Laboratory Investigation of Chemical and Physical Properties of Soot-containing Aerosols

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Book Synopsis Laboratory Investigation of Chemical and Physical Properties of Soot-containing Aerosols by : Dan Zhang

Download or read book Laboratory Investigation of Chemical and Physical Properties of Soot-containing Aerosols written by Dan Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot particles released from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning have a large impact on the regional/global climate by altering the atmospheric radiativeproperties and by serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). However, the exact forcing is affected by the mixing of soot with other aerosol constituents, such as sulfuric acid. In this work, experimental studies have been carried out focusing on three integral parts: (1) heterogeneous uptake of sulfuric acid on soot; (2) hygroscopic growth of H2SO4-coated soot aerosols; (3) effect of H2SO4 coating on scattering and extinction properties of soot particles. A low-pressure laminar-flow reactor, coupled to ion drift chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ID-CIMS) detection, is used to study uptake coefficients of H2SO4 on combustion soot. The results suggest that uptake of H2SO4 takes place efficiently on soot particles, representing an important route to convert hydrophobic soot to hydrophilic aerosols. A tandem differential mobility analyzing (TDMA) system is employed to determine the hygroscopicity of freshly generated soot in the presence of H2SO4 coating. It is found that fresh soot particles are highly hydrophobic, while coating of H2SO4 significantly facilitates water uptake on soot even at sub-saturation relative humidities. The results indicate that aged soot particles in the atmosphere can potentially be an efficient source of CCN. Scattering and extinction coefficient measurements of the soot-H2SO4 mixed particles are conducted using a three wave length Nephelometer and a multi-path extinction cell. Coating of H2SO4 is found to increase the single scattering albedo (SSA) of soot particles which has impact on the aerosol direct radiative effect. Other laboratory techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) are utilized to examine the morphology and chemical composition of the soot-H2SO4 particles. This work provides critical information concerning the heterogeneous interaction of soot and sulfuric acid, and how their mixing affects the hygroscopic and optical properties of soot. The results will improve our ability to model and assess the soot direct and indirect forcing and hence enhance our understanding of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the climate.

LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATION OF MIXING, MORPHOLOGY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOOT AND SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS

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ISBN 13 :
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Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATION OF MIXING, MORPHOLOGY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOOT AND SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS by :

Download or read book LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATION OF MIXING, MORPHOLOGY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOOT AND SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Laboratory Experiments and Instrument Intercomparison Studies of Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 13 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis Laboratory Experiments and Instrument Intercomparison Studies of Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles by :

