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Joint Inference In Pragmatic Reasoning
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Book Synopsis Joint Inference in Pragmatic Reasoning by : Leon Bergen
Download or read book Joint Inference in Pragmatic Reasoning written by Leon Bergen and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of recent proposals have used techniques from game theory and Bayesian cognitive science to formalize Gricean pragmatic reasoning [29, 28, 36, 51]. In the first part of this work, we discuss several phenomena which pose a challenge to these accounts of pragmatics: M-implicatures [45] and embedded implicatures which violate Hurford's constraint [49, 16]. While techniques have been developed for deriving M-implicatures, Hurford-violating embedded implicatures pose a more fundamental challenge to the models' architecture. In order to explain these phenomena, we propose that the semantic content of an utterance is not fixed independent of pragmatic inference; rather, pragmatic inference partially determines an utterance's semantic content. We show how semantic inference can be realized as an extension to the Rational Speech Acts framework [36]. The addition of lexical uncertainty derives both M-implicatures and the relevant embedded implicatures. This principle explains a novel class of implicature, non-convex disjunctive implicatures. These implicatures can be preserved in downward-entailing contexts in the absence of accenting, a property which is predicted by lexical uncertainty, but which violates prior generalizations in the literature [46, 27] In the second part of the thesis, we combine these pragmatic models with another recent probabilistic approach to natural language understanding, exploring the formal pragmatics of communication on a noisy channel. We extend a model of rational communication between a speaker and listener, to allow for the possibility that messages are corrupted by noise. Prosodic stress is modeled as the choice to intentionally reduce the noise rate on a word. We show that the model derives several well-known changes in meaning associated with stress, including exhaustive interpretations, scalar implicature strengthening, the association between stress and disagreement, and the interpretation of the focus-sensitive adverbs. We then show that it can account for several phenomena which are outside of the scope of previous accounts of stress interpretation: the effects of stress on quantifier domain inferences, the intensification of gradable adjective interpretation, and the strengthening of hyperbolic utterances. The account avoids the use of syntactic or semantic representations of stress; the interpretive effects of stress are derived from general-purpose pragmatic reasoning.
Book Synopsis Pragmatic Inference by : Chi-Hé Elder
Download or read book Pragmatic Inference written by Chi-Hé Elder and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-03-13 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of inference is foundational to the study of pragmatics; however, the way it is theoretically conceptualised and methodologically operationalised is far from uniform. This Element investigates the role that inference plays in pragmatic models of communication, bringing together a range of scholarship that characterises inference in different ways for different purposes. It addresses the nature of 'faulty inferences', promoting the study of misunderstandings as crucial for understanding inferential processes, and looking at sociopragmatic issues such as the role of commitment, accountability and deniability of inferences in interpersonal communication. This Element highlights that the question of where the locus of meaning lies is not only relevant to pragmatic theory but is also of paramount importance for understanding and managing real-life interpersonal communication conflict.
Book Synopsis Computational and Empirical Exploration of the Interaction Between Semantics and Pragmatics in Vague Language by : Erin Domenica Bennett
Download or read book Computational and Empirical Exploration of the Interaction Between Semantics and Pragmatics in Vague Language written by Erin Domenica Bennett and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some language is straightforward to interpret, regardless of the context. Other language is more vague, and requires a context in order to reach a concrete interpretation. This work is focused on formal models of vagueness in language, which requires a joint inference about the person's intention (i.e. what information they're trying to convey) and the meanings of the words they are using in this context. In this work, we present several empirical and model explorations of how people use vague language. We provide experimental exploration of how the particular prior expectations and numeric amounts in sorites paradox lead to different endorsements of the premises. We show how a simple extension of an RSA scalar adjectives model quantitatively predicts endorsement levels for sorites premises. We further modify this adjective model to account for intensifying degree adverbs, and demonstrate a surprising prediction of this model: that the form and meaning of intensifying degree adverbs are closely related, with intensifier degree proportional to utterance cost (where cost can be approximated by length of phrase or in inverse frequency). Finally, we apply principles of pragmatic reasoning to the meanings of different periphrastic causal expressions and compare the predictions of two pragmatic models to participants forced choice responses. Much of language is inherently vague, and so in order to communicate, people must reason over uncertainty about the particular meanings of their words in context. This leads to surprising inferences and relationships between utterances under standard logical approaches to semantics, which can be explained by pragmatic principles of communication.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Syntax by : Jon Sprouse
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Syntax written by Jon Sprouse and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-15 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume showcases the contributions that formal experimental methods can make to syntactic research in the 21st century. Syntactic theory is both a domain of study in its own right, and one component of an integrated theory of the cognitive neuroscience of language. It provides a theory of the mediation between sound and meaning, a theory of the representations constructed during sentence processing, and a theory of the end-state for language acquisition. Given the highly interactive nature of the theory of syntax, this volume defines "experimental syntax" in the broadest possible terms, exploring both formal experimental methods that have been part of the domain of syntax since its inception (i.e., acceptability judgment methods) and formal experimental methods that have arisen through the interaction of syntactic theory with the domains of acquisition, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics. The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Syntax brings these methods together into a single experimental syntax volume for the first time, providing high-level reviews of major experimental work, offering guidance for researchers looking to incorporate these diverse methods into their own work, and inspiring new research that will push the boundaries of the theory of syntax. It will appeal to students and scholars from the advanced undergraduate level upwards in a range of fields including syntax, acquisition, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and computational linguistics.
Book Synopsis Conditional Reasoning by : Raymond S. Nickerson
Download or read book Conditional Reasoning written by Raymond S. Nickerson and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the work of prominent psychologists and philosophers on conditional reasoning. It provides empirical research on how people deal with conditional arguments and examines how conditional statements are used and interpreted in everyday communication. It also includes philosophical and theoretical treatments of the mental processes that support conditional reasoning, making it an ideal resource for students, teachers, and researchers with a focus in cognition across disciplines.
Book Synopsis Reasoning, Necessity, and Logic by : Willis F. Overton
Download or read book Reasoning, Necessity, and Logic written by Willis F. Overton and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A presentation of current work that systematically explores and articulates the nature, origin and development of reasoning, this volume's primary aim is to describe and examine contemporary theory and research findings on the topic of deductive reasoning. Many contributors believe concepts such as "structure," "competence," and "mental logic" are necessary features for a complete understanding of reasoning. As the book emanates from a Jean Piaget Symposium, his theory of intellectual development as the standard contemporary treatment of deductive reasoning is used as the context in which the contributors elaborate on their own perceptions.
Book Synopsis The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory by : Shalom Lappin
Download or read book The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory written by Shalom Lappin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-02-12 with total page 771 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory presents a comprehensive introduction to cutting-edge research in contemporary theoretical and computational semantics. Features completely new content from the first edition of The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory Features contributions by leading semanticists, who introduce core areas of contemporary semantic research, while discussing current research Suitable for graduate students for courses in semantic theory and for advanced researchers as an introduction to current theoretical work
Book Synopsis Rules for Reasoning by : Richard E. Nisbett
Download or read book Rules for Reasoning written by Richard E. Nisbett and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1993-01-01 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines two questions: Do people make use of abstract rules such as logical and statistical rules when making inferences in everyday life? Can such abstract rules be changed by training? Contrary to the spirit of reductionist theories from behaviorism to connectionism, there is ample evidence that people do make use of abstract rules of inference -- including rules of logic, statistics, causal deduction, and cost-benefit analysis. Such rules, moreover, are easily alterable by instruction as it occurs in classrooms and in brief laboratory training sessions. The fact that purely formal training can alter them and that those taught in one content domain can "escape" to a quite different domain for which they are also highly applicable shows that the rules are highly abstract. The major implication for cognitive science is that people are capable of operating with abstract rules even for concrete, mundane tasks; therefore, any realistic model of human inferential capacity must reflect this fact. The major implication for education is that people can be far more broadly influenced by training than is generally supposed. At high levels of formality and abstraction, relatively brief training can alter the nature of problem-solving for an infinite number of content domains.
Book Synopsis The Processing and Acquisition of Reference by : Edward Gibson
Download or read book The Processing and Acquisition of Reference written by Edward Gibson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together contributions by prominent researchers in the fields of language processing and language acquisition on topics of common interest: how people refer to objects in the world, how people comprehend such referential expressions, and how children acquire the ability to refer and to understand reference.
Book Synopsis International Handbook of Language Acquisition by : Jessica Horst
Download or read book International Handbook of Language Acquisition written by Jessica Horst and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-05-01 with total page 825 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do children acquire language? How does real life language acquisition differ from results found in controlled environments? And how is modern life challenging established theories? Going far beyond laboratory experiments, the International Handbook of Language Acquisition examines a wide range of topics surrounding language development to shed light on how children acquire language in the real world. The foremost experts in the field cover a variety of issues, from the underlying cognitive processes and role of language input to development of key language dimensions as well as both typical and atypical language development. Horst and Torkildsen balance a theoretical foundation with data acquired from applied settings to offer a truly comprehensive reference book with an international outlook. The International Handbook of Language Acquisition is essential reading for graduate students and researchers in language acquisition across developmental psychology, developmental neuropsychology, linguistics, early childhood education, and communication disorders.
Book Synopsis Intelligence, Mind, and Reasoning by : A. Demetriou
Download or read book Intelligence, Mind, and Reasoning written by A. Demetriou and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1994-03-17 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume aims to contribute to the integration of three traditions that have remained separate in psychology. Specifically, the developmental, the psychometric, and the cognitive tradition. In order to achieve this aim, the text deals with these three aspects of human knowing that have been the focus of one or more of the three traditions for many years. Answers are provided to questions such as the following: What is common to intelligence, mind, and reasoning? What is specific to each of these three aspects of human knowing? How does each of them affect the functioning and development of the other?The chapters are organized into two parts. Part I focuses on intelligence and mind and has reasoning at the background. The papers in this part present new theories and methods that systematically attempt to bridge psychometric theories of intelligence with theories of cognitive development or information processing theories. Part II focuses on mind and reasoning and has intelligence at the background. The papers in this part develop models of reasoning and attempt to show how reasoning interacts with mind and intelligence. Two discussion chapters are also included. These highlight the convergences and the divergences of the various traditions as represented in the book.
Book Synopsis Inference and Understanding by : K. I. Manktelow
Download or read book Inference and Understanding written by K. I. Manktelow and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1990 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Inference & Persuasion by : Leslie Armour
Download or read book Inference & Persuasion written by Leslie Armour and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Recognizing Textual Entailment by : Ido Dagan
Download or read book Recognizing Textual Entailment written by Ido Dagan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last few years, a number of NLP researchers have developed and participated in the task of Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE). This task encapsulates Natural Language Understanding capabilities within a very simple interface: recognizing when the meaning of a text snippet is contained in the meaning of a second piece of text. This simple abstraction of an exceedingly complex problem has broad appeal partly because it can be conceived also as a component in other NLP applications, from Machine Translation to Semantic Search to Information Extraction. It also avoids commitment to any specific meaning representation and reasoning framework, broadening its appeal within the research community. This level of abstraction also facilitates evaluation, a crucial component of any technological advancement program. This book explains the RTE task formulation adopted by the NLP research community, and gives a clear overview of research in this area. It draws out commonalities in this research, detailing the intuitions behind dominant approaches and their theoretical underpinnings. This book has been written with a wide audience in mind, but is intended to inform all readers about the state of the art in this fascinating field, to give a clear understanding of the principles underlying RTE research to date, and to highlight the short- and long-term research goals that will advance this technology.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics by : Chris Cummins
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics written by Chris Cummins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-19 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is the first to explore the growing field of experimental semantics and pragmatics. In the past 20 years, experimental data has become a major source of evidence for building theories of language meaning and use, encompassing a wide range of topics and methods. Following an introduction from the editors, the chapters in this volume offer an up-to-date account of research in the field spanning 31 different topics, including scalar implicatures, presuppositions, counterfactuals, quantification, metaphor, prosody, and politeness, as well as exploring how and why a particular experimental method is suitable for addressing a given theoretical debate. The volume's forward-looking approach also seeks to actively identify questions and methods that could be fruitfully combined in future experimental research. Written in a clear and accessible style, this handbook will appeal to students and scholars from advanced undergraduate level upwards in a range of fields, including semantics and pragmatics, philosophy of language, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, cognitive science, and neuroscience.
Book Synopsis Errors of Reasoning. Naturalizing the Logic of Inference by : John Woods
Download or read book Errors of Reasoning. Naturalizing the Logic of Inference written by John Woods and published by . This book was released on 2013-07 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Errors of Reasoning is the long-awaited continuation of the author's investigation of the logic of cognitive systems. The present focus is the individual human reasoner operating under the conditions and pressures of real life with capacities and resources the natural world makes available to him. The ensuing logic is thus agent-centred, goal-directed, and time-and-action oriented. It is also as psychologically real a logic as consistent with lawlike regularities of the better-developed empirical sciences of cognition. A point of departure for the book is that good reasoning is typically reasoning that does not meet the orthodox logician's requirements of either deductive validity or the sort of inductive strength sought for by the statistico-empirical sciences. A central objective here is to fashion a logic for this "third-way" reasoning. In so doing, substantial refinements are proposed for mainline treatments of nonmonotonic, defeasible, autoepistemic and default reasoning. A further departure from orthodox orientations is the eschewal of all idealizations short of those required for the descriptive adequacy of the relevant parts of empirical science. Also banned is any unearned assumption of a logic's normative authority to judge inferential behaviour as it actually occurs on the ground. The logic that emerges is therefore a naturalized logic, a proposed transformation of orthodox logics in the manner of the naturalization, more than forty years ago, of the traditional approaches to analytic epistemology. A byproduct of the transformation is the abandonment of justification as a general condition of knowledge, especially in third-way contexts. A test case for this new approach is an account of erroneous reasoning, including inferences usually judged fallacious, that outperforms its rivals in theoretical depth and empirical sensitivity. Errors of Reasoning is required reading in all research communities that seek a realistic understanding of human inference: Logic, formal and informal, AI and the other branches of cognitive science, argumentation theory, and theories of legal reasoning. Indeed the book is a standing challenge to all normatively idealized theories of assessable human performance. John Woods is Director of The Abductive Systems Group at the University of British Columbia, and was formerly the Charles S. Peirce Professor of Logic in the Group on Logic and Computation in the Department of Computer Science, King's College London. He is author of Paradox and Paraconsistency (2003) and with Dov Gabbay, of Agenda Relevance (2003) and The Reach of Abduction (2005). His pathbreaking The Logic of Fiction appeared in 1974, with a second edition by College Publications, 2009.
Book Synopsis Rules for Reasoning by : Richard E. Nisbett
Download or read book Rules for Reasoning written by Richard E. Nisbett and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-02-01 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines two questions: Do people make use of abstract rules such as logical and statistical rules when making inferences in everyday life? Can such abstract rules be changed by training? Contrary to the spirit of reductionist theories from behaviorism to connectionism, there is ample evidence that people do make use of abstract rules of inference -- including rules of logic, statistics, causal deduction, and cost-benefit analysis. Such rules, moreover, are easily alterable by instruction as it occurs in classrooms and in brief laboratory training sessions. The fact that purely formal training can alter them and that those taught in one content domain can "escape" to a quite different domain for which they are also highly applicable shows that the rules are highly abstract. The major implication for cognitive science is that people are capable of operating with abstract rules even for concrete, mundane tasks; therefore, any realistic model of human inferential capacity must reflect this fact. The major implication for education is that people can be far more broadly influenced by training than is generally supposed. At high levels of formality and abstraction, relatively brief training can alter the nature of problem-solving for an infinite number of content domains.
