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Author : Sydney Chapman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (8 download)
Download or read book Ionization of the Upper Atmosphere by Low-energy Charged Particles from a Solar Flare written by Sydney Chapman and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Syun-Ichi Akasofu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book The Solar Wind and the Earth written by Syun-Ichi Akasofu and published by Springer. This book was released on 1987-08-31 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a star, the sun is continuously emitting an enormous amount of energy 33 into space, up to as much as 3. 9 X 10 erg/ s. This energy emission consists of three modes. Almost all the energy is emitted in the form of the familiar black-body radiation, commonly called sunlight. Although the amount of energy emitted is small, the sun also emits x rays, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), and UV radiations, which are absorbed above the earth's stratosphere. These constitute the second mode of solar energy, separate from the black-body radiation that penetrates the lower layers of the atmosphere. The sun has another important mode of energy emission in which the energy is carried out by charged particles. These particles have a very wide range of energies, from less than I keY to more than I GeV. Because of this wide range, it is convenient to group them into two components: particles with energies greater than 10 keY and the lower-energy particles. The former are generally referred to as solar protons or solar cosmic rays; their emission is associated with active features on the sun. Their interaction with the atmosphere is similar to that of the x ray and EUV radiation. Low-energy particles constitute plasma, a gas of equal numbers of positive and negative particles. Actually, this plasma is the outermost part of the solar atmosphere, namely the corona, which blows out continuously . For this reason, the plasma flow is called the solar wind.
Author : Hermine Vloemans
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401022313
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Ionospheric Effects of Solar Flares written by Hermine Vloemans and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances resulting from an interaction of the Solar Flare radiation with the constituents of the upper atmosphere constitute one of the three major aspects of ground level monitoring of solar flares -the other two being optical observations of flares, and the observations of solar bursts in radio wavelengths. SIDs, therefore, form a major part of flare monitoring programme in many observatories. Unlike the other two, however, the ionospheric effects of flares provide one major additional source of interest - the reaction of the ionospheric plasma to an impulsive ionization. The high atmosphere provides a low pressure laboratory without walls in which a host of reactions occur between electrons, ions and neutral particles. The resulting products and their distributions may bear no resemblance to those of the primary neutral constituents or their direct ionization products. The variations with the time of the day, with season and with solar activity that form the bulk of the ionospheric measurements are too slow to allow any insight into the nature of these ionospheric reactions whose lifetimes are often very short. The relaxation time of the ionospheric ionization is only a few minutes or fraction of a minute in the lower ionosphere and in the E-region and is about 30 min to an hour at 300 km. The flares provide a sudden short impulse comparable to these time scales.
Author : L.I. Miroshnichenko
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401596468
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Solar Cosmic Rays written by L.I. Miroshnichenko and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It turned out to be really a rare and happy occasion that we know exact1y when and how a new branch of space physics was born, namely, a physics of solar cosmic rays. It happened on February 28 and March 7, 1942 when the fIrst "cosmic ray bursts" were recorded on the Earth, and the Sun was unambiguously identifIed for the fIrst time as the source of high-velocity 10 particles with energies up to > 10 eV. Just due to such a high energy these relativistic particles have been called "solar cosmic rays" (SCR), in distinction from the "true" cosmic rays of galactic origin. Between 1942 and the beginning ofthe space era in 1957 only extremely high energy solar particle events could be occasionally recorded by cosmic ray ground-Ievel detectors and balloon borne sensors. Since then the detection techniques varied considerably and the study of SCR turned into essential part of solar and solar-terrestrial physics.
Author : Hermine Vloemans
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789401022330
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (223 download)
Download or read book Ionospheric Effects of Solar Flares written by Hermine Vloemans and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-01-07 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances resulting from an interaction of the Solar Flare radiation with the constituents of the upper atmosphere constitute one of the three major aspects of ground level monitoring of solar flares -the other two being optical observations of flares, and the observations of solar bursts in radio wavelengths. SIDs, therefore, form a major part of flare monitoring programme in many observatories. Unlike the other two, however, the ionospheric effects of flares provide one major additional source of interest - the reaction of the ionospheric plasma to an impulsive ionization. The high atmosphere provides a low pressure laboratory without walls in which a host of reactions occur between electrons, ions and neutral particles. The resulting products and their distributions may bear no resemblance to those of the primary neutral constituents or their direct ionization products. The variations with the time of the day, with season and with solar activity that form the bulk of the ionospheric measurements are too slow to allow any insight into the nature of these ionospheric reactions whose lifetimes are often very short. The relaxation time of the ionospheric ionization is only a few minutes or fraction of a minute in the lower ionosphere and in the E-region and is about 30 min to an hour at 300 km. The flares provide a sudden short impulse comparable to these time scales.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309313953
Total Pages : 37 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)
Download or read book Solar and Space Physics written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2010, NASA and the National Science Foundation asked the National Research Council to assemble a committee of experts to develop an integrated national strategy that would guide agency investments in solar and space physics for the years 2013-2022. That strategy, the result of nearly 2 years of effort by the survey committee, which worked with more than 100 scientists and engineers on eight supporting study panels, is presented in the 2013 publication, Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society. This booklet, designed to be accessible to a broader audience of policymakers and the interested public, summarizes the content of that report.
