Investigation of Relationships Among Microstructure, Rheology, Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer of Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions

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Total Pages : pages
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Book Synopsis Investigation of Relationships Among Microstructure, Rheology, Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer of Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions by : Yunying Qi

Download or read book Investigation of Relationships Among Microstructure, Rheology, Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer of Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions written by Yunying Qi and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Drag reducing (DR) surfactant solutions can reduce pumping energy requirements in district heating and cooling (DHC) systems by 30-60%. To enhance the heat transfer ability of DR surfactant solutions, three methods were investigated. Fluted tube-in-tube heat exchangers and installing destructive devices at heat exchanger entrances were found to be very effective with moderate pressure drop penalties. The former is good for new DHC systems while the latter is ideal for existing DHC systems. Ultrasonic energy break up surfactant microstructures and enhance their heat transfer ability was effective for viscoelastic drag reducing surfactant solutions. The destructive devices and ultrasonic energy temporarily destroy the surfactant microstructure which enhances heat transfer. The microstructure recovers quickly and the solution regains its DR ability downstream of the exchanger. Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains with cis and trans configurations with different counterion/surfactant ratios influence the effective DR temperature range of cationic surfactant solutions, their shear degradation, their rheological behavior and their microstructures. Shearing effects on the microstructures of different DR surfactant solutions were studied using SANS. Surfactant microstructures aligned along the flow direction under shear. However, the critical shear rate for the initiation of alignment depends on surfactant microstructure. Differences and their relation to rheological properties and DR abilities are discussed. Shear induced structures (SIS) are accompanied by first normal stress difference (N1). Non-viscoelastic DR systems do not show SIS and N1. Threadlike micelle structures appear to be present in all DR surfactant solutions under shear, however. While some DR surfactant solutions have low extensional/shear viscosity ratios at extensional rates

Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118181115
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives by : Feng-Chen Li

Download or read book Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives written by Feng-Chen Li and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-10 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Turbulent drag reduction by additives has long been a hot research topic. This phenomenon is inherently associated with multifold expertise. Solutions of drag-reducing additives are usually viscoelastic fluids having complicated rheological properties. Exploring the characteristics of drag-reduced turbulent flows calls for uniquely designed experimental and numerical simulation techniques and elaborate theoretical considerations. Pertinently understanding the turbulent drag reduction mechanism necessities mastering the fundamentals of turbulence and establishing a proper relationship between turbulence and the rheological properties induced by additives. Promoting the applications of the drag reduction phenomenon requires the knowledge from different fields such as chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, municipal engineering, and so on. This book gives a thorough elucidation of the turbulence characteristics and rheological behaviors, theories, special techniques and application issues for drag-reducing flows by surfactant additives based on the state-of-the-art of scientific research results through the latest experimental studies, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. Covers turbulent drag reduction, heat transfer reduction, complex rheology and the real-world applications of drag reduction Introduces advanced testing techniques, such as PIV, LDA, and their applications in current experiments, illustrated with multiple diagrams and equations Real-world examples of the topic’s increasingly important industrial applications enable readers to implement cost- and energy-saving measures Explains the tools before presenting the research results, to give readers coverage of the subject from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints Consolidates interdisciplinary information on turbulent drag reduction by additives Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives is geared for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the fields of Fluid Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering, Turbulence, Chemical Engineering, Municipal Engineering. Researchers and practitioners involved in the fields of Flow Control, Chemistry, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Experimental Fluid Dynamics, and Rheology will also find this book to be a much-needed reference on the topic.

Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis US
ISBN 13 : 9780824755577
Total Pages : 768 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing by : Sunggyu Lee

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing written by Sunggyu Lee and published by Taylor & Francis US. This book was released on 2006 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supplying nearly 350 expertly-written articles on technologies that can maximize and enhance the research and production phases of current and emerging chemical manufacturing practices and techniques, this second edition provides gold standard articles on the methods, practices, products, and standards recently influencing the chemical industries. New material includes: design of key unit operations involved with chemical processes; design, unit operation, and integration of reactors and separation systems; process system peripherals such as pumps, valves, and controllers; analytical techniques and equipment; current industry practices; and pilot plant design and scale-up criteria.

Polymer Physics

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118062957
Total Pages : 677 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymer Physics by : Leszek A. Utracki

Download or read book Polymer Physics written by Leszek A. Utracki and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-14 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art advanced research in the field, Polymer Physics explores the interrelationships among polymer structure, morphology, and physical and mechanical behavior. Featuring contributions from renowned experts, the book covers the basics of important areas in polymer physics while projecting into the future, making it a valuable resource for students and chemists, chemical engineers, materials scientists, and polymer scientists as well as professionals in related industries.

Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing (Online)

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351237683
Total Pages : 3338 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing (Online) by : Sunggyu Lee

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing (Online) written by Sunggyu Lee and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-11-01 with total page 3338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition Encyclopedia supplies nearly 350 gold standard articles on the methods, practices, products, and standards influencing the chemical industries. It offers expertly written articles on technologies at the forefront of the field to maximize and enhance the research and production phases of current and emerging chemical manufacturing practices and techniques. This collecting of information is of vital interest to chemical, polymer, electrical, mechanical, and civil engineers, as well as chemists and chemical researchers. A complete reconceptualization of the classic reference series the Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, whose first volume published in 1976, this resource offers extensive A-Z treatment of the subject in five simultaneously published volumes, with comprehensive indexing of all five volumes in the back matter of each tome. It includes material on the design of key unit operations involved with chemical processes; the design, unit operation, and integration of reactors and separation systems; process system peripherals such as pumps, valves, and controllers; analytical techniques and equipment; and pilot plant design and scale-up criteria. This reference contains well-researched sections on automation, equipment, design and simulation, reliability and maintenance, separations technologies, and energy and environmental issues. Authoritative contributions cover chemical processing equipment, engineered systems, and laboratory apparatus currently utilized in the field. It also presents expert overviews on key engineering science topics in property predictions, measurements and analysis, novel materials and devices, and emerging chemical fields. ALSO AVAILABLE ONLINE This Taylor & Francis encyclopedia is also available through online subscription, offering a variety of extra benefits for both researchers, students, and librarians, including: Citation tracking and alerts Active reference linking Saved searches and marked lists HTML and PDF format options Contact Taylor and Francis for more information or to inquire about subscription options and print/online combination packages. US: (Tel) 1.888.318.2367; (E-mail) [email protected] International: (Tel) +44 (0) 20 7017 6062; (E-mail) [email protected]

Correlations Among Surfactant Drag Reduction Additive Chemical Structures, Rheological Properties and Microstructures in Water and Water/co-solvent Systems

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Book Synopsis Correlations Among Surfactant Drag Reduction Additive Chemical Structures, Rheological Properties and Microstructures in Water and Water/co-solvent Systems by : Ying Zhang

Download or read book Correlations Among Surfactant Drag Reduction Additive Chemical Structures, Rheological Properties and Microstructures in Water and Water/co-solvent Systems written by Ying Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Under appropriate conditions, surfactants in water are known to self-assemble into threadlike micelles which reduce the drag of the solution in turbulent flow compared to that of the water solvent at the same flow rate. The phenomenon is called turbulent drag reduction (DR). Using surfactant DR additives (DRA) can save up to 70% pumping energy in turbulent pipe flow water circulating systems, such as district cooling/heating systems, in which a large amount of water is temperature controlled in a central station and recirculated within a district to heat/cool the buildings therein. A new approach to energy saving in district cooling systems is to replace water with 20% ethylene glycol (EG) in water as the cooling medium, which can be cooled down to -5°C (compared to 5°C for water). The coolant typically warms up to 15°C and is then returned to the central station for recooling. The temperature difference for the 20%EG/W medium is 20°C ( -5°C to 15°C), twice as much as the 10°C for water (5°C to 15°C), increasing its cooling capacity and reducing the amount of recirculating coolant and pumping energy needed by about 50%. Pumping energy could be reduced by an additional 50% if effective surfactant DRAs can be used in such mixed solvents. However, co-solvents such as EG are known to inhibit micelle formation which may decrease the effectiveness of DRAs compared to pure water systems. This study investigated and developed effective surfactant DRAs in several water/co-solvent systems at low temperatures. DR, rheological, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and 1H NMR experiments are being carried out to develop correlations among DR, rheological properties and micelle microstructures. In addition to the practical application in district cooling systems using EG-water mixed solvent or other co-solvent systems, the results of this study provide more fundamental understanding of the effects of solvent properties on threadlike micelle microstructure, drag reduction and system rheology, which are poorly understood now.

Dissertation Abstracts International

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 784 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Studies on the Nanostructure, Rheology and Drag Reduction Characteristics of Drag Reducing Cationic Surfactant Solutions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (496 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies on the Nanostructure, Rheology and Drag Reduction Characteristics of Drag Reducing Cationic Surfactant Solutions by : Wu Ge

Download or read book Studies on the Nanostructure, Rheology and Drag Reduction Characteristics of Drag Reducing Cationic Surfactant Solutions written by Wu Ge and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: At concentrations above CMC (critical micellization concentration) or temperatures above CMT (critical micellization temperature) surfactant molecules dissolved in aqueous solution self-assemble into colloidal aggregates such as micelles or vesicles. These colloidal aggregates vary in shape and size depending on a number of system conditions such as surfactant molecular structure, surfactant concentration, salt concentration, temperature, etc. Among the variety of micellar structures in solution, wormlike micelles resembling the long chain molecules of high polymers may reduce friction energy loss in turbulent flow by up to 90% at relatively low surfactant concentrations under appropriate flow and temperature conditions. This phenomenon is termed drag reduction (by surfactant additives) and it has significant potential impacts on fluid transport and on the environment. Among surfactant drag reducing additives, cationic surfactants with organic counterions have received the most attention in the past two decades mainly because of their excellent drag reducing ability, broad availability, low concentration requirements and general insensitivity to ionic metal impurities. Typical cationic surfactants studied for drag reduction are quaternary ammonium salts with one long alkyl chain (carbon number from 14 to 22) and methyl or hydroxyethyl groups in the other positions. They are, however, mildly toxic with poor biodegradability, so there is a need to develop more environmentally friendly surfactant drag reducing additives. Other types of surfactants such as anionics, zwitterionics and nonionics have also been studied. To obtain desired drag reducing properties, previous research has been focused on utilizing synergistic effects that may arise when two surfactant species are mixed. Mixed surfactant systems studied for drag reduction included cationic surfactants of mixed alkyl chain lengths, cationic/anionic, nonionic/nonionic, nonionic/anionic and zwitterionic/anionic surfactant mixtures in aqueous solutions and in water/co-solvent systems. Organic counterions added to dilute cationic surfactant aqueous solutions are effective in inducing and stabilizing wormlike micelle formation at relatively low counterion to surfactant molar ratios, thereby promoting their drag reducing effectiveness. The interactions of the cationic surfactant and organic counterion can be enhanced by tuning either or both of them, structurally and/or by concentration and molar ratio, to tailor-make highly efficient drag reducing systems suitable for different applications. Understanding the important role of organic counterions in the dynamics of the formation of cationic surfactant wormlike micelles and their networks is important. In this work, investigations have been conducted in how changes in the organic counterion chemical structure of a series of p-halobenzoates and counterion to surfactant ratio affect zeta potential, nanostructure, drag reduction and rheological properties. Also, certain mixed aromatic counterion systems were studied which showed excellent synergistic effects on promoting wormlike micellar branched networks and enhancing drag reducing effectiveness. In this work, an enclosed rotating disk apparatus was designed and constructed for screening novel surfactant species synthesized in chemistry laboratories. After correlating its drag reducing results with those obtained through the conventional pipe flow test system, this small scale apparatus is capable of testing materials for drag reduction effectiveness independently. A long range goal of this research is to develop effective low concentration surfactant systems with good drag reduction effectiveness. Guided by the correlations and understandings obtained in the past research, in this work, a number of new surfactants or counterions were selected or synthesized for exploratory drag reduction tests.

Heat Transfer Performance with Surfactants as Additives

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Heat Transfer Performance with Surfactants as Additives by : Shareen Salwam

Download or read book Heat Transfer Performance with Surfactants as Additives written by Shareen Salwam and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technology of pipeline drag reduction has been advanced for many years. It has improved in increasing the pipeline flow potential in crude oil transportation. In the pipeline system, surfactant solutions that caused drag reduction are capable in lowering the pumping power. In this research experiment, photosensitive cinnamate group derivative compound and polymer surfactant as drag reducing agents were chosen mainly to study on the effect of photosensitive surfactant on the drag reduction and heat transfer performance and also the effect of ultraviolet light irradiation on the heat transfer and drag reduction ability of the surfactants. Water was used as the working fluid in this research and the main equipment used was Rotating Disk Apparatus. Combination of these compounds formed viscoelasticity solution. In this research experiment, rheological measurements, drag reduction and heat transfer reduction percentages were evaluated. In conclusion, these viscoelasticity solutions have a higher drag reduction percentages at higher rotational speed after ultraviolet irradiation. Lower heat transfer reduction percentages were analysed for pure photosensitive cinnamate group derivative after ultraviolet irradiation and polymer surfactant solutions hence, indicated that both solutions are good thermal conductor.

Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement of Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions Through the Use of Static Mixers

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement of Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions Through the Use of Static Mixers by : James Courtney Knight

Download or read book Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement of Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions Through the Use of Static Mixers written by James Courtney Knight and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Drag reduction is the phenomenon in which adding a small amount of a chemical additive to a flowing fluid reduces the friction factor of the turbulent flow. Drag reducing agents can lead to reduced pumping energy requirements, fewer pumps required, or smaller pumps, all of which translate into reduced operating and/or capital costs; however, there is a corresponding reduction in heat transfer as well. The goal of this research was to investigate whether the addition of static mixers to a surfactant drag reducing solution would enhance heat transfer in a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Drag reduction and heat transfer tests were run in a pipe flow system under various conditions. The variables were the primary loop fluid, the primary loop temperature, the Reynolds number, and the length of static mixer at the entrance to the main heat exchanger. Calculations were performed on the data to determine the friction factor, percent drag reduction, amount of heat transferred, inner wall heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number for each of the experimental runs. After analyzing the data, it was clear that the surfactant solution was able to reassemble its micellar structure after being degraded by the static mixers. The addition of static mixers improved the heat transfer by 55%-400%. Lengthening the static mixer did not cause a significant increase in heat transfer properties, but it did cause a much larger pressure drop penalty.

Heat Transfer Enhancement in Turbulent Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Heat Transfer Enhancement in Turbulent Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions by : Andrew J. Maxson

Download or read book Heat Transfer Enhancement in Turbulent Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions written by Andrew J. Maxson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the second study, the behavior of a mixed cationic / zwitterionic drag reducing surfactant system was explored. Precipitation of the solution into surfactant-rich and water-rich phases was observed under certain conditions, and this behavior was found to be extremely sensitive to composition, temperature, and shear. A heat transfer enhancement scheme exploiting the phase behavior was successfully demonstrated in which heat transfer reduction was eliminated while drag reduction performance was maintained.

Studies in Heat Transfer Enhancement in Drag Reducing Solutions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies in Heat Transfer Enhancement in Drag Reducing Solutions by : Ross Bradley Chongson

Download or read book Studies in Heat Transfer Enhancement in Drag Reducing Solutions written by Ross Bradley Chongson and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drag reduction (DR) by additives typically involves the use of either high molecular weight polymer or surfactants, and can reduce turbulent pressure losses in pipes by up to 90%. These additives, particularly high polymers, have seen considerable use in increasing the throughput of crude oil pipelines. Surfactant additives, while even more effective than their polymer cousins, have not seen widespread adoption despite their applicability to recirculating district heating or cooling networks. Due to their effects on the turbulent structure of pipe flow, drag reducing additives also result in the loss of radial mixing, and thus the suppression of convective heat transfer. This is referred to as the 'heat transfer reduction' (HTR) effect. Under normal conditions, drag reducing additives can reduce convective heat transfer in even greater amounts than they do turbulent pressure losses. Much of the recent research in the field of surfactant drag reduction has, therefore, been dedicated to the mitigation of heat transfer reduction. In this work, two projects are presented which successfully achieve this goal. In the first, a constricted heat exchanger is used to locally increase the shear stresses experienced by the working fluid. Simultaneously, a `weak' drag reducing solution comprised of quaternary ammonium salts with saturated tails 16 and 14 carbons in length and the counterion 3-chlorobenzoic acid. In conjunction with the constricted heat exchanger, this mixture is able to simultaneously generate high (>60%) DR and low (>30%) HTR over a range of flow rates and temperatures. Other unique properties of the system are examined, including switchability and hysteresis. The second study involves the design and application of 'gentle' static mixers. Rather than being designed to destroy the micellar structure thought to be responsible for DR, these mixers are intended to periodically disrupt the thermal boundary layer in the heat exchanger, thus improving heat transfer. Two designs are examined: a finned mixer and a double-helical mixer, both capable of reducing HTR to 30% from a high of 90%. Design considerations were discussed, as well as future goals to further extend the work.

Drag Reduction in Fluid Flows

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Drag Reduction in Fluid Flows by : Robert H. J. Sellin

Download or read book Drag Reduction in Fluid Flows written by Robert H. J. Sellin and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

American Doctoral Dissertations

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 776 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis American Doctoral Dissertations by :

Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Investigations on Drag Reduction by Interactions Between Polymer and Surfactant and Polymer and Polymer

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (973 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigations on Drag Reduction by Interactions Between Polymer and Surfactant and Polymer and Polymer by : Jia Yang

Download or read book Investigations on Drag Reduction by Interactions Between Polymer and Surfactant and Polymer and Polymer written by Jia Yang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large amount of studies have been carried out on pipeline flow with several kinds of drag reducing agents, especially polymers and surfactants. Drag reducing agents, by definition, are additives which help suppress or eliminate turbulence in a pipeline. The mechanism and methodology of polymer only or surfactant only as drag reducing additives have been fully discovered. Whether mixed drag reducers such as polymer-surfactant or polymer-polymer systems would be effective is still not clear. In our study, polymer-surfactant and polymer-polymer mixed additives are used in order to explore the synergistic effects and interactions in pipeline flow loops. The experimental work was divided into two sections: bench-scale experiments and pilot-scale experiments. In bench-scale experiments, the properties of prepared fluids such as, surface tension, conductivity and shear viscosity were measured. Several comparison methods and calculations were applied to give better understandings of the properties resulting from mixing of polymer with surfactant and polymer with polymer. After analysis of the properties, several combinations of concentrations were selected and solutions were prepared in the main tank of pilot plant and pumped into the pipeline set-up to test the pipeline flow behaviors. Turbulence structure/Reynolds number, pipe diameter, polymer-surfactant concentration were all considered as influencing factors. Critical micelle concentration, critical aggregation concentration, polymer saturation point, the onset of drag reduction, and the interactions between the mixed additives were discussed. A comparison between pipeline results and the predictions of Blasius Equation or Dodge-Metzner Equation were also discussed.. For polymer-surfactant studies, a commonly used polymer additive - carboxylmethylcellulose (referred to as CMC which is anionic) was selected as the drag reducing agent. The performance of this polymer was investigated in the presence of six surfactants respectively - Alcohol ethoxylate (referred to as Alfonic 1412-9 and Alfonic 1412-3 which are nonionic), Aromox DMC (nonionic surfactant), Stepanol WA-100 and Stepwet DF-95 (which mainly consist sodium lauryl sulfates, anionic surfactant) and Amphosol (which is zwitterionic).The experiments were first conducted with pure CMC solution with different concentrations (100ppm, 500ppm, 700ppm and 1000ppm) as a standard. The 500ppm CMC solution was selected as the best polymer concentration with highest drag reduction efficiency. For polymer-surfactant combinations, CMC-Alfonic 1412-9, CMC-Alfonic1412-3, CMC-Stepanol and CMC-Stepwet systems were found to have significant interactions. High surfactant concentration resulted in reduction in %DR. The addition of Aromox increased the drag reduction ability and onset point when concentration was higher than the polymer saturation points. Also, both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were thought to have an effect on critical micelle concentration, which led to the fluctuations in the %DR. For polymer-polymer studies, PAM-PEO system at two different polymer concentrations were investigated. Overall, Pure PAM solution had much higher drag reduction ability than pure PEO solutions. Mixing them together, strong interactions occurred when PEO fraction was high (over 50%) which affected %DR and shear viscosity substantially. Power-law constants n and k were also taken into account and found to exhibit opposite trends with the increase of PEO fraction.

An Experimental Investigation of the Drag and Heat Transfer Reduction of Drag-reducing Surfactants

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis An Experimental Investigation of the Drag and Heat Transfer Reduction of Drag-reducing Surfactants by : Asad A. Salem

Download or read book An Experimental Investigation of the Drag and Heat Transfer Reduction of Drag-reducing Surfactants written by Asad A. Salem and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Viscous Drag Reduction

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1489955798
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Viscous Drag Reduction by : C. Sinclair Wells

Download or read book Viscous Drag Reduction written by C. Sinclair Wells and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-20 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: