Justification Of Induction By Inference To Lesser Coincidence

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Justification of Induction by Inference to Lesser Coincidence

Author : Daniel Jonathan Elstein
Publisher : Stanford University
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Justification of Induction by Inference to Lesser Coincidence by : Daniel Jonathan Elstein

Download or read book Justification of Induction by Inference to Lesser Coincidence written by Daniel Jonathan Elstein and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I begin by identifying David Hume's problem of induction. Hume argues that induction cannot be justified by a priori reasoning, because the failure of induction does not imply contradiction, or by a posteriori reasoning, because reasoning that the unobserved will resemble the observed based on observation would be circular. Hume concludes that induction cannot be justified by any reasoning. The principle that nature is uniform cannot be established without assuming that nature is uniform. But many paradigmatic instances of induction can be justified in terms of something weaker than the principle that nature is uniform, namely a form of reasoning I call "inference to lesser coincidence". This form of reasoning is meant to incorporate traditional formulations of the justification of induction expressed in terms of inference to the best explanation, statistical sampling, and Bayesian reasoning. My version of the argument is as follows: The conditional, time-invariant proposition that vast regularities in progress are likely to continue somewhat further is either true or false. If false, then the regularities we have observed are colossally coincidental. If true, they are far less coincidental. Therefore the proposition is probably true. If, in fact, vast regularities in progress are likely to continue, this has application to specific cases, such as the possibility that the Sun will rise again. I respond to three objections, which claim that time-restricted laws lessen the coincidence of observed regularities without making it likely that the Sun will rise again, that the "sample" of observed events might be biased, and that a zero prior probability assignment for dependence might be justified. I conclude by discussing the meaning of 'cause'.

Hume's Problem

Author : Colin Howson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198250371
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis Hume's Problem by : Colin Howson

Download or read book Hume's Problem written by Colin Howson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a solution to one of the central, unsolved problems of Western philosophy, that of induction. It explores the implications of Hume's argument that successful prediction tells us nothing about the truth of the predicting theory.

Material Theory of Induction

Author : John D. Norton
Publisher : Bsps Open
ISBN 13 : 9781773852751
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (527 download)

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Book Synopsis Material Theory of Induction by : John D. Norton

Download or read book Material Theory of Induction written by John D. Norton and published by Bsps Open. This book was released on 2021-12-15 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental burden of a theory of inductive inference is to determine which are the good inductive inferences or relations of inductive support and why it is that they are so. The traditional approach is modeled on that taken in accounts of deductive inference. It seeks universally applicable schemas or rules or a single formal device, such as the probability calculus. After millennia of halting efforts, none of these approaches has been unequivocally successful and debates between approaches persist. The Material Theory of Induction identifies the source of these enduring problems in the assumption taken at the outset: that inductive inference can be accommodated by a single formal account with universal applicability. Instead, it argues that that there is no single, universally applicable formal account. Rather, each domain has an inductive logic native to it.The content of that logic and where it can be applied are determined by the facts prevailing in that domain. Paying close attention to how inductive inference is conducted in science and copiously illustrated with real-world examples, The Material Theory of Induction will initiate a new tradition in the analysis of inductive inference.

The Foundations of Scientific Inference

Author : Wesley Salmon
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
ISBN 13 : 0822971259
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis The Foundations of Scientific Inference by : Wesley Salmon

Download or read book The Foundations of Scientific Inference written by Wesley Salmon and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 1967-09 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not since Ernest Nagel’s 1939 monograph on the theory of probability has there been a comprehensive elementary survey of the philosophical problems of probablity and induction. This is an authoritative and up-to-date treatment of the subject, and yet it is relatively brief and nontechnical. Hume’s skeptical arguments regarding the justification of induction are taken as a point of departure, and a variety of traditional and contemporary ways of dealing with this problem are considered. The author then sets forth his own criteria of adequacy for interpretations of probability. Utilizing these criteria he analyzes contemporary theories of probability, as well as the older classical and subjective interpretations.

Optimality Justifications

Author : Gerhard Schurz
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198887558
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimality Justifications by : Gerhard Schurz

Download or read book Optimality Justifications written by Gerhard Schurz and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-08 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading idea of epistemology in the Enlightenment tradition was foundation-theoretic: to reach knowledge, we must not legitimize our beliefs by external authorities, but instead justify them by rational arguments. Recently, the foundation-theoretic ideal of justification has come under attack, the chief criticism being that universal standards of justification are illusory because the problem of a regress of justification is unsolvable. Alternatives to foundation theory (coherentism, externalism, or dogmatism) have been developed that give up central claims of Enlightenment epistemology such as empirical support, cognitive accessibility, or rational justifiability. Optimality Justifications develops a new account of foundation-theoretic epistemology based on the method of optimality justifications. Optimality justifications offer a solution to the regress problem. Rather than striving for a priori demonstrations of reliability, which are impossible, they show that certain epistemic methods are optimal with regard to all accessible alternatives, which is more modestly but provably possible. In particular, optimality justifications can achieve a non-circular justification of deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. This volume pursues two goals: a general renewal of foundation-theoretic epistemology based on the account of optimality justifications, and the advancement of methods of optimality justification in important domains of epistemology and the philosophy of science, logic, and cognition. Connected with these goals is the aspiration to develop new ideas for mainstream epistemology, as well as for formal epistemology, philosophy of science, and cognitive science, which are intended to attract researchers, students, and all other readers interested in these fields.

The Logical Problem of Induction

Author : Georg Henrik Wright
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis The Logical Problem of Induction by : Georg Henrik Wright

Download or read book The Logical Problem of Induction written by Georg Henrik Wright and published by . This book was released on 1941 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Problem of Rationality in Science and its Philosophy

Author : J. Misiek
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401104611
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis The Problem of Rationality in Science and its Philosophy by : J. Misiek

Download or read book The Problem of Rationality in Science and its Philosophy written by J. Misiek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rationality of science was the topic of two conferences (held in 1988 and 1989) organized by the Department of Philosophy of Science, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University. Both conferences included a small group of invited speakers. This book contains a selection of papers presented there. It is intended mainly for specialists in the philosophy of science and scientists interested in philosophy. Students and especially postgraduate students would also benefit from reading it. The first conference, 'Popper, Polanyi and the Notion of Rationality', was held from 1 to 5 October 1988 in Janowice. The second conference, 'The Aim and Rationality of Science', was held in Cracow at the Jagiellonian Univer sity, from 4-10 June 1989. The topics of both conferences were inspired by our late friend Dr. Tomasz Kocowski, who many years earlier invited me and my colleagues from the Department to participate in research concerning the problem of creativity, and serve him and other psychologists as methodological advisors. Personal contacts with this intelligent and inquisitive man helped us to realize that we could not fulfill our task while adhering to the received view in the philoso phy of science. This experience helped us to see science not only as scientific knowledge but also as a process of research. We then turned our attention to Michael Polanyi, who seemed to provide the philosophy we were looking for.

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Author : David Hume
Publisher : BookRix
ISBN 13 : 3736807635
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (368 download)

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Book Synopsis An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding by : David Hume

Download or read book An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding written by David Hume and published by BookRix. This book was released on 2019-01-09 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding is a book by the Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume. This book has proven highly influential, both in the years that would immediately follow and today. Immanuel Kant points to it as the book which woke him from his self-described "dogmatic slumber". The argument of the Enquiry proceeds by a series of incremental steps, separated into chapters which logically succeed one another. After expounding his epistemology, Hume explains how to apply his principles to specific topics. I. Of the Different Species of Philosophy II. Of the Origin of Ideas III. Of the Association of Ideas IV. Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding V. Sceptical Solution of these Doubts VI. Of Probability VII. Of the Idea of Necessary Connexion VIII. Of Liberty and Necessity IX. Of the Reason of Animals X. Of Miracles XI. Of a Particular Providence and of a Future State XII. Of the Academical or Sceptical Philosophy

Choice and Chance

Author : Brian Skyrms
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Choice and Chance by : Brian Skyrms

Download or read book Choice and Chance written by Brian Skyrms and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Elements of Causal Inference

Author : Jonas Peters
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262037319
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Elements of Causal Inference by : Jonas Peters

Download or read book Elements of Causal Inference written by Jonas Peters and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-11-29 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data science and machine learning. The mathematization of causality is a relatively recent development, and has become increasingly important in data science and machine learning. This book offers a self-contained and concise introduction to causal models and how to learn them from data. After explaining the need for causal models and discussing some of the principles underlying causal inference, the book teaches readers how to use causal models: how to compute intervention distributions, how to infer causal models from observational and interventional data, and how causal ideas could be exploited for classical machine learning problems. All of these topics are discussed first in terms of two variables and then in the more general multivariate case. The bivariate case turns out to be a particularly hard problem for causal learning because there are no conditional independences as used by classical methods for solving multivariate cases. The authors consider analyzing statistical asymmetries between cause and effect to be highly instructive, and they report on their decade of intensive research into this problem. The book is accessible to readers with a background in machine learning or statistics, and can be used in graduate courses or as a reference for researchers. The text includes code snippets that can be copied and pasted, exercises, and an appendix with a summary of the most important technical concepts.

Statistical Inference as Severe Testing

Author : Deborah G. Mayo
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108563309
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Inference as Severe Testing by : Deborah G. Mayo

Download or read book Statistical Inference as Severe Testing written by Deborah G. Mayo and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-20 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mounting failures of replication in social and biological sciences give a new urgency to critically appraising proposed reforms. This book pulls back the cover on disagreements between experts charged with restoring integrity to science. It denies two pervasive views of the role of probability in inference: to assign degrees of belief, and to control error rates in a long run. If statistical consumers are unaware of assumptions behind rival evidence reforms, they can't scrutinize the consequences that affect them (in personalized medicine, psychology, etc.). The book sets sail with a simple tool: if little has been done to rule out flaws in inferring a claim, then it has not passed a severe test. Many methods advocated by data experts do not stand up to severe scrutiny and are in tension with successful strategies for blocking or accounting for cherry picking and selective reporting. Through a series of excursions and exhibits, the philosophy and history of inductive inference come alive. Philosophical tools are put to work to solve problems about science and pseudoscience, induction and falsification.

Philosophy of Statistics

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080930961
Total Pages : 1260 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Philosophy of Statistics by :

Download or read book Philosophy of Statistics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-05-31 with total page 1260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Statisticians and philosophers of science have many common interests but restricted communication with each other. This volume aims to remedy these shortcomings. It provides state-of-the-art research in the area of philosophy of statistics by encouraging numerous experts to communicate with one another without feeling “restricted by their disciplines or thinking “piecemeal in their treatment of issues. A second goal of this book is to present work in the field without bias toward any particular statistical paradigm. Broadly speaking, the essays in this Handbook are concerned with problems of induction, statistics and probability. For centuries, foundational problems like induction have been among philosophers’ favorite topics; recently, however, non-philosophers have increasingly taken a keen interest in these issues. This volume accordingly contains papers by both philosophers and non-philosophers, including scholars from nine academic disciplines. Provides a bridge between philosophy and current scientific findings Covers theory and applications Encourages multi-disciplinary dialogue

Reasoning

Author : Jonathan E. Adler
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521612746
Total Pages : 1072 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (127 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasoning by : Jonathan E. Adler

Download or read book Reasoning written by Jonathan E. Adler and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-05-05 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interdisciplinary work is a collection of major essays on reasoning: deductive, inductive, abductive, belief revision, defeasible (non-monotonic), cross cultural, conversational, and argumentative. They are each oriented toward contemporary empirical studies. The book focuses on foundational issues, including paradoxes, fallacies, and debates about the nature of rationality, the traditional modes of reasoning, as well as counterfactual and causal reasoning. It also includes chapters on the interface between reasoning and other forms of thought. In general, this last set of essays represents growth points in reasoning research, drawing connections to pragmatics, cross-cultural studies, emotion and evolution.

Science and Hypothesis

Author : Larry Laudan
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9401572887
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and Hypothesis by : Larry Laudan

Download or read book Science and Hypothesis written by Larry Laudan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book consists of a collection of essays written between 1965 and 1981. Some have been published elsewhere; others appear here for the first time. Although dealing with different figures and different periods, they have a common theme: all are concerned with examining how the method of hy pothesis came to be the ruling orthodoxy in the philosophy of science and the quasi-official methodology of the scientific community. It might have been otherwise. Barely three centuries ago, hypothetico deduction was in both disfavor and disarray. Numerous rival methods for scientific inquiry - including eliminative and enumerative induction, analogy and derivation from first principles - were widely touted. The method of hypothesis, known since antiquity, found few proponents between 1700 and 1850. During the last century, of course, that ordering has been inverted and - despite an almost universal acknowledgement of its weaknesses - the method of hypothesis (usually under such descriptions as 'hypothetico deduction' or 'conjectures and refutations') has become the orthodoxy of the 20th century. Behind the waxing and waning of the method of hypothesis, embedded within the vicissitudes of its fortunes, there is a fascinating story to be told. It is a story that forms an integral part of modern science and its philosophy.

Illustrations of the Logic of Science

Author : Charles Sanders Peirce
Publisher : Open Court
ISBN 13 : 0812698525
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis Illustrations of the Logic of Science by : Charles Sanders Peirce

Download or read book Illustrations of the Logic of Science written by Charles Sanders Peirce and published by Open Court. This book was released on 2014-05-19 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Charles Peirce’s Illustrations of the Logic of Science is an early work in the philosophy of science and the official birthplace of pragmatism. It contains Peirce’s two most influential papers: “The Fixation of Belief” and “How to Make Our Ideas Clear,” as well as discussions on the theory of probability, the ground of induction, the relation between science and religion, and the logic of abduction. Unsatisfied with the result and driven by a constant, almost feverish urge to improve his work, Peirce spent considerable time and effort revising these papers. After the turn of the century these efforts gained significant momentum when Peirce sought to establish his role in the development of pragmatism while distancing himself from the more popular versions that had become current. The present edition brings together the original series as it appeared in Popular Science Monthly and a selection of Peirce’s later revisions, many of which remained hidden in the mass of messy manuscripts that were left behind after his death in 1914.

Understanding Philosophy of Science

Author : James Ladyman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134597908
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Philosophy of Science by : James Ladyman

Download or read book Understanding Philosophy of Science written by James Ladyman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-08-06 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few can imagine a world without telephones or televisions; many depend on computers and the Internet as part of daily life. Without scientific theory, these developments would not have been possible. In this exceptionally clear and engaging introduction to philosophy of science, James Ladyman explores the philosophical questions that arise when we reflect on the nature of the scientific method and the knowledge it produces. He discusses whether fundamental philosophical questions about knowledge and reality might be answered by science, and considers in detail the debate between realists and antirealists about the extent of scientific knowledge. Along the way, central topics in philosophy of science, such as the demarcation of science from non-science, induction, confirmation and falsification, the relationship between theory and observation and relativism are all addressed. Important and complex current debates over underdetermination, inference to the best explaination and the implications of radical theory change are clarified and clearly explained for those new to the subject.

Data and Evidence in Linguistics

Author : András Kertész
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107378427
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Data and Evidence in Linguistics by : András Kertész

Download or read book Data and Evidence in Linguistics written by András Kertész and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-02-09 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The question of what types of data and evidence can be used is one of the most important topics in linguistics. This book is the first to comprehensively present the methodological problems associated with linguistic data and evidence. Its originality is twofold. First, the authors' approach accounts for a series of unexplained characteristics of linguistic theorising: the uncertainty and diversity of data, the role of evidence in the evaluation of hypotheses, the problem solving strategies as well as the emergence and resolution of inconsistencies. Second, the findings are obtained by the application of a new model of plausible argumentation which is also of relevance from a general argumentation theoretical point of view. All concepts and theses are systematically introduced and illustrated by a number of examples from different linguistic theories, and a detailed case-study section shows how the proposed model can be applied to specific linguistic problems.