Itinerarium Symonis Semeonis Ab Hybernia Ad Terra Sanctam

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The Cambridge History of Ireland: Volume 1, 600–1550

Author : Brendan Smith
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108625258
Total Pages : 686 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cambridge History of Ireland: Volume 1, 600–1550 by : Brendan Smith

Download or read book The Cambridge History of Ireland: Volume 1, 600–1550 written by Brendan Smith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-03-31 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thousand years explored in this book witnessed developments in the history of Ireland that resonate to this day. Interspersing narrative with detailed analysis of key themes, the first volume in The Cambridge History of Ireland presents the latest thinking on key aspects of the medieval Irish experience. The contributors are leading experts in their fields, and present their original interpretations in a fresh and accessible manner. New perspectives are offered on the politics, artistic culture, religious beliefs and practices, social organisation and economic activity that prevailed on the island in these centuries. At each turn the question is asked: to what extent were these developments unique to Ireland? The openness of Ireland to outside influences, and its capacity to influence the world beyond its shores, are recurring themes. Underpinning the book is a comparative, outward-looking approach that sees Ireland as an integral but exceptional component of medieval Christian Europe.

The Latin Qur’an, 1143–1500

Author : Cándida Ferrero Hernández
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110702711
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Latin Qur’an, 1143–1500 by : Cándida Ferrero Hernández

Download or read book The Latin Qur’an, 1143–1500 written by Cándida Ferrero Hernández and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-10-25 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1143 Robert of Ketton produced the first Latin translation of the Qur’an. This translation, extant in 24 manuscripts, was one of the main ways in which Latin European readers had access to the Muslim holy book. Yet it was not the only means of transmission of Quranic stories and concepts to the Latin world: there were other medieval translations into Latin of the Qur’an and of Christian polemical texts composed in Arabic which transmitted elements of the Qur’an (often in a polemical mode). The essays in this volume examine the range of medieval Latin transmission of the Qur’an and reaction to the Qur’an by concentrating on the manuscript traditions of medieval Qur’an translations and anti-Islamic polemics in Latin. We see how the Arabic text was transmitted and studied in Medieval Europe. We examine the strategies of translators who struggled to find a proper vocabulary and syntax to render Quranic terms into Latin, at times showing miscomprehensions of the text or willful distortions for polemical purposes. These translations and interpretations by Latin authors working primarily in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Spain were the main sources of information about Islam for European scholars until well into the sixteenth century, when they were printed, reused and commented. This volume presents a key assessment of a crucial chapter in European understandings of Islam.

Natural Materials of the Holy Land and the Visual Translation of Place, 500-1500

Author : Renana Bartal
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135180927X
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural Materials of the Holy Land and the Visual Translation of Place, 500-1500 by : Renana Bartal

Download or read book Natural Materials of the Holy Land and the Visual Translation of Place, 500-1500 written by Renana Bartal and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Materials of the Holy Land and the Visual Translation of Place, 500-1500, focuses on the unique ways that natural materials carry the spirit of place. Since early Christianity, wood, earth, water and stone were taken from loca sancta to signify them elsewhere. Academic discourse has indiscriminately grouped material tokens from holy places and their containers with architectural and topographical emulations, two-dimensional images and bodily relics. However, unlike textual or visual representations, natural materials do not describe or interpret the Holy Land; they are part of it. Tangible and timeless, they realize the meaning of their place of origin in new locations. What makes earth, stones or bottled water transported from holy sites sacred? How do they become pars pro toto, signifying the whole from which they were taken? This book will examine natural media used for translating loca sancta, the processes of their sanctification and how, although inherently abstract, they become charged with meaning. It will address their metamorphosis, natural or induced; how they change the environment to which they are transported; their capacity to translate a static and distant site elsewhere; the effect of their relocation on users/viewers; and how their containers and staging are used to communicate their substance.

