and South-east Asia confirm the importance of these interactions. Observations are complemented by modelling studies, including regional models that simulate flows and transport in river catchments, coupled land-cover and regional climate systems, and Earth-system and global circulation models. Water, nutrient and sediment fluxes in river basins are also discussed and are shown to be highly impacted and regulated by humans through land use, pollution and river engineering. Finally, the book discusses environmental vulnerability and methodologies for assessing the risks associated with regional and global climatic and environmental variability and change. The results reported in this book are based on the research work of many individual scientists and teams around the world associated with the objectives of the IGBP-BAHC and WCRP-GEWEX international research programmes.
Book Synopsis Hydrological Drought by : Lena M. Tallaksen
Download or read book Hydrological Drought written by Lena M. Tallaksen and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of the examples are taken from regions where the rivers run most of the year.
Book Synopsis Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model by : Tianjun Zhou
Download or read book Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model written by Tianjun Zhou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-19 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coupled climate system models are of central importance for climate studies. A new model known as FGOALS ( the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model), has been developed by the Sate Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LASG/IAP, CAS), a first-tier national geophysical laboratory. It serves as a powerful tool, both for deepening our understanding of fundamental mechanisms of the climate system and for making decadal prediction and scenario projections of future climate change. "Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: A Modeling Tool for the Climate Change Research Community” is the first book to offer systematic evaluations of this model’s performance. It is comprehensive in scope, covering both developmental and application-oriented aspects of this climate system model. It also provides an outlook of future development of FGOALS and offers an overview of how to employ the model. It represents a valuable reference work for researchers and professionals working within the related areas of climate variability and change. Prof. Tianjun Zhou, Yongqiang Yu, Yimin Liu and Bin Wang work at LASG, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
Book Synopsis GRACE-based Investigation of Large-scale Land-atmosphere Interactions by : Ajiao Chen
Download or read book GRACE-based Investigation of Large-scale Land-atmosphere Interactions written by Ajiao Chen and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Land-atmosphere interactions encompass complex surface processes that exchange energy and matter between land and the atmosphere, which play important roles in modulating variations in climate. Prediction on future climate change calls for more precise prediction models. Improving the representation of physical processes of land-atmosphere interactions and the availability of key variables for characterizing those processes could help reduce uncertainties in the prediction models, and consequently make contribution to extreme weather forecasting and natural disasters prevention. -- Terrestrial water storage (TWS, includes surface water, soil moisture, groundwater, snow, and ice) constitutes a significant memory component within the climate system. However, in Australia, the driest inhabitant continent, there is still a lack of investigation on the long-term TWS variation pattern. In addition, soil moisture as the most variable component of TWS has strong interactions with vegetation and near-surface temperature, but investigations on those interactions have been impeded by the scarcity of soil moisture observations. -- The long-term wetting/drying pattern in Australia was investigated in this thesis by applying the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite derived TWS anomaly and extended datasets. A seesaw pattern of TWS variation between eastern and western Australia was revealed: eastern Australia gaining water, while western Australia is losing water, and vice versa. This phenomenon is resulted from a combination of effects from large-scale climate mode and dynamic vegetation and soil moisture interactions. It highlighted the bidirectional effects between surface vegetation and land water conditions, but such knowledge of Australia remained poorly understood. Results of this thesis for the first time indicated that non-linear interactions between vegetation and TWS occurred in 58% of the area of Australia. Those new findings partly improved our understanding of physical processes in Australia's land-atmosphere interactions. -- On the other hand, this thesis proposes the first use of wavelet decomposed GRACE TWS as a proxy of soil moisture to investigate its relationship with air temperature anomaly/hot extremes at the global scale. Compared to raw TWS, decomposed TWS showed improved skill in explaining temperature variability. It is because that the decomposed components could reflect different roles of moisture at different soil depths in the soil moisture-temperature coupling. The wavelet decomposed TWS also performed better than other commonly used soil moisture proxies (i.e., precipitation relevant index, products derived from land surface model and microwave remote sensing technology). Besides, by using the decomposed TWS to represent local moisture deficit, it played a more important role in influencing hot extreme occurrences in regions with a total area 1.6 times as large as the area strongly influenced by global temperature change during the study period 1985-2015. The results suggested that local land management is essential for combating hot extreme expansion in regions with strong land-atmosphere coupling, and global measures for reducing emissions are required in the face of increasing greenhouse gas forcing. -- In summary, this thesis improved the knowledge of land-atmosphere interactions at continental and global scales through further investigation on TWS variation pattern and its relationships with vegetation and temperature. This thesis also suggested a useful soil moisture proxy, i.e., the wavelet decomposed GRACE TWS, that can be applied to examine other processes in land-atmosphere interactions and to evaluate the performance of land surface models.
