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Investigation Of Oxides Of Nitrogen Emissions From Biodiesel Fueled Engines
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Book Synopsis Investigation of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from Biodiesel-fueled Engines by : Mustafa Ertunc Tat
Download or read book Investigation of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from Biodiesel-fueled Engines written by Mustafa Ertunc Tat and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids. It is obtained from triglycerides through the transesterfication process. The objective of this research was to determine the reason for the higher levels of NOx emissions that have been observed from biodiesel fueled engines. A concept map was developed to show the interrelationships between the fuel and engine variables that affect NOx production. It was determined that a change in combustion timing caused by changes in fuel properties between diesel fuel and biodiesel might be the source of the NOx increase. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of blending biodiesel with diesel fuel on these properties, and to determine the effect of biodiesel fuel properties such as the lower heating value, density, speed of sound, bulk modulus, cetane number, and volatility on the NOx emissions from a diesel fueled with biodiesel. It was found that biodiesel is denser and less compressible than No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuels and that the chain length and saturation increase the density, speed of sound, and isentropic bulk modulus. It was also found that the higher oxides of nitrogen emission could be explained by a start of combustion advance. Half of the start of combustion advance originated from a start of injection advance of which about half is due to the automatic timing advance of the pump as it injects more fuel to compensate for the lower heating value of biodiesel and half is due to the bulk modulus, viscosity, and density of fuel, which show significant differences from pump to pump. The other half of the start of combustion timing advance was due to the higher cetane number of the biodiesel. The highter cetane number in the soybean biodiesel advances the start of combustion and therefore contributes to the increase of the NOx; however, the cetane number of the yellow grease biodiesel was so high that it suppressed the premixed portion of the combustion and lowered the brake specific oxides of nitrogen emission relative to soybean oil biodiesel.
Book Synopsis Study About Nitrogen Oxide Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Diesel Engines Fueled with B20 by : Luis Manuel Ventura
Download or read book Study About Nitrogen Oxide Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Diesel Engines Fueled with B20 written by Luis Manuel Ventura and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of biodiesel is one of the alternatives to reduce oil dependence in the transport sector and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most common engines in Europe was subjected to some tests, aiming to discover the efficiency effects and the emission characteristics when consuming a fuel containing 20% of biodiesel and 80% of diesel (B20), and comparing the results with the use of 100% diesel (B0). Using an engine test bench, several working points of the engine were chosen considering different engine rotation from idle speed to 3500 rpm and from residual torque to 120 Nm, covering the great majority of the normal running operation of this kind of engines when installed in light vehicles. The results revealed a non-proportional effect for fuel consumption for different engine regimes where the energetic differences were, in some operation regimes, totally compensated with efficiency increase. The NOx emission analysis allows to admit that the use of biodiesel in the fuel leads to a consequence on emissions increase that is not always obvious, since in some regimes that increase is noticeable, but for other regimes a slight decrease or no significant change was detected.
Book Synopsis Investigation on Nitric Oxide and Soot of Biodiesel and Conventional Diesel Using a Medium Duty Diesel Engine by : Hoseok Song
Download or read book Investigation on Nitric Oxide and Soot of Biodiesel and Conventional Diesel Using a Medium Duty Diesel Engine written by Hoseok Song and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel has been suggested as an alternative fuel to the petroleum diesel fuel. It beneficially reduces regulated emission gases, but increases NOx (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) Thus, the increase in NOx is the barrier for potential growth of the biodiesel fuel. In general, NOx formation is dominated by flame temperature. Interestingly, soot can play a role as a heat sink as well as a heat transfer media to high temperature gases. Thus, the cooling effect of soot may change the flame temperature and therefore, NOx emissions. In this study, emphasis is placed on the relationship between soot and NO (Nitric oxide) formation. For the experimental study, a metallic fuel additive is used since barium is known to be effective to suppress soot formation during combustion. The barium additive is applied to #2D (Number 2 diesel fuel) by volume basis: 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 %-v, and to the palm olein oil by 0.25 %-v. All the tests are carried out in a four-cylinder medium duty diesel engine, 4045 DI diesel engine, manufactured by John Deere. For the analysis, an analytical model is used to estimate combustion temperature, NO concentration and soot emissivity. The results show that NO concentration does not have the expected trade-off relation with soot. Rather, NO concentration is found to be more strongly affected by ambient temperature and combustion characteristics than by soot. The results of the analytical model show the reasonable NO estimation and the improvement on temperature calculation. However, the model is not able to explain the detailed changes of soot emissivity by the different fuels since the emissivity correlation is developed empirically for diesel fuel.
Download or read book Biofuels written by Krzysztof Biernat and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-07-11 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers the current state of knowledge in the field of biofuels, presented by selected research centers from around the world. Biogas from waste production process and areas of application of biomethane were characterized. Also, possibilities of applications of wastes from fruit bunch of oil palm tree and high biomass/bagasse from sorghum and Bermuda grass for second-generation bioethanol were presented. Processes and mechanisms of biodiesel production, including the review of catalytic transesterification process, and careful analysis of kinetics, including bioreactor system for algae breeding, were widely analyzed. Problem of emissivity of NOx from engines fueled by B20 fuel was characterized. The closing chapters deal with the assessment of the potential of biofuels in Turkey, the components of refinery systems for production of biodegradable plastics from biomass. Also, a chapter concerning the environmental conditions of synthesis gas production as a universal raw material for the production of alternative fuels was also added.
Download or read book Biokerosene written by Martin Kaltschmitt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed overview of aspects related to the overall provision chain for biokerosene as part of the global civil aviation business. Starting with a review of the current market situation for aviation fuels and airplanes and their demands, it then presents in-depth descriptions of classical and especially new types of non-edible biomass feedstock suitable for biokerosene provision. Subsequent chapters discuss those fuel provision processes that are already available and those still under development based on various biomass feedstock materials, and present e.g. an overview of the current state of the art in the production of a liquid biomass-based fuel fulfilling the specifications for kerosene. Further, given the growing interest of the aviation industry and airlines in biofuels for aviation, the experiences of an air-carrier are presented. In closing, the book provides a market outlook for biokerosene. Addressing a broad range of aspects related to the pros and cons of biokerosene as a renewable fuel for aviation, the book offers a unique resource.
Book Synopsis Effect of Biodiesel on Diesel Engine Nitrogen Oxide and Other Regulated Emissions by :
Download or read book Effect of Biodiesel on Diesel Engine Nitrogen Oxide and Other Regulated Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes the results of a 3-year project lead by the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) to obtain emissions factors (i.e. tailpipe air pollution emissions data) from 10 types of Department of Defense (DoD) operated diesel powered engines. Emissions data was obtained from 8 vehicles, primarily buses and trucks, and 2 portable generators. All testing was performed with the engines installed in the vehicles/portable equipment. Emissions factors were determined for the engines fueled with various blends/types of biodiesel as well as a baseline fuel, either California Air Resources Board (CARB) certified Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (USLD) (15-ppm sulfur maximum) or JP-8. CARB USLD was used since it will be required within California for on-road vehicles starting in June 2006. Biodiesel blends from 20% to 70% were tested along with 100% biodiesel. For the blended biodiesel testing, the biodiesel was mixed with USLD. Although several blends were tested, the project focused on B20 (20% biodiesel) blends, since this is the primary blend of biodiesel used in military vehicles. Testing performed on B20 fuels identified three significant results: (1) There were no consistent trends over all engines tested, (2) There were no statistically significant emissions differences found between biodiesel fuels manufactured from yellow grease or soy bean oil feedstocks, and (3) An extensive statistical analyses indicated no statistically significant differences in Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) or Particulate Matter (PM) emissions between a B20 biodiesel manufactured at Naval Base Ventura County from yellow grease and CARB ULSD petroleum diesel. The results from this project are significantly different than those previously reported by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Of particular interest is the fact that for actual DoD fleet diesel engines, there was no statistically significant increase in NOx emissions.