Author : Robert M. Haberle
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110817938X
Total Pages : 613 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)
Download or read book The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars written by Robert M. Haberle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-29 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humanity has long been fascinated by the planet Mars. Was its climate ever conducive to life? What is the atmosphere like today and why did it change so dramatically over time? Eleven spacecraft have successfully flown to Mars since the Viking mission of the 1970s and early 1980s. These orbiters, landers and rovers have generated vast amounts of data that now span a Martian decade (roughly eighteen years). This new volume brings together the many new ideas about the atmosphere and climate system that have emerged, including the complex interplay of the volatile and dust cycles, the atmosphere-surface interactions that connect them over time, and the diversity of the planet's environment and its complex history. Including tutorials and explanations of complicated ideas, students, researchers and non-specialists alike are able to use this resource to gain a thorough and up-to-date understanding of this most Earth-like of planetary neighbours.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 722 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book NASA Technical Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Donald V. Reames
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319508717
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)
Download or read book Solar Energetic Particles written by Donald V. Reames and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise primer introduces the non-specialist reader to the physics of solar energetic particles (SEP) and systematically reviews the evidence for the two main mechanisms which lead to the so-called impulsive and gradual SEP events. More specifically, the timing of the onsets, the longitude distributions, the high-energy spectral shapes, the correlations with other solar phenomena (e.g. coronal mass ejections), as well as the all-important elemental and isotopic abundances of SEPs are investigated. Impulsive SEP events are related to magnetic reconnection in solar flares and jets. The concept of shock acceleration by scattering on self-amplified Alfvén waves is introduced, as is the evidence of reacceleration of impulsive-SEP material in the seed population accessed by the shocks in gradual events. The text then develops processes of transport of ions out to an observer. Finally, a new technique to determine the source plasma temperature in both impulsive and gradual events is demonstrated. Last but not least the role of SEP events as a radiation hazard in space is mentioned and a short discussion of the nature of the main particle telescope designs that have contributed to most of the SEP measurements is given.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 776 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book NASA Technical Translation written by and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)
Download or read book Solar Proton Manual written by United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary: Solar particle outbursts are studied in an attempt to summarize the experimental knowledge in this field for the benefit of the spacecraft design engineer. A phenomenological description of solar particle events is presented and time histories and tabulated data are given for the major events. The anisotropy of high energy solar cosmic rays observed in several events is also treated.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book Physics of the Ionosphere for OTH Operation written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this report is to familiarize the Environmental Assessment radar operators with (a) the complex ionospheric phenomena that vary with location (geography), time of the day, and season and (b) with the phenomena of solar origin that affect the environment surrounding the earth. The first section describes the basic features of the ionosphere, which are an integral part of the radar system, the mirror which enables the operation of the radar. The second section discusses the effect of solar and geomagnetic activity, which control the ionospheric behavior. The last section deals with the not so uncommon disturbed ionosphere, a part of which is due to the electrodynamics of the system, and the other is to events taking place far away from the earth, on the sun. The anticipated effects of these three kinds of phenomena on the radar performance are discussed, which should help the operator to determine if performance degradation is caused by the radar system or its environment.
Author : George Colvin Reid
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.M/5 ( download)
Download or read book Low Energy Cosmic Ray Events Associated with Solar Flares written by George Colvin Reid and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : William R. Corliss
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Space Radiation written by William R. Corliss and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 680 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 872 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Report Upper Atmosphere Geophysics written by and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Billy McCormac
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401025428
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Physics and Chemistry of Upper Atmosphere written by Billy McCormac and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the lecmres presented at the Summer Advanced Study Institute, 'Physics and Chemistry of Upper Atmospheres' which was held at the University of Orleans, Orleans, France, during the period July 31 through August 11,1972. One hundred thirty nine persons from 14 different countries attended the Institute. The authors and the publisher have made a special effort for rapid publication of an up-to-date status of the particles, fields, and processes in the earth's magnetosphere, which is an ever changing area. Special thanks are due to the lecturers for their diligent preparation and excellent presentations. The individual lectures and the published papers were deliberately limited; the authors' cooperation in conforming to these specifications is greatly appreciated. The contents of the book are organized by sub ject area rather than in the order in which papers were presented during the Institute. Many thanks are due to Warren Berning, Donald M. Hunten, Edward Llewellyn, J. Ortner, Henry Rishbeth, Harold I Schiff, Lance Thomas, Alister Vallance Jones, and Gilbert Weill, who served as session chairmen during the Institute and contributed greatly to its success by skillfully directing the discussion period in a stimulating manner after each lecture.