Download or read book Laboratory Experiments and Instrument Intercomparison Studies of Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols containing black carbon (and some specific types of organic particulate matter) directly absorb incoming light, heating the atmosphere. In addition, all aerosol particles backscatter solar light, leading to a net-cooling effect. Indirect effects involve hydrophilic aerosols, which serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) that affect cloud cover and cloud stability, impacting both atmospheric radiation balance and precipitation patterns. At night, all clouds produce local warming, but overall clouds exert a net-cooling effect on the Earth. The effect of aerosol radiative forcing on climate may be as large as that of the greenhouse gases, but predominantly opposite in sign and much more uncertain. The uncertainties in the representation of aerosol interactions in climate models makes it problematic to use model projections to guide energy policy. The objective of our program is to reduce the uncertainties in the aerosol radiative forcing in the two areas highlighted in the ASR Science and Program Plan. That is, (1) addressing the direct effect by correlating particle chemistry and morphology with particle optical properties (i.e. absorption, scattering, extinction), and (2) addressing the indirect effect by correlating particle hygroscopicity and CCN activity with particle size, chemistry, and morphology. In this connection we are systematically studying particle formation, oxidation, and the effects of particle coating. The work is specifically focused on carbonaceous particles where the uncertainties in the climate relevant properties are the highest. The ongoing work consists of laboratory experiments and related instrument inter-comparison studies both coordinated with field and modeling studies, with the aim of providing reliable data to represent aerosol processes in climate models. The work is performed in the aerosol laboratory at Boston College. At the center of our laboratory setup are two main sources for the production of aerosol particles: (a) two well-characterized source of soot particles and (b) a flow reactor for controlled OH and/or O3 oxidation of relevant gas phase species to produce well-characterized SOA particles. After formation, the aerosol particles are subjected to physical and chemical processes that simulate aerosol growth and aging. A suite of instruments in our laboratory is used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of aerosol particles before and after processing. The Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (ToF-AMS) together with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) measures particle mass, volume, density, composition (including black carbon content), dynamic shape factor, and fractal dimension. The-ToF-AMS was developed at ARI with Boston College participation. About 120 AMS instruments are now in service (including 5 built for DOE laboratories) performing field and laboratory studies world-wide. Other major instruments include a thermal denuder, two Differential Mobility Analyzers (DMA), a Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter (CCN), a Thermal desorption Aerosol GC/MS (TAG) and the new Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS). Optical instrumentation required for the studies have been brought to our laboratory as part of ongoing and planned collaborative projects with colleagues from DOE, NOAA and university laboratories. Optical instruments that will be utilized include a Photoacoustic Spectrometer (PAS), a Cavity Ring Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer (CRD-AES), a Photo Thermal Interferometer (PTI), a new 7-wavelength Aethalometer and a Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift Extinction Monitor (CAPS). These instruments are providing aerosol absorption, extinction and scattering coefficients at a range of atmospherically relevant wavelengths. During the past two years our work has continued along the lines of our original proposal. We report on 12 completed and/or continuing projects conducted during the period 08/14 to 0814/2015. These projects are described in ...

Laboratory Investigations of Soot Optical Properties and the Hygroscopicity and Production of Sea Spray Aerosol

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ISBN 13 : 9780355972436
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (724 download)

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Book Synopsis Laboratory Investigations of Soot Optical Properties and the Hygroscopicity and Production of Sea Spray Aerosol by : Sara Danielle Forestieri

Download or read book Laboratory Investigations of Soot Optical Properties and the Hygroscopicity and Production of Sea Spray Aerosol written by Sara Danielle Forestieri and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 142008562X
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy by : Ruth Signorell

Download or read book Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy written by Ruth Signorell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-12-20 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Helping you better understand the processes, instruments, and methods of aerosol spectroscopy, Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy provides an overview of the state of the art in this rapidly developing field. It covers fundamental aspects of aerosol spectroscopy, applications to atmospherically and astronomically relevant problem

Aerosol Measurement

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470387416
Total Pages : 920 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Aerosol Measurement by : Pramod Kulkarni

Download or read book Aerosol Measurement written by Pramod Kulkarni and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-12 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications Third Edition is the most detailed treatment available of the latest aerosol measurement methods. Drawing on the know-how of numerous expert contributors; it provides a solid grasp of measurement fundamentals and practices a wide variety of aerosol applications. This new edition is updated to address new and developing applications of aerosol measurement, including applications in environmental health, atmospheric science, climate change, air pollution, public health, nanotechnology, particle and powder technology, pharmaceutical research and development, clean room technology (integrated circuit manufacture), and nuclear waste management.

Observations of Secondary Organic Aerosol Production and Soot Aging Under Atmospheric Conditions Using a Novel Environmental Aerosol Chamber

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (778 download)

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Book Synopsis Observations of Secondary Organic Aerosol Production and Soot Aging Under Atmospheric Conditions Using a Novel Environmental Aerosol Chamber by : Crystal Glen

Download or read book Observations of Secondary Organic Aerosol Production and Soot Aging Under Atmospheric Conditions Using a Novel Environmental Aerosol Chamber written by Crystal Glen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) comprise a substantial fraction of the total global aerosol budget. While laboratory studies involving smog chambers have advanced our understanding of the formation mechanisms responsible for SOA, our knowledge of the processes leading to SOA production under ambient gaseous and particulate concentrations as well as the impact these aerosol types have on climate is poorly understood. Although the majority of atmospheric aerosols scatter radiation either directly or indirectly by serving as cloud condensation nuclei, soot is thought to have a significant warming effect through absorption. Like inorganic salts, soot may undergo atmospheric transformation through the vapor condensation of non-volatile gaseous species which will alter both its chemical and physical properties. Typical smog chamber studies investigating the formation and growth of SOA as well as the soot aging process are temporally limited by the initial gaseous concentrations injected into the chamber environment. Furthermore, data interpretation from such experiments is generally restricted to the singular gaseous species under investigation. This dissertation discusses the use of a new aerosol chamber designed to study the formation and growth of SOA and soot aging under atmospherically relevant conditions. The Ambient Aerosol Chamber for Evolution Studies (AACES) was deployed at three field sites where size and hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of ammonium sulfate seed particles was monitored over time to examine the formation and growth of SOA. Similar studies investigating the soot aging process were also conducted in Houston, TX. It is shown that during the ambient growth of ammonium sulfate seed particles, as particle size increases, hygroscopic growth factors decrease considerably resulting in a significant organic mass fraction in the particle phase concluding an experiment. Observations of soot aging show an increase in measured size, HGF, mass and single scattering albedo. Ambient growth rate comparisons with chamber growth yielded similar trends verifying the use of AACES to study aerosol aging. Based on the results from this study, it is recommended that AACES be employed in future studies involving the production and growth of SOA and soot aging under ambient conditions in order to bridge the gaps in our current scientific knowledge.

Chemistry of Carbonaceous Aerosols

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (244 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemistry of Carbonaceous Aerosols by : Kirsten Sue Johnson

Download or read book Chemistry of Carbonaceous Aerosols written by Kirsten Sue Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonaceous aerosols are among the most prevalent yet least understood constituents of the atmosphere, particularly in urban environments. We have performed analyses of field samples and laboratory studies to probe the physico-chemical properties of soot and organic aerosols in a complimentary approach to obtain information essential for understanding their atmospheric evolution and environmental effects. Samples of particulate matter

NASA Reference Publication

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis NASA Reference Publication by :

Download or read book NASA Reference Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Correlations Between Optical, Chemical and Physical Properties OfBiomass Burn Aerosols

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (893 download)

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Book Synopsis Correlations Between Optical, Chemical and Physical Properties OfBiomass Burn Aerosols by :

Download or read book Correlations Between Optical, Chemical and Physical Properties OfBiomass Burn Aerosols written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols generated from burning different plant fuels were characterized to determine relationships between chemical, optical and physical properties. Single scattering albedo ([omega]) and Angstrom absorption coefficients ([alpha]{sub ap}) were measured using a photoacoustic technique combined with a reciprocal nephelometer. Carbon-to-oxygen atomic ratios, sp2 hybridization, elemental composition and morphology of individual particles were measured using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion of X-rays (SEM/EDX). Particles were grouped into three categories based on sp2 hybridization and chemical composition. Measured [omega] (0.4-1.0 at 405 nm) and [alpha]{sub ap} (1.0-3.5) values displayed a fuel dependence. The category with sp2 hybridization>80% had values of [omega] (0.5) and [alpha]{sub ap} (H".25) characteristic of light absorbing soot. Other categories with lower sp2 hybridization (20 to 60%) exhibited higher [omega] (0.8) and [alpha]{sub ap} (1.0 to 3.5) values, indicating increased absorption spectral selectivity.