Book Synopsis Vehicle and Engine Investigations with Biodiesel by : A. Hasan
Download or read book Vehicle and Engine Investigations with Biodiesel written by A. Hasan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl esters of fatty acids which are expected to play a significant role in reducing overall CO2 emissions. Biodiesel is produced commercially by a chemical reaction called transesterification which is a chemical process to lower the viscosity of the vegetable oils. Since Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sulfur free fuel, it typically reduces engine out emissions except for the oxides of nitrogen (NOX). The chemical and physical properties of the fatty acids, as well as the effect of molecular structure, determine the overall properties of biodiesel fuel. Investigations into the impact of FAME properties on diesel engines are highly topical, as higher blends of biodiesel are introduced. The aim of this work is to perform a comprehensive study on the use of biodiesel fuel in production diesel engines, and its impact on emissions, performance and fuel consumption. This thesis has shown that the use of biodiesel fuel reduces the engine out emissions of CO, HC and PM (except at sub-zero temperatures), and causes a slight increase in NOX emissions and fuel consumption compared to baseline diesel fuel. However, the lower exhaust gas temperatures seen when using biodiesel blends leads to reduced catalyst conversion efficiency and an adverse effect on tailpipe emissions. The cylinder pressure and rate of heat release profiles of biodiesel blends are very similar to those of baseline diesel fuel when similar torque is demanded from the engine with relatively similar start of combustion for the main charge. Biodiesel blends show a slightly quicker rise in the rate of heat release and higher peak values compared to baseline diesel fuel. In the case of matched pedal positions, the ignition delay time decreases slightly with biodiesel use at lower engine load conditions compared to baseline diesel fuel. The sensitivity of engine performance and emissions with B25 is more pronounced for EGR rate, rail pressure, and main injection timing variations than for baseline diesel fuel. Finally, an adverse thermal impact of using biodiesel fuel on the performance of diesel oxidation catalyst was observed compared to baseline diesel however, no solid evidence of exhaust gas HC speciation effects was found.
Book Synopsis Combustion Chemistry of Biodiesel for the Use in Urban Transport Buses by : Hamid Omidvarborna
Download or read book Combustion Chemistry of Biodiesel for the Use in Urban Transport Buses written by Hamid Omidvarborna and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels, such as biodiesel, offer benefits as a possible alternative to conventional fuels due to their fuel source sustainability and their reduced environmental impact. Before they can be used, it is essential to understand their combustion chemistry and emission characterizations due to a number of issues associated with them (e.g., high emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), lower heating value than diesel, etc.). During this study, emission characterizations of different biodiesel blends (B0, B20, B50, and B100) were measured on three different feedstocks (soybean methyl ester (SME), tallow oil (TO), and waste cooking oil (WCO)) with various characteristics, while an ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was used as base fuel at low-temperature combustion (LTC). A laboratory combustion chamber was used to analyze soot formation, NOx emissions, while real engine emissions were measured for further investigation on PM and NOx emissions. For further study, carbon emissions (CO, CO2, and CH4) were also measured to understand their relations with feedstocks' type. The emissions were correlated with fuel's characteristics, especially unsaturation degree (number of double bonds in methyl esters) and chain length (oxygen-to-carbon ratio). The experimental results obtained from laboratory experiments were confirmed by field experiments (real engines) collected from Toledo area regional transit authority (TARTA) buses. Combustion analysis results showed that the neat biodiesel fuels had longer ignition delays and lower ignition temperatures compared to ULSD at the tested condition. The results showed that biodiesel containing more unsaturated fatty acids emitted higher levels of NOx compared to biodiesel with more saturated fatty acids. A paired t-test on fuels showed that neat biodiesel fuels had significant reduction in the formation of NOx compared with ULSD. In another part of this study, biodiesel fuel with a high degree of unsaturation and high portion of long chains of methyl esters (SME) produced more CO and less CO2 emissions than those with low degrees of unsaturation and short chain lengths (WCO and TO, respectively). In addition, biodiesel fuels with long and unsaturated chains released more CH4 than the ones with shorter and less unsaturated chains. Experimental results on soot particles showed a significant reduction in soot emissions when using biodiesel compared to ULSD. For neat biodiesel, no soot particles were observed from the combustion regardless of their feedstock origins. The overall morphology of soot particles showed that the average diameter of ULSD soot particles was greater than the average soot particle from biodiesel blends. Eight elements were detected as the marker metals in biodiesel soot particles. The conclusion suggests that selected characterization methods are valuable for studying the structure and distribution of particulates. Experiments on both PM and NOx emissions were conducted on real engines in parallel with laboratory study. Field experiments using TARTA buses were performed on buses equipped with/without post-treatment technologies. The performance of the bus that ran on blended biodiesel was found to be very similar to ULSD. As a part of this study, the toxic nature of engine exhausts under different idling conditions was studied. The results of the PM emission analysis showed that the PM mean value of emission is dependent on the engine operation conditions and fuel type. Besides, different idling modes were investigated with respect to organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and elemental analysis of the PMs collected from public transit buses in Toledo, Ohio. In the modeling portion of this work, a simplified model was developed by using artificial neural network (ANN) to predict NOx emissions from TARTA buses via engine parameters. ANN results showed that the developed ANN model was capable of predicting the NOx emissions of the tested engines with excellent correlation coefficients, while root mean square errors (RMSEs) were in acceptable ranges. The ANN study confirmed that ANN can provide an accurate and simple approach in the analysis of complex and multivariate problems, especially for idle engine NOx emissions. Finally, in the last part of the modeling study, a biodiesel surrogate has been proposed and main pathways have been derived to present a simple model for NOx formation in biodiesel combustion via stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). The main reaction pathways are obtained by simplifying the previously derived skeletal mechanisms, including saturated methyl decenoate (MD), unsaturated methyl 5-decanoate (MD5D), and n-decane (ND). ND is added to match the energy content and the C/H/O ratio of actual biodiesel fuel. The predicted results are in good agreement with a limited number of experimental data at LTC conditions for three different biodiesel fuels consisting of various ratios of unsaturated and saturated methyl esters. The SSA model shows the potential to predict NOx emission concentrations, when the peak combustion temperature increases through the addition of ULSD to biodiesel. The SSA method demonstrates the possibility of reducing the computational complexity in biodiesel emissions modeling. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that both alternative renewable fuels (biodiesel blends) as well as the LTC condition are suitable choices for existing diesel engines to improve the sustainability of fuel and to reduce environmental emissions.
Book Synopsis NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines by : B. Ashok
Download or read book NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines written by B. Ashok and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a simplified framework for technical literature on NOx reduction strategies in IC engines, highlighting thermodynamics, combustion science, automotive emissions and environmental pollution control. Sections cover the toxicity and roots of emissions for both SI and CI engines and the formation of various emissions such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx, soot, and PM from internal combustion engines, along with various methods of NOx formation. Topics cover the combustion process, engine design parameters, and the application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction, making this book ideal for researchers and students in automotive, mechanical, mechatronics and chemical engineering students working in the field of emission control techniques. Covers advanced and recent technologies and emerging new trends in NOx reduction for emission control Highlights the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine performance parameters Discusses emission norms such as EURO VI and Bharat stage VI in reducing global air pollution due to engine emissions
Book Synopsis Effects of Various Additives on Regulated Emissions of Modern Diesel Engines by : Jorge William Calder
Download or read book Effects of Various Additives on Regulated Emissions of Modern Diesel Engines written by Jorge William Calder and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly strict emissions regulations along with man-made global warming has peaked interest in clean burning diesel engines. Renewable biofuels such as biodiesel are being investigated to reduce carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke opacity, while slightly increasing nitrogen oxides (NOx). Two modern diesel engines, a light-duty engine and heavy-duty engine, were investigated with various biodiesel blends. The heavy-duty engine was a Cummins 4-cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine, which was run at three idling conditions: low, medium and high idling states operated at 800 revolutions per minute (rpm), 1000 rpm, and 1200 rpm respectively. The engine was fueled with biodiesel-diesel blends with two additives. Two additives, ethanol and diethyl ether (DEE) at 5% and 15% were mixed with biodiesel-diesel blends B20, B50 and B100. B100 was produced from canola oil. The engine was tested from cold start to warm up in real world conditions. The light-duty engine was a HATZ 2-cylinder diesel engine, which was fueled with biodiesel blends with dissolved expanded polystyrene (EPS) and fuel stabilizer additive acetone. The light-duty engine was tested at three speed conditions 1000 rpm, 2100 rpm, and 3000 rpm. Each speed condition had 4 load conditions: 0%, 20%, 50%, and 80% load. EPS was dissolved at 50g/l of biodiesel and the acetone additive was tested at 100ml/l of biodiesel and 250ml/l of biodiesel. Emissions analysis was conducted for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), smoke opacity and unburned hydrocarbons (HC). Investigation results demonstrate that for the heavy-duty engine at idle conditions, diesel-biodiesel blends with additives produce lower CO emissions than neat diesel. Ethanol and DEE additives can also reduce NOx emissions in diesel-biodiesel blends, and increasing biodiesel content reduced HC emissions. For the light-duty engine at all loading conditions biodiesel-diesel blends produced lower CO emissions, higher NOx emissions and higher smoke opacity. EPS content overall decreased CO and NOx emissions, but increased smoke opacity. At 100ml/l of biodiesel acetone decreased CO emissions, acetone at 250 ml/l of biodiesel increased CO emissions. Acetone increased NOx emissions and decreased smoke opacity.
Book Synopsis Oxidation and Antioxidants in Organic Chemistry and Biology by : Evgeny T. Denisov
Download or read book Oxidation and Antioxidants in Organic Chemistry and Biology written by Evgeny T. Denisov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-03-29 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a comprehensive review of reactions of oxidation for different classes of organic compounds and polymers, and biological processes mediated by free radicals, Oxidation and Antioxidants in Organic Chemistry and Biology puts the data and bibliographical information you need into one easy-to-use resource. You will find up-to-date information
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Biodiesel Fuel by : Christopher Strong
Download or read book Evaluation of Biodiesel Fuel written by Christopher Strong and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document reviews recent literature regarding the usage of biodiesel and biodiesel blend fuel in on road applications. The report describes some of the principal characteristics of biodiesel and usage experience in and near the State of Montana. Several studies are summarized regarding biodiesel's effects on engine performance and warranties. Storage, handling and transportation requirements are also discussed. The emissions related impacts of biodiesel on several pollutants are quantified, along with potential effects of these impacts on the state and vehicle users within the state. The legislative environment regarding biodiesel and existing motor fuel taxes, at a Federal level and in other states, is reviewed. Considerations regarding fuel cost and domestic productive capacity are discussed. The report concludes that most technical questions regarding biodiesel appear to be satisfactorily answered; the primary obstacles limiting broader biodiesel implementation relate to cost and user acceptance.
Book Synopsis NOx Reduction of Biodiesel Operated Diesel Engine Using Different Techniques by : Mohamed Errishi
Download or read book NOx Reduction of Biodiesel Operated Diesel Engine Using Different Techniques written by Mohamed Errishi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increase in world population has led to the growth in energy demand. The primary sources of this energy come from the combustion of conventional fuels, which are contributing to polluting the environment. Biodiesel offers a solution as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines, however it emits higher (nitrogen oxides) NOx emission. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems, as well as methods that supply steam into the intake air system of diesel engines, are used to lower NOx emissions. This study focuses on determining the effects of EGR, methods that supply steam into the intake air systems, canola biodiesel, and emulsions consisting of diesel-biodiesel blends with additives on diesel engine performance and emissions. Experiments using two modern diesel engines (a light-duty and a heavy-duty) were investigated at various operating conditions. The results showed that canola biodiesel increased fuel consumption and NOx, but decreased other emissions including carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. The use of both EGR, methods that supply steam into the intake air system, and emulsion consisting of diesel-biodiesel blend with diethyl ether (DEE) showed a significant reduction in NOx emission and exhaust temperature; however, there were slight increases in fuel consumption, CO, and HC emissions.
Author :NAVAL AIR REWORK FACILITY NORTH ISLAND CA AIRCRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT OFFI CE. Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :87 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (227 download)
Book Synopsis Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from the Testing of TF41-A-2B Engines at Naval Air Station, Lemoore, California by : NAVAL AIR REWORK FACILITY NORTH ISLAND CA AIRCRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT OFFI CE.
Download or read book Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from the Testing of TF41-A-2B Engines at Naval Air Station, Lemoore, California written by NAVAL AIR REWORK FACILITY NORTH ISLAND CA AIRCRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT OFFI CE. and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOx are air pollutants from the testing of gas turbine engines. Out-of-airframe engine testing is regulated by air pollution control agencies which require NOx emissions data on applications for permits to construct and operate engine test facilities. Aside from continuous emissions monitoring, current methods of determining NOx emissions from test cells depend on the availability of accurate records of engine operational data. This degree of record keeping is excessive given the difficult conditions under which engine testing is normally conducted. To avoid excessive record keeping, the Aircraft Environmental Support Office recommends a simple procedure for determining NOx emissions. Its use depends only on accurate records of fuel usage for each engine test run. The procedure involves the use of a correlation coefficient which relates the weight (pounds) of NOx emissions to the weight (pounds) of fuel consumed during engine testing. The coefficient is characteristic of a given engine type, demonstrating little variation among individual engines. This report establishes a correlation coefficient for the TF41-A-2B engine based on actual emissions data and the run sheets from 27 engine tests conducted in test cells at NAS Lemoore, CA. The correlation coefficient, equal to 0.01515 pounds of NOx formed per pound of fuel consumed, determined NOx emissions to within 1% of actual values. Analysis of the statistical validity of the coefficient supports its use as a reliable procedure. Nitrogen oxides; Test facilities; Naval air stations; Air pollution records; Numerical procedures; Turbofan engines. (edc).
Book Synopsis Emerging Environmental Technologies, Volume II by : Vishal Shah
Download or read book Emerging Environmental Technologies, Volume II written by Vishal Shah and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the span of last couple of years, the increasing human interference with v- ious natural ecosystems and higher discharge of pollutants has presented numerous challenges to the society related to preserving the nature for a better tomorrow. The challenges also mount pressure on the scienti?c community to invent technologies that would provide solutions to the problems that are man made and also decrease the negative consequences that we are facing because of our own actions. This edited book attempts to present eight technological innovations that have shown potential to provide answers to a few challenges. Like the previous collection, the described innovations in the current volume also cover a range of areas including water and soil pollution, bio-sensors and energy. However, it is to be realized that no combination of technology can be enough to make a sizeable difference. As I said in my last collection, technological advances have to be integrated with a change in social behavior. The philosophy of sustainable development has to be the principle of future planning and growth. In this collection, I am pleased to include an article on noise pollution. Noise is a pollutant of our own behavior and can only be solved by a behavioral change. The change that is either voluntary or enforced by laws. As an environmental scientist noise is not normally a pollutant that would come in mind as a leading pollutant.
Book Synopsis Combustion and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends and Supplemented with Intake CO2 Charge Dilution by : Ho Tse
Download or read book Combustion and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends and Supplemented with Intake CO2 Charge Dilution written by Ho Tse and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigated the influence of a four-cylinder naturally aspirated direct-injection diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blended (DBE) fuels tested at a steady state speed of 1800 rev/min under different engine loads, ethanol volume and intake carbon dioxide (CO2) dilution ratios on engine performance, combustion characteristics, regulated gaseous emissions, and soot agglomerates. Overall, the experimental results indicate that DBE blends can in general improve brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, volatile organic fractions, particulate mass (PM), and particulate number (PN) concentrations, while brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and hydrocarbon (HC) might increase slightly. Compared with ultra-low-sulfur diesel, DBE blends can maintain a good tradeoff relationship among PM-PN-NOx. Compared with biodiesel, the blended fuels perform better in suppressing brake-specific particle number emissions (BSPN), leading to a reduction of ultrafine and nanoparticle numbers. The combined effect of DBE blends with intake CO2 dilution has marginal effects on BSFC and BTE, significantly reducing NOx emission while slightly increasing particulate emissions. On particulate characteristics, DBE blends produce soots with curved, tortuous, and disorganized nanostructures with low soot burnout temperature and strong oxidation rate favoring PM-PN reduction.
Book Synopsis Performance and Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled by Different Biodiesel Blends by : Majed M. Alawi
Download or read book Performance and Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled by Different Biodiesel Blends written by Majed M. Alawi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel has been a promising clean alternative fuel to fossil fuels, which reduces the emissions that are released by fossil fuels, and possibly reduces the energy crisis caused by the exhaustion of petroleum resources in the near future. Biodiesel is replacing diesel as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Previous research studies have shown that biodiesel can greatly reduce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions compared to diesel fuels, but very few studies have shown a reduction in total nitrogen oxides (NOx). At present, B20 (20% biodiesel in the total fuel mix) is being used commonly in the US due to its material compatibility to changing weather conditions, emission benefits and costs. Currently, Canada is planning to use 5% of biodiesel by 2015. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of biodiesel in cold climates such as Canada. The biodiesel used is made of canola oil obtained from a local supermarket and winter diesel is used as a reference fuel. Three different series were used. The first series was biodiesel/diesel with six blends (B0, B5, B10, B20, B50 and B100). The second series was biodiesel/diesel plus 2% of a chemical additive (B0, B5A, B10A, B20A, B50A and B100A). The final was kerosene/biodiesel series (K0, K5, K10, K20, K50 and K100). Chemical additive (Wintron XC30) is used to lower the cloud point of the blends and this is the first attempt to investigate its effect on engine emissions. On the other hand, there are limited studies on kerosene being treated as a blending fuel, where it is mainly used to lower the cloud point of the blends to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel in a cold climate such as the winter season in Canada and suggest an appropriate solution for the future of biofuel. Engine performance and emission concentrations are investigated by determining the break specific fuel consumption (bsfc), fuel conversion efficiency and measuring emission concentrations of CO, HC, NO, NO2 and NOx using gas analysers. Engine tests are performed on a constant rated speed at three different load conditions. A comparison is made for the three series. Most of the blends have shown improved emissions compared to fossil diesel. B5A demonstrated a lower cloud point than fossil diesel, and the kerosene series showed excellent results at high load conditions.