Propaganda and (un)covered identities in treatises and sermons: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the premodern Mediterranean

Author : Ferrero Hernández, Cándida
Publisher : Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
ISBN 13 : 8449089182
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (49 download)

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Book Synopsis Propaganda and (un)covered identities in treatises and sermons: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the premodern Mediterranean by : Ferrero Hernández, Cándida

Download or read book Propaganda and (un)covered identities in treatises and sermons: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the premodern Mediterranean written by Ferrero Hernández, Cándida and published by Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The eleven essays included in this collective volume examine a range of textual genres produced by Christians and Muslims throughout the Mediterranean, including materials from the Corpus Islamolatinum, Christian propaganda and polemical works targeting Muslims and Jews, Inquisition records, and Christian and Muslim sermons. Despite the diversity of the works under consideration and the variety of methodological and disciplinary approaches employed in their analysis, the volume is bound together by the common goals of exploring the propaganda strategies premodern authors deployed for specific aims, be it the unification of religious, cultural, and political groups through discourses of self-representation, or the invention of the political, cultural, religious, or gendered other. Many of the essays offer critical re-readings of works that are obscure or have never been studied, while others shed new light on the cultural and textual interactions between Christians, Muslims and Jews. The volume is divided into four sections, the first of which is comprised of three chapters on the Corpus Islamolatinum that furnish new evidence showing the important role this “encyclopedia” played in spreading knowledge about Islam and contributing to the creation of propaganda and polemics against Islam among European intellectual circles. The chapters in section two offer novel interpretations of the hermeneutical strategies underlying the composition of polemical works such as the lives of Muhammad and Pedro de la Cavalleria’s Zelus Christi. The essays in section three identify some common hermeneutical strategies in the use of anti-Jewish and anti-Islamic arguments to polemicize against religious others or edify Christians and illuminate intertextual relations between authors and genres (disputatio and praedicatio). Finally, section four introduces the gender perspective: the genered nature of the accusations of Judaizing in the analysis of the transcripts of the inquisitorial court of three sisters who were tried in Barcelona in 1496, on the one hand, and two studies that explore the constructions of identities and gender relations reflected in various Islamic sources from opposite ends of the Mediterranean. They offer glimpses of women as subject (s) and as object (s) of preaching and show how such texts can reify or subvert traditional binary gender roles.

Travel in the Byzantine World

Author : Ruth Macrides
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351877666
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Travel in the Byzantine World by : Ruth Macrides

Download or read book Travel in the Byzantine World written by Ruth Macrides and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions to this volume have been selected from the papers delivered at the 34th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies at Birmingham, in April 2000. Travellers to and in the Byzantine world have long been a subject of interest but travel and communications in the medieval period have more recently attracted scholarly attention. This book is the first to bring together these two lines of enquiry. Four aspects of travel in the Byzantine world, from the sixth to the fifteenth century, are examined here: technicalities of travel on land and sea, purposes of travel, foreign visitors' perceptions of Constantinople, and the representation of the travel experience in images and in written accounts. Sources used to illuminate these four aspects include descriptions of journeys, pilot books, bilingual word lists, shipwrecks, monastic documents, but as the opening paper shows the range of such sources can be far wider than generally supposed. The contributors highlight road and travel conditions for horses and humans, types of ships and speed of sea journeys, the nature of trade in the Mediterranean, the continuity of pilgrimage to the Holy Land, attitudes toward travel. Patterns of communication in the Mediterranean are revealed through distribution of ceramic finds, letter collections, and the spread of the plague. Together, these papers make a notable contribution to our understanding both of the evidence for travel, and of the realities and perceptions of communications in the Byzantine world. Travel in the Byzantine World is volume 10 in the series published by Ashgate/Variorum on behalf of the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies.

England and the Avignon Popes

Author : Karsten Pluger
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351195654
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis England and the Avignon Popes by : Karsten Pluger

Download or read book England and the Avignon Popes written by Karsten Pluger and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-12-02 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Much has been written about the complex relationship between England and the papacy in the 14th century, yet the form (rather than the content) of the diplomatic intercourse between these two protagonists has not hitherto been examined in detail. Drawing on a wide range of unpublished sources, Pluger explores the techniques of communication employed by the Crown in its dealings with Clement VI (1342-52) and Innocent VI (1352-62). Methodologies of social and cultural history and of International Relations are brought to bear on the analysis of the dialogue between Westminster and Avignon, resulting in a more complete picture of 14th-century Anglo-papal relations in particular and of medieval diplomatic practice in general."

The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem

Author : Denys Pringle
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521390385
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem by : Denys Pringle

Download or read book The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem written by Denys Pringle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the third in a series of four volumes that are intended to present a complete Corpus of all the church buildings, of both the Western and the Oriental rites, built, rebuilt or simply in use in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem between the capture of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099 and the loss of Acre in 1291. This volume deals exclusively with Jerusalem, the capital of the Kingdom from 1099 to 1187, leaving the churches of Acre and Tyre to be covered in the fourth and final volume. The Corpus will be an indispensable work of reference to all those concerned with the medieval topography and archaeology of the Holy Land, with the history of the church in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, with medieval pilgrimage to the Holy Places, and with the art and architecture of the Latin East.

Reorienting the East

Author : Martin Jacobs
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812290011
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Reorienting the East by : Martin Jacobs

Download or read book Reorienting the East written by Martin Jacobs and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2014-08-14 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reorienting the East explores the Islamic world as it was encountered, envisioned, and elaborated by Jewish travelers from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. The first comprehensive investigation of Jewish travel writing from this era, this study engages with questions raised by postcolonial studies and contributes to the debate over the nature and history of Orientalism as defined by Edward Said. Examining two dozen Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic travel accounts from the mid-twelfth to the early sixteenth centuries, Martin Jacobs asks whether Jewish travelers shared Western perceptions of the Islamic world with their Christian counterparts. Most Jews who detailed their journeys during this period hailed from Christian lands and many sailed to the Eastern Mediterranean aboard Christian-owned vessels. Yet Jacobs finds that their descriptions of the Near East subvert or reorient a decidedly Christian vision of the region. The accounts from the crusader era, in particular, are often critical of the Christian church and present glowing portraits of Muslim-Jewish relations. By contrast, some of the later travelers discussed in the book express condescending attitudes toward Islam, Muslims, and Near Eastern Jews. Placing shifting perspectives on the Muslim world in their historical, social, and literary contexts, Jacobs interprets these texts as mirrors of changing Jewish self-perceptions. As he argues, the travel accounts echo the various ways in which premodern Jews negotiated their mingled identities, which were neither exclusively Western nor entirely Eastern.

The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 2, L-Z (excluding Tyre)

Author : Denys Pringle
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521390378
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 2, L-Z (excluding Tyre) by : Denys Pringle

Download or read book The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 2, L-Z (excluding Tyre) written by Denys Pringle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second of a series of four volumes that are intended to present a complete corpus of all the church buildings, of both the western and the oriental rites, rebuilt or simply in use in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem between the capture of Jerusalem for the First Crusade in 1099 and the loss of Acre in 1291. This volume completes the general topographical coverage begun in volume I, and will be followed by a third volume dealing specifically with the major cities of Jerusalem, Acre and Tyre (which are excluded from the preceding volumes). The project, of which this series represents the final, definitive publication, has been sponsored by the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. On completion the corpus will contain a topographical listing of all the 400 or more church buildings of the Kingdom that are attested by documentary or surviving archaeological evidence, and individual descriptions and discussion of them in terms of their identification, building history and architecture. Some of the buildings have been published before, but many others are published here for the first time.

The Pseudo-historical Image of the Prophet Muhammad in Medieval Latin Literature: A Repertory

Author : Michelina Di Cesare
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110263831
Total Pages : 557 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pseudo-historical Image of the Prophet Muhammad in Medieval Latin Literature: A Repertory by : Michelina Di Cesare

Download or read book The Pseudo-historical Image of the Prophet Muhammad in Medieval Latin Literature: A Repertory written by Michelina Di Cesare and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-11-30 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring and understanding how medieval Christians perceived and constructed the figure of the Prophet Muhammad is of capital relevance in the complex history of Christian-Muslim relations. Medieval authors writing in Latin from the 8th to the 14th centuries elaborated three main images of the Prophet: the pseudo-historical, the legendary, and the eschatological one. This volume focuses on the first image and consists of texts that aim to reveal the (Christian) truth about Islam. They have been taken from critical editions, where available, otherwise they have been critically transcribed from manuscripts and early printed books. They are organized chronologically in 55 entries: each of them provides information on the author and the work, date and place of composition, an introduction to the passage(s) reported, and an updated bibliography listing editions, translations and studies. The volume is also supplied with an introductory essay and an index of notable terms.

Voyages and Visions

Author : Jaś Elsner
Publisher : Reaktion Books
ISBN 13 : 9781861890207
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Voyages and Visions by : Jaś Elsner

Download or read book Voyages and Visions written by Jaś Elsner and published by Reaktion Books. This book was released on 1999 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A much-needed contribution to the expanding interest in the history of travel and travel writing, Voyages and Visions is the first attempt to sketch a cultural history of travel from the sixteenth century to the present day. The essays address the theme of travel as a historical, literary and imaginative process, focusing on significant episodes and encounters in world history. The contributors to this collection include historians of art and of science, anthropologists, literary critics and mainstream cultural historians. Their essays encompass a challenging range of subjects, including the explorations of South America, India and Mexico; mountaineering in the Himalayas; space travel; science fiction; and American post-war travel fiction. Voyages and Visions is truly interdisciplinary, and essential reading for anyone interested in travel writing. With essays by Kasia Boddy, Michael Bravo, Peter Burke, Melissa Calaresu, Jesus Maria Carillo Castillo, Peter Hansen, Edward James, Nigel Leask, Joan-Pau Rubies and Wes Williams.

Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion

Author : David Jacoby
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351789864
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion by : David Jacoby

Download or read book Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion written by David Jacoby and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-01 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title was first published in 2001. This volume is a sequal to the two published in the Variorum Reprints series,in 1975 and 1979 respectively under the following titles: Société et démographie.

Writing the Holy Land

Author : Michele Campopiano
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030527743
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Writing the Holy Land by : Michele Campopiano

Download or read book Writing the Holy Land written by Michele Campopiano and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-16 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book shows how the Franciscans in Jerusalem in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries wrote works which standardized the cultural memory of the Holy Land. The experience of the late medieval Holy Land was deeply connected to the presence of the Franciscans of the Convent of Mount Zion in Jerusalem, who welcomed and guided pilgrims. This book analyses this construction of a shared memory based on the continuous availability of these texts in the Franciscan library of Mount Zion, where they were copied and adapted to respond to new historical contexts. This book shows how the Franciscans developed a representation of the Holy Land by elaborating on its history and describing its religious groups and the geography of the region. This representation circulated among pilgrims and influenced how contemporaries imagined the Holy Land

The Holy Portolano / Le Portulan sacré

Author : Michele Bacci
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110364255
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Holy Portolano / Le Portulan sacré by : Michele Bacci

Download or read book The Holy Portolano / Le Portulan sacré written by Michele Bacci and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2014-12-11 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trotz der zahlreichen Publikationen, die in den letzten Jahren der Erforschung der mittelalterlichen Seewege im Mittelmeer, des ökonomischen und kulturellen Austausches und des Phänomen der Pilgerfahrt gewidmet waren, bleibt das Thema der spezifischen Andachtsformen, die mit der Seefahrt verbunden waren und zur Herstellung von privilegierten Heiligtümern für die Seefahrer führten, noch ein Desideratum. Wie viele bis jetzt zu wenig beachtete Urkunden bestätigen, bildete sich im Spätmittelalter ein transmediterranes Netzwerk von Heiligen Orten, die insbesondere von Seefahrern besucht wurden und deren Verehrungswürdigkeit mit ihrer Lage am symbolischen Treffpunkt zwischen den Dimensionen Wasser, Erde und Himmel direkt zusammenhing. Die in diesem Band versammelten und von Spezialisten verschiedener Disziplinen aus zahlreichen Ländern (Frankreich, Italien, Griechenland, Israel, Libanon, Polen, Spanien, Malta) verfassten Aufsätze zielen darauf, die Hauptorte dieser neuen Sakralgeographie zu beschreiben und die Geschichte ihres Kultes aus historischer, religions- und kunstgeschichtlicher Sicht zu rekonstruieren.