Laboratory Experiments and Instrument Development for the Study of Atmospheric Aerosols

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Laboratory Experiments and Instrument Development for the Study of Atmospheric Aerosols by :

Download or read book Laboratory Experiments and Instrument Development for the Study of Atmospheric Aerosols written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot particles are generated by incomplete combustion of fossil and biomass fuels. Through direct effects clear air aerosols containing black carbon (BC) such as soot aerosols, absorb incoming light heating the atmosphere, while most other aerosols scatter light and produce cooling. Even though BC represents only 1-2% of the total annual emissions of particulate mass to the atmosphere, it has been estimated that the direct radiative effect of BC is the second-most important contributor to global warming after absorption by CO2. Ongoing studies continue to underscore the climate forcing importance of black carbon. However, estimates of the radiative effects of black carbon on climate remain highly uncertain due to the complexity of particles containing black carbon. Quantitative measurement of BC is challenging because BC often occurs in highly non-spherical soot particles of complex morphology. Freshly emitted soot particles are typically fractal hydrophobic aggregates. The aggregates consist of black carbon spherules with diameters typically in the range of about 15-40 nm, and they are usually coated by adsorbed polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced during combustion. Diesel-generated soot particles are often emitted with an organic coating composed primarily of lubricating oil and unburned fuel, as well as well as PAH compounds. Sulfuric acid has also been detected in diesel and aircraft-emitted soot particles. In the course of aging, these particle coatings may be substantially altered by chemical reactions and/or the deposition of other materials. Such processes transform the optical and CCN properties of the soot aerosols in ways that are not yet well understood. Our work over the past seven years consisted of laboratory research, instrument development and characterization, and field studies with the central focus of improving our understanding of the black carbon aerosol climate impacts. During the sixth year as well as during this seventh year (no-cost extension period) of our grant, we extended our studies to perform experiments on the controlled production and characterization of secondary organic aerosol.

Field and Laboratory Perspectives on the Cloud Nucleating Abilities of Aerosol Particles

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Field and Laboratory Perspectives on the Cloud Nucleating Abilities of Aerosol Particles by : Beth Friedman

Download or read book Field and Laboratory Perspectives on the Cloud Nucleating Abilities of Aerosol Particles written by Beth Friedman and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosol-cloud interactions represent a significant uncertainty with respect to radiative forcing and future climate change. Both particle composition and size play key, yet poorly understood, roles in determining the cloud nucleating capabilities of aerosols. The following describes ambient and laboratory measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) measurements from a variety of sources, with the goal of understanding how composition and size interact in forming cloud droplets and ice crystals and the potential importance of aerosol composition and atmospheric aging processes on constraining uncertainties associated with the cloud nucleating properties of aerosols. Motivated by the anthropogenic emissions of soot particles as well as the potential properties of aged soot particles, ice formation and droplet activation of soot particles of various size and composition were studied. Generated soot particles were coated with a variety of atmospherically relevant acids of varying solubility properties. The particles were also exposed to ozone in order to simulate atmospheric oxidation and aging. A custom-built ice chamber was utilized to show that both uncoated and coated soot particles comparable to those generated in our studies are unlikely to significantly contribute to the global budget of heterogeneous IN at relevant atmospheric temperatures. This result is emphasized by comparison to an efficient ice nucleus, such as mineral dust. Coatings and oxidation by ozone also did not significantly alter the ice nucleation behavior of soot particles but aided in the uptake of water, suggesting the altered composition of a hydrophobic particle is important to take into account for cloud droplet activation. To assess the importance of particle composition in cloud droplet activation, measurements of CCN concentrations, single particle composition, and number size distributions were conducted at a high-elevation research site. The temporal evolution of detailed single particle chemical composition was compared with changes in CCN activation. A variety of particle types were observed; CCN activation largely followed the behavior of the sulfate-containing particle types; biomass burning particles also contained hygroscopic material that impacted CCN activation. The observed particles were largely aged; few local sources contributed to the particle composition due to the high elevation of the site. The results were also interpreted in terms of the assumed hygroscopicity of free tropospheric aerosol. As a further examination of the impacts of aging processes on aerosol hygroscopicity measurements of CCN concentrations, aerosol composition, and number size distributions were conducted during the winter season from of a variety of air masses, including aged marine, continental, and urban sources. Based on the measured chemistry and size properties of the ambient aerosol, CCN concentrations were predicted in order to assess the amount of composition detail necessary to explain droplet activation. Direct measurements of the composition of the activated droplets were also conducted with a novel technique to separate activated droplets from un-activated aerosol. Results suggest the importance of inorganic species in droplet activation, with non-oxidized organic species having negligible impacts on total aerosol hygroscopicity. Using the same novel separation technique, measurements of the single particle composition of activated droplet residual particles were determined at an urban site in the summertime, with similar air mass trajectories as the previous wintertime site, as well as influence from local urban aerosol sources. As a function of atmospheric supersaturation conditions the composition of activated droplet residual particles was compared to the ambient aerosol composition. The study was utilized to determine the level of composition and size detail required to describe droplet activation at a site with similar aged air mass trajectories to the previous study.

Characteristics of Aerosols Produced by Sodium Fires

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Characteristics of Aerosols Produced by Sodium Fires by : M. A. Greenfield

Download or read book Characteristics of Aerosols Produced by Sodium Fires written by M. A. Greenfield and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Optical, Chemical, and Physical Properties of Aerosols and Gases Emitted by the Laboratory Combustion of Wildland Fuels

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis The Optical, Chemical, and Physical Properties of Aerosols and Gases Emitted by the Laboratory Combustion of Wildland Fuels by : Gavin R. McMeeking

Download or read book The Optical, Chemical, and Physical Properties of Aerosols and Gases Emitted by the Laboratory Combustion of Wildland Fuels written by Gavin R. McMeeking and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Laboratory Studies of Aerosol Chemistry

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Laboratory Studies of Aerosol Chemistry by : Ellen Coddens

Download or read book Laboratory Studies of Aerosol Chemistry written by Ellen Coddens and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric aerosols can impact Earth's climate and the chemistry of the atmosphere through a variety of processes and pathways. For example, atmospheric aerosols affect Earth's climate directly by scattering or absorbing solar radiation or indirectly by interacting with clouds and impacting their physiochemical properties. Aerosols are unique microenvironments, distinct from the bulk, and therefore their physiochemical properties result in differences between bulk and aerosol phase processes, such as reactivity and kinetics, acidity and interaction with light. Despite the fact that the effects of aerosols on atmospheric chemistry have been studied in previous work, there remains considerable uncertainties associated with aerosol chemistry resulting in gaps between atmospheric chemistry models and field observations. By better understanding chemical processes occurring within aerosols, as well as cloud or fog droplets, and the factors that influence them, we can help reduce some of the uncertainties in atmospheric models. This dissertation investigates sulfur oxidation chemistry in the atmosphere to better understand factors influencing the rate of oxidation and the extent of formation of inorganic sulfate. In particular, we investigated the influence of various atmospherically relevant conditions (presence of organic compounds, ionic strength, etc.) in the oxidation of inorganic S(IV), sulfite/bisulfite, to inorganic S(VI), sulfate/bisulfate, compounds in the presence and absence of transition metals. Most importantly, a new role of transition metal catalyzed formation of organosulfur compounds has been found. Furthermore, in this dissertation, the further development of the Aerosol Optical Tweezer system to study the chemistry within individual aerosols is discussed. Utilizing the Aerosol Optical Tweezer coupled with cavity enhanced Raman spectroscopy it is shown that this method can be used to investigate changes within a droplet, such as: (i) pH changes induced by coalescence with acidic aerosol; (ii) reactions within the droplet, like monitoring oxidation of S(IV) and; (iii) reaction of glyoxal with sulfite to yield organosulfur compounds. The findings presented in this dissertation can improve our understanding of the factors influencing sulfur oxidation chemistry and help to further develop a method to study the chemistry occurring within single aerosols to reduce some of the uncertainty associated with aerosol chemistry to improve atmospheric chemistry models.

Energy Research Abstracts

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 806 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Research Abstracts by :

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Investigation of Techniques and Methods for the Study and Evaluation of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Some Aerosols

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (383 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of Techniques and Methods for the Study and Evaluation of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Some Aerosols by : Marcus E. Hobbs

Download or read book Investigation of Techniques and Methods for the Study and Evaluation of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Some Aerosols written by Marcus E. Hobbs and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: