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Investigation On Sintering Microstructure And Electrical Conductivity Of Cafe Sm Doped Ceria Electrolytes
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Book Synopsis Investigation of the Relationship Between the Processing, Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity of Doped Ceria Ceramics by : Catherine Louise Stanway
Download or read book Investigation of the Relationship Between the Processing, Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity of Doped Ceria Ceramics written by Catherine Louise Stanway and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fast Sintering of Nano Ceria and Atomic Structure of Ceria Grain Boundary by : Wen Tong
Download or read book Fast Sintering of Nano Ceria and Atomic Structure of Ceria Grain Boundary written by Wen Tong and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluorite structured materials have been used in many important energy applications and are attracting great interest in both academic and industrial communities. CeO2 is a typical fluorite material and it is a promising electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). High ionic conductivity is required for high efficiency SOFCs. In the case of CeO2, it has been reported that the conductivity increases when the grain size approaches the nano-scale. Sintering is always needed to solidify CeO2 into certain shapes for applications. Sparking plasma sintering (SPS) is a well-known sintering method for nano-grained ceramics. One purpose of this research was to study the sintering behavior of pure CeO2 and Dy-doped CeO2 during SPS to examine the possibility of better microstructure control of the sintered product. Grain boundary structure is the primary factor that determines ionic conductivity of CeO2. Another purpose of this thesis was to resolve the grain boundary structure of CeO2 and find the underlying principles. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the main tool used for the grain boundary research due to its unique incoherent imaging and atomic resolution capability. Sintering is a well-established technique used to solidify powder materials into compact objects. Commercial sintering is the most commonly used sintering technique, in which a refractory heating element generates and transfers heat to sintering objects through radiation and convection. The main drawback of commercial sintering is a low heating rate and long processing duration; thus coarsening usually occurs which is deleterious to the sintered objects' properties. CeO2 is notoriously difficult to sinter, and for it to reach above 90% theoretical density in commercial sintering the typical sintering temperatures are on the order of 1500-1600 °C for a hold time of several hours. For SOFC applications, doped CeO2 is always used for its high ionic conductivity. High temperature sintering should be avoided not only because of the coarsening effect, but also because at high temperatures CeO2 undergoes a spontaneous reduction reactions resulting in defects and cracks, and the final composition would deviate from the original powder due to the loss of the volatile dopant at high temperatures. It has been reported that structural integrity and ionic conductivity of CeO2 will be negatively affected by high temperature sintering. In the late 1970s, a new sintering technique called spark plasma sintering (SPS) was patented in the US and the first SPS machine was made in Japan. In SPS, high Joule heat is generated by running an enormous amount of current through a conductive graphite die, and fast heat transfer is enabled through direct contact to a green body inside the die, making it possible to reach a heating rate orders of magnitude higher than that in commercial sintering. SPS can densify sintered objects to higher densities in shorter times and at lower temperatures than commercial sintering while retaining the original grain size of the powder. These advantages make SPS a favored method to sinter refractory and nano-materials. In this thesis, SPS was applied to sinter nano-CeO2, and a systematic study of the effects of heating temperatures, heating rate, hold time, and pressures on the sintered product was conducted. The applied high pressure and fast heating rate promoted densification of CeO2 ceramics at much lower temperatures for shorter holding times with limited grain growth. Furthermore, the results show that the control of microstructure with a desired grain size is possible through the appropriate choice of SPS parameters. Pure CeO2 is rarely used in real applications, and a higher oxide ionic conductivity is found when CeO2 electrolytes are doped with rare earth oxides. For that reason the Dy2O3-CeO2 system was also examined. It was found that the relative density of Dy2O3-doped CeO2 increased with an increase in the Dy2O3 content, and the grain size decreased with an increase in Dy2O3 content. CeO2 has proved to be a superior electrolyte to yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) because of its higher ionic conductivity in medium temperature ranges (500-800 °C) and better phase stability, but its ionic conductivity has not yet reached the level required for fuel cell commercialization. It is known that grain boundaries play a significant role in determining ionic conductivity, and resolving the structure of grain boundaries is necessary in order to find the interaction between grain boundary structure and ionic conductivity in CeO2. STEM can reach sub-Angstrom resolution and concurrent electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) can perform atom by atom chemical analysis. In the current research, high angular annular dark field (HAADF) STEM was utilized to resolve the grain boundary structure of CeO2 at an atomic scale. When the electron probe is on a low index orientation of the materials in HAADF, the contrast is proportional to a scattering factor which scales with the Z2 of the elements within the atomic columns, thus, HAADF is also called Z contrast imaging. HAADF STEM contains no coherency information and the atomic position in the grain boundary can be directly determined. In the same mode, an EELS spectrum can be obtained from atomic locations defined in the image by analyzing the inelastically scattered electrons passing through the center of HAADF detector. These characteristics make STEM the favored method for grain boundary and interface research. In this research, the grain boundary structures of [111] and [100] tilt grain boundaries over the entire tilt angle range were obtained by HAADF STEM. Through structural unit analysis, the favored structural units were obtained and all grain boundary structures were decomposed into combinations of these basic structural units. Surprisingly, a high similarity among the grain boundary structure of primary cubic materials, e.g. CeO2, SrTiO3, YSZ and face centered cubic (FCC) metals was discovered and a crystallographic explanation for the similarity of the structural units among these materials was given. This result implies that lattice structure similarity can extend to grain boundary structure similarity. Such similarity leads to the possibility to predict unknown grain boundary structures through referring to grain boundaries with a similar lattice.
Book Synopsis Ceramic Materials Research Trends by : Paul B. Lin
Download or read book Ceramic Materials Research Trends written by Paul B. Lin and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ceramics are refractory, inorganic, and non-metallic materials. They can be divided into two classes: traditional and advanced. Traditional ceramics include clay products, silicate glass and cement; while advanced ceramics consist of carbides (SiC), pure oxides (Al2O3), nitrides (Si3N4), non-silicate glasses and many others. Ceramics offer many advantages compared to other materials. They are harder and stiffer than steel; more heat and corrosion resistant than metals or polymers; less dense than most metals and their alloys; and their raw materials are both plentiful and inexpensive. Ceramic materials display a wide range of properties which facilitate their use in many different product areas. This book presents new and important international research in this dynamic field.
Author :Michel Andre Aegerter Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :0387889531 Total Pages :474 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (878 download)
Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users by : Michel Andre Aegerter
Download or read book Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users written by Michel Andre Aegerter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sol-Gel Techniques for Glass Producers and Users provides technological information, descriptions and characterizations of prototypes, or products already on the market, and illustrates advantages and disadvantages of the sol-gel process in comparison to other methods. The first chapter entitled "Wet Chemical Technology" gives a summary of the basic principles of the sol-gel chemistry. The most promising applications are related to coatings. Chapter 2 describes the various "Wet Chemical Coating Technologies" from glass cleaning to many deposition and post-coating treatment techniques. These include patterning of coatings through direct or indirect techniques which have became very important and for which the sol-gel processing is particularly well adapted. Chapter 3 entitled "Bulk Glass Technologies" reports on the preparation of special glasses for different applications. Chapter 4 entitled "Coatings and Materials Properties" describes the properties of the different coatings and the sol-gel materials, fibers and powders. The chapter also includes a section dedicated to the characterization techniques especially applied to sol-gel coatings and products.
Book Synopsis Classic and Advanced Ceramics by : Robert B. Heimann
Download or read book Classic and Advanced Ceramics written by Robert B. Heimann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-16 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the author's lectures to graduate students of geosciences, physics, chemistry and materials science, this didactic handbook covers basic aspects of ceramics such as composition and structure as well as such advanced topics as achieving specific functionalities by choosing the right materials. The focus lies on the thermal transformation processes of natural raw materials to arrive at traditional structural ceramics and on the general physical principles of advanced functional ceramics. The book thus provides practice-oriented information to readers in research, development and engineering on how to understand, make and improve ceramics and derived products, while also serving as a rapid reference for the practitioner. The choice of topics and style of presentation make it equally useful for chemists, materials scientists, engineers and mineralogists.
Book Synopsis Current Advances in Anaerobic Digestion Technology by : Marcell Nikolausz
Download or read book Current Advances in Anaerobic Digestion Technology written by Marcell Nikolausz and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-17 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the oldest biotechnological processes and originally referred to biomass degradation under anoxic conditions in both natural and engineered systems. It has been used for decades to treat various waste streams and to produce methane-rich biogas as an important energy carrier, and it has become a major player in electrical power production. AD is a popular, mature technology, and our knowledge about the influencing process parameters as well as about the diverse microbial communities involved in the process has increased dramatically over the last few decades. To avoid competition with food and feed production, the AD feedstock spectrum has constantly been extended to waste products either rich in recalcitrant lignocellulose or containing inhibitory substances such as ammonia, which requires application of various pre-treatments or specific management of the microbial resources. Extending the definition of AD, it can also convert gases rich in hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane that can substitute natural gas, which opens new opportunities by a direct link to traditional petrochemistry. Furthermore, AD can be coupled with emerging biotechnological applications, such as microbial electrochemical technologies or the production of medium-chain fatty acids by anaerobic fermentation. Ultimately, because of the wide range of applications, AD is still a very vital field in science. This Special Issue highlights some key topics of this research field.
Download or read book Catalysis written by James Spivey and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalysts are required for a variety of applications and researchers are increasingly challenged to find cost effective and environmentally benign catalysts to use. This volume looks at modern approaches to catalysis and reviews the extensive literature including direct methane conversion, nanocomposite catalysts for transformation of biofuels into syngas and hydrogen, and catalytic wet air oxidation technology for industrial wastewater treatment. Appealing broadly to researchers in academia and industry, it will be of great benefit to any researcher wanting a succinct reference on developments in this area now and looking to the future.
Book Synopsis Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1966-1967 by : United States. National Bureau of Standards
Download or read book Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1966-1967 written by United States. National Bureau of Standards and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences by : Wade H. Shafer
Download or read book Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences written by Wade H. Shafer and published by Springer. This book was released on 1985-03 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1 957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 28 (thesis year 1 983) a total of 10,661 theses titles from 26 Canadian and 197 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 28 reports theses submitted in-1983, on occasion, certain univer sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.
Book Synopsis Ceramic Materials by : C. Barry Carter
Download or read book Ceramic Materials written by C. Barry Carter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-01-04 with total page 775 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering is an up-to-date treatment of ceramic science, engineering, and applications in a single, comprehensive text. Building on a foundation of crystal structures, phase equilibria, defects, and the mechanical properties of ceramic materials, students are shown how these materials are processed for a wide diversity of applications in today's society. Concepts such as how and why ions move, how ceramics interact with light and magnetic fields, and how they respond to temperature changes are discussed in the context of their applications. References to the art and history of ceramics are included throughout the text, and a chapter is devoted to ceramics as gemstones. This course-tested text now includes expanded chapters on the role of ceramics in industry and their impact on the environment as well as a chapter devoted to applications of ceramic materials in clean energy technologies. Also new are expanded sets of text-specific homework problems and other resources for instructors. The revised and updated Second Edition is further enhanced with color illustrations throughout the text.
Book Synopsis Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology by : K Huang
Download or read book Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology written by K Huang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-07-30 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology is a promising power generation option that features high electrical efficiency and low emissions of environmentally polluting gases such as CO2, NOox and SOx. It is ideal for distributed stationary power generation applications where both high-efficiency electricity and high-quality heat are in strong demand. For the past few decades, SOFC technology has attracted intense worldwide R&D effort and, along with polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology, has undergone extensive commercialization development. This book presents a systematic and in-depth narrative of the technology from the perspective of fundamentals, providing comprehensive theoretical analysis and innovative characterization techniques for SOFC technology. The book initially deals with the basics and development of SOFC technology from cell materials to fundamental thermodynamics, electronic properties of solids and charged particle transport. This coverage is extended with a thorough analysis of such operational features as current flow and energy balance, and on to voltage losses and electrical efficiency. Furthermore, the book also covers the important issues of fuel cell stability and durability with chapters on performance characterization, fuel processing, and electrode poisoning. Finally, the book provides a comprehensive review for SOFC materials and fabrication techniques. A series of useful scientific appendices rounds off the book. Solid oxide fuel cell technology is a standard reference for all those researching this important field as well as those working in the power industry. Provides a comprehensive review of solid oxide fuel cells from history and design to chemistry and materials development Presents analysis of operational features including current flow, energy balance, voltage losses and electrical efficiency Explores fuel cell stability and durability with specific chapters examining performance characterization, fuel processing and electrode poisoning
Book Synopsis Field-Assisted Sintering by : Eugene A. Olevsky
Download or read book Field-Assisted Sintering written by Eugene A. Olevsky and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents the first ever scientific monograph including an in-depth analysis of all major field-assisted sintering techniques. Until now, the electromagnetic field-assisted technologies of materials processing were lacking a systematic and generalized description in one fundamental publication; this work promotes the development of generalized concepts and of comparative analyses in this emerging area of materials fabrication. This book describes modern technologies for the powder processing-based fabrication of advanced materials. New approaches for the development of well-tailored and stable structures are thoroughly discussed. Since the potential of traditional thermo-mechanical methods of material treatment is limited due to inadequate control during processing, the book addresses ways to more accurately control the resultant material's structure and properties by an assisting application of electro-magnetic fields. The book describes resistance sintering, high-voltage consolidation, sintering by low-voltage electric pulses (including spark plasma sintering), flash sintering, microwave sintering, induction heating sintering, magnetic pulse compaction and other field-assisted sintering techniques. Includes an in-depth analysis of all major field-assisted sintering techniques; Explains new techniques and approaches for material treatment; Provides detailed descriptions of spark plasma sintering, microwave sintering, high-voltage consolidation, magnetic pulse compaction, and various other approaches when field-assisted treatment is applied.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry by : Gerhard Kreysa
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry written by Gerhard Kreysa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-04-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While electrochemistry deals with the interrelation of electrical and chemical phenomena, applied electrochemistry is the interface between fundamental science and practical applications. It is vitally important for our industrial society of today and even more so for its future. A successful response to global challenges such as securing energy supply, developing energy-efficient and sustainable processes and materials, environmentally friendly technologies, or monitoring physiological processes for health care requires electrochemical research and engineering. The Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry provides an authoritative compilation of entries dealing with all applied aspects of electrochemistry, including basic theoretical concepts, and instrumentation. As a unique, one-stop resource for sound and digested knowledge in this field, the Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry comprises the first applications-oriented interdisciplinary work on the critical technologies underlying key advances such as energy efficiency (e.g. batteries for electric cars, etc.), green and sustainable chemical industries, new materials (corrosion resistant and low-friction), and biomedical sensors.
Download or read book Integrated Circuit Processes written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Core Statutes on Company Law 2015-16 by : Cowan Ervine
Download or read book Core Statutes on Company Law 2015-16 written by Cowan Ervine and published by . This book was released on 2015-08-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Well-selected and authoritative, Palgrave Core Statutes provide the key materials needed by students in a format that is clear, compact and very easy to use. They are ideal for use in exams.
Download or read book Ceramic Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