Medieval Ethnographies

Author : Joan-Pau Rubies
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351918613
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Medieval Ethnographies by : Joan-Pau Rubies

Download or read book Medieval Ethnographies written by Joan-Pau Rubies and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the twelfth century, a growing sense of cultural confidence in the Latin West (at the same time that the central lands of Islam suffered from numerous waves of conquest and devastation) was accompanied by the increasing importance of the genre of empirical ethnographies. From a a global perspective what is most distinctive of Europe is the genre's long-term impact rather than its mere empirical potential, or its ethnocentrism (all of which can also be found in China and in Islamic cultures). Hence what needs emphasizing is the multiplication of original writings over time, their increased circulation, and their authoritative status as a 'scientific' discourse. The empirical bent was more characteristic of travel accounts than of theological disputations - in fact, the less elaborate the theological discourse, the stronger the ethnographic impulse (although many travel writers were clerics). This anthology of classic articles in the history of medieval ethnographies illustrates this theme with reference to the contexts and genres of travel writing, the transformation of enduring myths (ranging from oriental marvels to the virtuous ascetics of India or Prester John), the practical expression of particular encounters from the Mongols to the Atlantic, and the various attempts to explain cultural differences, either through the concept of barbarism, or through geography and climate.

Levant, Cradle of Abrahamic Religions

Author : Catalin-Stefan Popa
Publisher : LIT Verlag Münster
ISBN 13 : 3643914261
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (439 download)

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Book Synopsis Levant, Cradle of Abrahamic Religions by : Catalin-Stefan Popa

Download or read book Levant, Cradle of Abrahamic Religions written by Catalin-Stefan Popa and published by LIT Verlag Münster. This book was released on 2022-08-28 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume is the result of a Lecture Series on The Levant, Cradle of Abrahamic Religions, which engaged scholars on topics related to the cultural and religious diversity of the historical Levant. Like a jigsaw, the studies contained within showcase interlock fragments of the historical encounters between faiths, religions and societies in a rich Levantine and Oriental space, in an attempt to render them more accessible to readers today by focusing both on broader religious phenomena as well as on the practical, liturgical and social interaction between traditions and mentalities, features representative of both faith and society at large.

Technology, Industry and Trade

Author : Eliyahu Ashtor
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 104025084X
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Technology, Industry and Trade by : Eliyahu Ashtor

Download or read book Technology, Industry and Trade written by Eliyahu Ashtor and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-10-28 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the fifth collection of articles by Eliyahu Ashtor to be published by Variorum and focuses on the fundamental question of why, during the later Middle Ages, technology and industry declined, even collapsed, in the Muslim Levant, while simultaneously making enormous progress in the Christian West. An indefatigable researcher in archives all over the Mediterranean, Ashtor amassed quantities of data on this subject, and began to propose causal links between, on the one hand, demographic trends, types of political regime, economic policies and attitudes towards innovation, and on the other, the progress or decline of technology and industry. Although his work was cut short by his death in 1984, the information that Ashtor has made available, for instance on the sugar and the alkali industries, and the questions and hypotheses he has suggested will provide a vital basis for continuing research. The final article, dealing more specifically with the history of commerce, represents in effect a summation of the author's views on the role of the Jews in the trade of the Mediterranean. La cinquième collection d’articles d’Eliyahu Ashtor à être publiée par Variorum (pour les deux volumes encore disponibles, voir p.00) se concentre sur la raison fondamentale pour laquelle, durant le Bas Moyen Age, la technologie et l’industrie dans le Levant musulman étaient en déclin, voire même en plein effondrement, alors qu’elles faisaient simultanément d’énormes progrès dans l’Ouest chrétien. Cherchiste infatiguable des archives méditerranéennes, Ashtor a amassé quantité d’informations à ce sujet et a commencé à suggérer l’existence de lien de cause entre: d’une part, les tendances démongraphiques, les types de régimes politiques, la politique économique et les attitudes vis-à-vis du changement et, d’autre part, le progrès ou le déclin de la technologie et de l’industrie. Bien que son travail ait été interrompu par sa mort en 1984,