Book Synopsis Land Change Science by : Garik Gutman
Download or read book Land Change Science written by Garik Gutman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-24 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a synthesis of the NASA funded work under the Land-Cover and Land-Use Change Program. Hundreds of scientists have worked for the past eight years to understand one of the most important forces that is changing our planet-human impacts on land cover, that is land use. Its contributions span the natural and the social sciences, and apply state-of-the-art techniques for understanding the earth: satellite remote sensing, geographic information systems, modeling, and advanced computing. It brings together detailed case studies, regional analyses, and globally scaled mapping efforts. This is the most organized effort made to understand the dominant force that has been responsible for changing the Earth’s biosphere. Audience: This publication will be of interest to students, scientists, and policy makers. This volume includes a CD-ROM containing full color images of a selection of illustrations which are printed in black-and-white in the book.
Book Synopsis Precipitation, Recycling and Land Memory by : Paul A. Dirmeyer
Download or read book Precipitation, Recycling and Land Memory written by Paul A. Dirmeyer and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A synthesis of several approaches to quantifying land-atmosphere interactions is presented. These approaches use data from observations or atmospheric reanalyses applied to atmospheric tracer models and stand-alone land surface schemes. None of these approaches relies on the results of general circulation model simulations. A high degree of correlation is found among these independent approaches, and constructed here is a composite assessment of global land-atmosphere feedback strength as a function of season. The composite combines the characteristics of persistence of soil moisture anomalies, strong soil moisture regulation of evaporation rates, and reinforcement of water cycle anomalies through recycling. The regions and seasons that have a strong composite signal predominate in both summer and winter monsoon regions in the period after the rainy season wanes. However, there are exceptions to this pattern, most notably over the Great Plains of North America and the Pampas/Pantanal of South America, where there are signs of land-atmosphere feedback throughout most of the year. Soil moisture memory in many of these regions is long enough to suggest that real-time monitoring and accurate initialization of the land surface in forecast models could lead to improvements in medium-range weather to subseasonal climate forecasts.
Book Synopsis Quantifying the Role of Individual Surface Properties in Atmospheric Feedbacks and Land-atmosphere Interactions by : Marysa Monique Laguë
Download or read book Quantifying the Role of Individual Surface Properties in Atmospheric Feedbacks and Land-atmosphere Interactions written by Marysa Monique Laguë and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The land plays a critical role in the coupled Earth System. While it is intuitive to think of the impact of climate on the vegetated land surface, it is also true that changes in land surface properties can modify climate, on both local and global scales. Land surface properties such as albedo, evaporative resistance, and aerodynamic roughness modulate fluxes of energy to the atmosphere. Albedo controls how much incoming shortwave radiation is absorbed by the land surface, and thus how much energy must be either stored by the land surface, or returned to the atmosphere in the form of longwave radiation, sensible heat, or latent heat flux (evaporation). Evaporative resistance modifies the partitioning of turbulent energy fluxes between sensible and latent heat, thus modifying the amount of moisture fluxed from the land to the atmosphere. Aerodynamic resistance effects the efficiency of turbulent mixing with the atmosphere. While the general role of each of these surface properties in the surface energy budget is understood, it is not known which of these surface properties has the largest impact on the climate experienced by the land surface, or where each of these surface properties plays the largest role in influencing surface climate. Moreover, changes in any one of these surface properties can modify the climate experienced by the land surface both directly - that is, simply by changing the magnitude of individual surface energy fluxes - and indirectly, by driving atmospheric feedbacks. Atmospheric feedbacks are responses of the atmosphere to initial changes in surface fluxes, which can then feedback on the surface energy budget, both locally and remotely - that is, a change in the land surface in one location can modify the surface energy budget in remote regions, via ecoclimate teleconnections. In this dissertation, I separate and quantify the role of each of three individual surface properties associated with vegetation change - albedo, evaporative resistance, and aerodynamic resistance - using an idealized land surface model (the Simple Land Interface Model, SLIM) coupled to a complex Earth System Model. Additionally, I separate and quantify the magnitude of change in surface climate coming directly from the land surface, and the magnitude of change coming from atmospheric responses to those initial changes in the land surface. Albedo: I show that albedo has the largest direct impact on land surface temperatures and energy fluxes in regions that are sunny and dry, such as the sub-tropics. Albedo plays a less important direct role in high latitudes because there is less insolation (thus, the same change in albedo leads to a smaller change in absorbed energy than it would at a lower latitude). Albedo leads to increased energy absorption in the tropics, but does not directly lead to a large amount of warming, as the moist tropics can shed excess absorbed energy through evaporation (latent heat flux), rather than surface warming. Decreasing land albedo leads to more total energy absorbed by the land system, and thus released to the bottom of the atmosphere. As such, darkening the land surface leads to a net divergence of energy transport by the atmosphere away from the continents towards the ocean. In some regions, such as off the west coast of South America, this energy convergence over the oceans leads to increased low cloud cover. Historical changes in albedo resulting from vegetation change lead to both warming and cooling regional temperature signals, primarily resulting from afforestation of abandoned cropland in the mid-latitudes, and deforestation for agriculture in the tropics. Evaporative Resistance: Evaporative resistance does not directly control the total amount of energy absorbed by the land surface; it controls the partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes. I show that the direct effect of changes in evaporative resistance has the largest impact on surface temperatures and fluxes in regions with larege latent heat fluxes - that is, areas with substantial water available on the land surface and large amounts of energy absorbed by the land surface, such as the tropics. However, I show that the effect of evaporative resistance on land surface climate is greatly amplified by atmospheric interactions - in particular, by changes in cloud cover. I show that changes in evaporative resistance have the largest impact on terrestrial temperatures over the northern mid-latitudes, where reduced land evaporation leads to reductions in low cloud cover, which in turn lead to increased sunlight reaching the land surface in these regions. The increased solar radiation reaching the land surface is the largest driver of warming in response to evaporative resistance. I demonstrate that changes in evaporative resistance can lead to large-scale changes in atmospheric energy transport. However, atmospheric energy transport only responds to changes in evaporative resistance over regions where there are strong cloud feedbacks to modified evaporation from the land surface. It is the cloud feedback that allows for evaporation to modify the total amount of energy absorbed by the land surface - and thus released back to the base of the atmosphere. Historical land use change has resulted in substantial changes in evapotranspiration in Earth System Models. Using SLIM, I show that the modeled changes in evapotranspiration between 1850 and 2000 are responsible for more surface temperature change than the changes in albedo driven by vegetation change over the same period. Surface Roughness: Changes in surface roughness change how efficiently the land can exchange energy with the atmosphere through turbulent mixing. I show how changes in the aerodynamic roughness of the surface (which varies with vegetation height and patchiness) strongly control the radiative skin temperature of the land surface, but have a much weaker influence on the 2m air temperature. Unlike albedo and evaporative resistance, atmospheric feedbacks to changes in surface roughness do not play a large role in controlling the pattern and magnitude of the response of surface temperatures and fluxes to changes in surface roughness. Because surface roughness does not modify the total amount of energy absorbed by the land surface, changes in surface roughness have very little impact on large-scale atmospheric circulation. However, I show that changes in surface roughness do have strong impacts on near-surface wind speeds. This work clearly demonstrates the importance of atmospheric feedbacks to change in the land surface, and quantifies the effects of individual land surface properties on the larger climate system. Outline: Chapter 1 provides relevant background knowledge relating to land-atmosphere inter- actions. Chapter 2 is a detailed description of the Simple Land Interface Model, which was developed in order to address the issue of separating the individual effects of different land surface properties associated with vegetation. Chapter 3 explores the sensitivity of the climate system to incremental idealized, global-scale changes in individual land surface properties, with a particular focus on the surface energy budget. Chapter 4 considers the effects of idealized land surface property changes on large-scale atmospheric circulation using both a complex and an idealized Earth System Model. Chapter 5 focusses on the pattern of land surface property change associated with historical vegetation change from 1850 to the present day.
Book Synopsis Demystifying Climate Models by : Andrew Gettelman
Download or read book Demystifying Climate Models written by Andrew Gettelman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-09 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book demystifies the models we use to simulate present and future climates, allowing readers to better understand how to use climate model results. In order to predict the future trajectory of the Earth’s climate, climate-system simulation models are necessary. When and how do we trust climate model predictions? The book offers a framework for answering this question. It provides readers with a basic primer on climate and climate change, and offers non-technical explanations for how climate models are constructed, why they are uncertain, and what level of confidence we should place in them. It presents current results and the key uncertainties concerning them. Uncertainty is not a weakness but understanding uncertainty is a strength and a key part of using any model, including climate models. Case studies of how climate model output has been used and how it might be used in the future are provided. The ultimate goal of this book is to promote a better understanding of the structure and uncertainties of climate models among users, including scientists, engineers and policymakers.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Land-atmosphere Interactions in Models of the North American Monsoon by : Patrick Kelly
Download or read book Evaluation of Land-atmosphere Interactions in Models of the North American Monsoon written by Patrick Kelly and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observed net surface radiation is around 125 Wm-2 over land in the NAM region in summer (Table 3.5). Models overestimate it by an average of about 20 Wm-2, despite their high albedo, apparently due to deficiencies in cloud radiative forcing. Inter-model differences in sensible heating can be traced consistently from surface heat flux (Table 5.1), to PBL diurnal evolution (Fig. 5.1), to diurnal thickening of the lower troposphere (Fig. 5.2). These NAMAP2 results highlight the range of uncertainty and errors in contemporary models, including those defining US national weather forecasting capability. Model experimentation will be necessary to fully interpret the lessons and harvest the fruits of this offline inter-comparison exercise.
Book Synopsis The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere by : Tapio Schneider
Download or read book The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere written by Tapio Schneider and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-13 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite major advances in the observation and numerical simulation of the atmosphere, basic features of the Earth's climate remain poorly understood. Integrating the available data and computational resources to improve our understanding of the global circulation of the atmosphere remains a challenge. Theory must play a critical role in meeting this challenge. This book provides an authoritative summary of the state of the art on this front. Bringing together sixteen of the field's leading experts to address those aspects of the global circulation of the atmosphere most relevant to climate, the book brings the reader up to date on the key frontiers in general circulation theory-including the nonlinear and turbulent global-scale dynamics that determine fundamental aspects of the Earth's climate. While emphasizing theory, as expressed through relatively simple mathematical models, it also draws connections to simulations with comprehensive general circulation models. Topics include the dynamics of storm tracks, interactions between wave dynamics and the hydrological cycle, monsoons, tropical and extratropical dynamics and interactions, and the processes controlling atmospheric humidity. An essential resource for graduate students in atmospheric, ocean, and climate sciences and for researchers seeking an overview of the field, The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere sets the standard for future research in a science that stands at a critical juncture. With a foreword by Edward Lorenz, the book includes chapters by Christopher Bretherton; Kerry Emanuel; Isaac Held; David Neelin; Raymond Pierrehumbert, Hélène Brogniez, and Rémy Roca; Alan Plumb; Walter Robinson; Tapio Schneider; Richard Seager and David Battisti; Adam Sobel; Kyle Swanson; and Pablo Zurita-Gotor and Richard Lindzen.
